Research & Literature

Invited Commentary: Alpha-Gal Allergy: Tip of the Iceberg to a Pivotal Immune Response.

Commins SP

Current allergy and asthma reports 2016; (16(9)):61 doi:10.1007/s11882-016-0641-6.

Prevalence of type I sensitization to alpha-gal in forest service employees and hunters.

Fischer J, Lupberger E, Hebsaker J, et al.

Allergy 2017; (72(10)):1540-1547 doi:10.1111/all.13156.

[The alpha-gal syndrome: an allergic reaction to mammalian meat secondary to a tick bite].

Berends AMA, Oude Elberink JN

Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 2017; (161()):D1062.

Repeated Amblyomma testudinarium tick bites are associated with increased galactose-α-1,3-galactose carbohydrate IgE antibody levels: A retrospective cohort study in a single institution.

Hashizume H, Fujiyama T, Umayahara T, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2018; (78(6)):1135-1141.e3 doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.028.

Mammalian meat allergy following a tick bite: a case report.

Jackson WL

Oxford medical case reports 2018; (2018(2)):omx098 doi:10.1093/omcr/omx098.

What Does a Red Meat Allergy Have to Do With Anesthesia? Perioperative Management of Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Dunkman WJ, Rycek W, Manning MW

Anesthesia and analgesia 2019; (129(5)):1242-1248 doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003460.

The basophil activation test differentiates between patients with alpha-gal syndrome and asymptomatic alpha-gal sensitization.

Mehlich J, Fischer J, Hilger C, et al.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2019; (143(1)):182-189 doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.049.

Predictive values of alpha-gal IgE levels and alpha-gal IgE: Total IgE ratio and oral food challenge-proven meat allergy in a population with a high prevalence of reported red meat allergy.

Mabelane T, Basera W, Botha M, et al.

Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2018; (29(8)):841-849 doi:10.1111/pai.12969.

Ingestion of mammalian meat and alpha-gal allergy: Clinical relevance in primary care.

Mabelane T, Ogunbanjo GA

African journal of primary health care & family medicine 2019; (11(1)):e1-e5 doi:10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1901.

Prevalence and Impact of Type I Sensitization to Alpha-Gal in Patients Consulting an Allergy Unit.

Fischer J, Huynh HN, Hebsaker J, et al.

International archives of allergy and immunology 2020; (181(2)):119-127 doi:10.1159/000503966.

Mammalian Meat Allergy Accompanied by Venom Allergy: A Review of 12 Cases.

Kutlu A, Unal D

Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology 2019; (18(5)):584-588 doi:10.18502/ijaai.v18i5.1928.

Alpha-gal Allergy in a 6-Year-Old Male: A Case Report.

Kinoshita M, Newton S

JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2019; (57(219)):379-381.

A BULL IN A PILL SHOP: ALPHA-GAL ALLERGY COMPLICATING TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR POSTPROCEDURAL HYPOTHYROIDISM.

Slayden TA, Shakir MKM, Hoang TD

AACE clinical case reports 2020; (6(3)):e101-e104 doi:10.4158/ACCR-2019-0495.

Increased rates of cetuximab reactions in tick prevalent regions and a proposed protocol for risk mitigation.

Yuile A, Fanuli C, van Nunen S, et al.

Asia-Pacific journal of clinical oncology 2021; (17(6)):448-453 doi:10.1111/ajco.13465.

'Doc, will I ever eat steak again?': diagnosis and management of alpha-gal syndrome.

Patel C, Iweala OI

Current opinion in pediatrics 2020; (32(6)):816-824 doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000955.

Safety of Intravenous Heparin for Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Hawkins RB, Wilson JM, Mehaffey JH, et al.

The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021; (111(6)):1991-1997 doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.07.050.

Alpha-Gal Allergy as a Cause of Intestinal Symptoms in a Gastroenterology Community Practice.

Richards NE, Richards RD

Southern medical journal 2021; (114(3)):169-173 doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001223.

Gelatin-Containing Vaccines for Varicella, Zoster, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Induce Basophil Activation in Patients with Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Schmidle P, Mehlich J, Brockow K, et al.

International archives of allergy and immunology 2021; (182(8)):716-722 doi:10.1159/000514263.

Allergic response to medical products in patients with alpha-gal syndrome.

Kuravi KV, Sorrells LT, Nellis JR, et al.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022; (164(6)):e411-e424 doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.03.100.

Tick salivary gland extract induces alpha-gal syndrome in alpha-gal deficient mice.

Choudhary SK, Karim S, Iweala OI, et al.

Immunity, inflammation and disease 2021; (9(3)):984-990 doi:10.1002/iid3.457.

A retrospective evaluation of heparin product reactions in patients with alpha-gal allergies.

Nwamara U, Kaplan MC, Mason N, Ingemi AI

Ticks and tick-borne diseases 2022; (13(1)):101869 doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101869.

Where's the Beef? Understanding Allergic Responses to Red Meat in Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Carson AS, Gardner A, Iweala OI

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2022; (208(2)):267-277 doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100712.

Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A New Etiology for Periorbital Edema.

Avila SA, Wojno T

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2022; (38(4)):e99-e100 doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000002135.

The Meat of the Matter: Understanding and Managing Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Macdougall JD, Thomas KO, Iweala OI

ImmunoTargets and therapy 2022; (11()):37-54 doi:10.2147/ITT.S276872.

Initiating Psychotropic Treatment in a Patient With Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Narlesky MR, Palting A, Sukpraprut-Braaten S, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(8)):e28443 doi:10.7759/cureus.28443.

Clinical and laboratory features of patients diagnosed with alpha-gal syndrome-2010-2019.

Binder AM, Cherry-Brown D, Biggerstaff BJ, et al.

Allergy 2023; (78(2)):477-487 doi:10.1111/all.15539.

Tick bite as a risk factor for alpha-gal-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies and development of alpha-gal syndrome.

Kersh GJ, Salzer J, Jones ES, et al.

Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2023; (130(4)):472-478 doi:10.1016/j.anai.2022.11.021.

Food Allergies and Alpha-gal Syndrome for the Gastroenterologist.

Lee CJ, McGill SK

Current gastroenterology reports 2023; (25(2)):21-30 doi:10.1007/s11894-022-00860-7.

Clinical Use of the ImmunoCAP Inhibition Test in the Diagnosis of Meat Allergy Caused by a Tick Bite in an Adult Male with No Previous Atopic History.

Lis K, Ukleja-Sokołowska N, Karwowska K, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(3)) doi:10.3390/life13030699.

Alpha-gal syndrome: A review for the dermatologist.

Reddy S, Yi L, Shields B, et al.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2023; (89(4)):750-757 doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.04.054.

Alpha-gal Syndrome - A Case Report of Tick-Borne Anaphylactic Shock.

Müller J, Radej J, Kriz M, et al.

European journal of case reports in internal medicine 2023; (10(7)):003939 doi:10.12890/2023_003939.

Health Care Provider Knowledge Regarding Alpha-gal Syndrome - United States, March-May 2022.

Carpenter A, Drexler NA, McCormick DW, et al.

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2023; (72(30)):809-814 doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7230a1.

Oral immunotherapy in alpha-gal red meat allergy: Could specific IgE be a potential biomarker in monitoring management?

Ünal D, Eyice-Karabacak D, Kutlu A, et al.

Allergy 2023; (78(12)):3241-3251 doi:10.1111/all.15840.

Delayed anaphylaxis due to Alpha-gal allergy: A modified desensitization protocol with red meat in an adult patient.

Tepetam FM, Yegin Katran Z, Bayraktar Barın R, Çakmak Uğurlu B

Tuberkuloz ve toraks 2023; (71(3)):318-324 doi:10.5578/tt.20239714.

Diagnostic validity of specific immunoglobulin E levels to alpha-gal in alpha-gal syndrome: a cross-sectional analysis.

Germán-Sánchez A, Alonso-Llamazares A, García-González F, et al.

Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2023; (19(1)):102 doi:10.1186/s13223-023-00856-6.

High levels of alpha-gal with large variation in the salivary glands of lone star ticks fed on human blood.

Maldonado-Ruiz LP, Reif KE, Ghosh A, et al.

Scientific reports 2023; (13(1)):21409 doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48437-2.

Tick bites, IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose and urticarial or anaphylactic reactions to mammalian meat: The alpha-gal syndrome.

Wilson JM, Erickson L, Levin M, et al.

Allergy 2024; (79(6)):1440-1454 doi:10.1111/all.16003.

Title not available

Aiuto B, Cirrincione S, Giuffrida MG, et al.

Molecular nutrition & food research 2024; (68(10)):e2300796 doi:10.1002/mnfr.202300796.

Alpha-gal syndrome: when treatment of hypovolemic shock can lead to anaphylaxis.

Nalin F, Scarmozzino R, Arcolaci A, et al.

Allergologia et immunopathologia 2024; (52(3)):60-64 doi:10.15586/aei.v52i3.1082.

Alpha-Gal syndrome as a novel food allergy: a case report study.

Ghelichi-Ghojogh M, Ghezeljeh E, Delavari S, Aghapour SA

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2024; (86(6)):3624-3626 doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000001164.

Tick-Borne Illnesses in Emergency and Wilderness Medicine.

Sullivan MD, Glose K, Sward D

Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2024; (42(3)):597-611 doi:10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.018.

Anaphylaxis triggered by alpha-gal allergy.

Rørvik SD, Alnæs MB, Vikenes BC, Kristiansen T

Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke 2024; (144(8)) doi:10.4045/tidsskr.24.0122.

Neurosurgical Management of Patients with Alpha-Gal Syndrome.

Carlstrom LP, Akhter A, Macielak RJ, et al.

Journal of neurological surgery reports 2024; (85(3)):e96-e100 doi:10.1055/a-2341-7365.

Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose syndrome.

Nguyen M, Heath J

Journal of food allergy 2020; (2(1)):108-110 doi:10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200006.

Alpha-Gal Syndrome and Cardiac Surgery.

Zvara J, Smith AL, Mazzeffi MA, et al.

Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2024; (38(11)):2805-2811 doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2024.07.035.

Perioperative management of alpha-gal syndrome in bariatric surgery: A case study of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.

Glaze K, Ancayan S, Dodge S

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA 2025; (65(3)):102381 doi:10.1016/j.japh.2025.102381.

Alpha-gal syndrome: Recognizing and managing a tick-bite-related meat allergy.

Naseem Z, Muhammad A, Chatterjee A, Rubio-Tapia A

Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2025; (92(5)):311-319 doi:10.3949/ccjm.92a.24072.

Alpha-gal allergy in a South Asian country.

Dasanayake D, Karunatilake C, Karunaratne C, et al.

BMC immunology 2025; (26(1)):37 doi:10.1186/s12865-025-00717-4.

The Immunology of Alpha-Gal Syndrome: History, Tick Bites, IgE, and Delayed Anaphylaxis to Mammalian Meat.

Platts-Mills TAE, Gangwar RS, Workman L, Wilson JM

Immunological reviews 2025; (332(1)):e70035 doi:10.1111/imr.70035.

Cetuximab Hypersensitivity in the Setting of Asymptomatic Alpha-Gal Sensitization.

Emerson AG, Mundy L, Murphy BA, Stone CA

Head & neck 2026; (48(3)):E33-E36 doi:10.1002/hed.70030.

Alpha-Gal Syndrome and Aortic Valve Replacement.

Sami N, Ravishankar B, Worku B, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2025; (30(32)):105478 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.105478.

Mammalian meat allergy and beyond: overview of alpha-gal syndrome.

Browning RL, Iweala OI, Jerath MR

Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2026; (26(1)):37-44 doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000001126.

Childhood-onset alpha-gal syndrome in the central black sea region: real-world data on diagnostic delays, age-specific clinical patterns, environmental risk factors, and anaphylaxis predictors.

Kökcü Karadağ Şİ, Kutlu A, Kutluğ Ş, et al.

European journal of pediatrics 2025; (185(1)):9 doi:10.1007/s00431-025-06674-9.

The Alpha-Gal Syndrome and Hypersensitivity to Biomaterials: Understanding Xenoimmunity.

Sami N, Parikh MA, Mihatov N, et al.

Cardiology in review 2026; doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000001200.

Alpha-Gal Syndrome Managed With Omalizumab for Perioperative Optimization of Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

Kohli-Pamnani A, Rodenas M, Duah BA, et al.

JBJS case connector 2026; (16(1)) doi:e25.00691.