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PubMed This is a summary of 85 peer-reviewed journal articles Updated
Pediatrics

Understanding Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: A Guide for Parents

At a Glance

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is a rare pediatric overgrowth disorder that varies widely in its physical features. While children with BWS have an increased risk of certain childhood tumors, early detection through regular screenings leads to highly successful treatments and healthy lives.

Receiving a diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) can feel like a whirlwind of shock and concern, especially when you hear the words “overgrowth” and “cancer risk.” It is completely normal to feel overwhelmed. Please know that while BWS is complex, most children with this condition grow up to lead healthy, fulfilling lives [1]. By understanding the basics and staying diligent with health screenings, you are giving your child the best possible start.

What is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?

BWS is a rare pediatric overgrowth disorder [2]. It occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 live births [3]. For families who used Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)—such as IVF or ICSI—the risk is slightly higher, estimated to be about 4 to 10 times more frequent than in naturally conceived pregnancies [3][4][5].

A Spectrum Disorder

Doctors now refer to this condition as the Beckwith-Wiedemann Spectrum (BWSp) [6]. This is because it is highly variable; it is a “spectrum” because no two children are affected in exactly the same way [7]. One child might have many physical features of the syndrome, while another might only have one [6].

Core Features

While the list of potential symptoms can seem long, most children only have a few of these common features:

  • Macrosomia: Large body size [8].
  • Macroglossia: Enlarged tongue [9].
  • Abdominal Wall Defects: Omphalocele or umbilical hernia [10].
  • Hemihyperplasia: Uneven growth of the body [11].
  • Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar at birth [12].

For more details on recognizing the features of BWS, see the Signs and Symptoms page.

Understanding the Genetics and Diagnosis

BWS is caused by changes in the “on/off” switches of genes on chromosome 11, leading to four distinct molecular subtypes [13][14]. Understanding your child’s specific subtype is critical, as it determines their future care plan [15]. To learn more about how BWS is inherited and the different subtypes, visit The Genetics of BWS. Doctors use a scoring system and genetic testing to arrive at a diagnosis, which you can read about on The Path to Diagnosis.

Managing the Medical Journey

Raising a child with BWS involves active medical management, especially in the early years.

01

Managing Symptoms: Standard of Care for BWS

Learn how to manage Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) symptoms. Understand the standard of care for neonatal hypoglycemia, macroglossia, and omphalocele.

02

Tumor Surveillance: Protecting Your Child's Future

Learn the recommended tumor surveillance schedule for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). Understand ultrasound timing, AFP blood tests, and scan anxiety.

03

Building Your Care Team & The Road Ahead

Learn how to build a multidisciplinary care team for your child with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS). Understand the long-term outlook and adult prognosis.

Common questions in this guide

What is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is a rare pediatric overgrowth disorder. Because the physical signs and symptoms vary so widely from child to child, doctors often refer to it as a spectrum disorder.
What are the most common signs of BWS in babies?
Babies with BWS may have a larger than average body size, an enlarged tongue, or uneven body growth. Other common signs include abdominal wall defects like an umbilical hernia and low blood sugar at birth.
Why does my child with BWS need tumor surveillance?
Children with BWS have a higher risk of developing certain childhood cancers, such as Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma. Regular screenings with ultrasounds and blood tests help detect these tumors early, when treatments are highly successful and curative.
How does the BWS molecular subtype affect my child's care?
BWS is caused by different genetic changes on chromosome 11, resulting in four distinct molecular subtypes. Knowing your child's specific subtype is essential because it determines their unique risk levels and dictates their exact tumor screening schedule.
Is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome linked to IVF?
Yes, pregnancies conceived using Assisted Reproductive Technology, such as IVF or ICSI, have a slightly higher risk of BWS. It is estimated to be about 4 to 10 times more frequent in these pregnancies compared to naturally conceived ones.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

Curated prompts to bring to your next appointment.

  1. 1.What is the exact molecular subtype of my child's BWS?
  2. 2.Based on that subtype, what specific cancer screenings do they need?
  3. 3.If my child's blood test was negative, do we need to test a different tissue?

Questions For You

Tap a prompt to share your answer — we'll use it plus this page's context to start a tailored conversation.

References

References (18)
  1. 1

    Surgical Outcomes of Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome.

    Style CC, Cruz SM, Lau PE, et al.

    Journal of pediatric surgery 2018; (53(5)):1042-1045 doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.041.

    PMID: 29551244
  2. 2

    Introduction to the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome and Cancer Special Issue.

    Mussa A, Kalish JM

    Cancers 2023; (15(20)) doi:10.3390/cancers15204939.

    PMID: 37894306
  3. 3

    Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Risk of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome.

    Mussa A, Molinatto C, Cerrato F, et al.

    Pediatrics 2017; (140(1)) doi:10.1542/peds.2016-4311.

    PMID: 28634246
  4. 4

    Clinical and molecular analyses of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: Comparison between spontaneous conception and assisted reproduction techniques.

    Tenorio J, Romanelli V, Martin-Trujillo A, et al.

    American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2016; (170(10)):2740-9 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37852.

    PMID: 27480579
  5. 5

    Association of four imprinting disorders and ART.

    Hattori H, Hiura H, Kitamura A, et al.

    Clinical epigenetics 2019; (11(1)):21 doi:10.1186/s13148-019-0623-3.

    PMID: 30732658
  6. 6

    Characterization of the Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum: Diagnosis and management.

    Duffy KA, Cielo CM, Cohen JL, et al.

    American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 2019; (181(4)):693-708 doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31740.

    PMID: 31469230
  7. 7

    Characteristics Associated with Tumor Development in Individuals Diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann Spectrum: Novel Tumor-(epi)Genotype-Phenotype Associations in the BWSp Population.

    Duffy KA, Getz KD, Hathaway ER, et al.

    Genes 2021; (12(11)) doi:10.3390/genes12111839.

    PMID: 34828445
  8. 8

    Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome mimicking the classical form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in newborn screening.

    Martins JMES, Braga BL, Sampaio KNF, et al.

    Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2024; (68()):e220395.

    PMID: 38427811
  9. 9

    (Epi)genotype-phenotype correlations of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in China.

    Lan D, Zhang S, Li J, et al.

    Italian journal of pediatrics 2025; (51(1)):276 doi:10.1186/s13052-025-02122-4.

    PMID: 41024278
  10. 10

    Prenatal imaging throughout gestation in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

    Shieh HF, Estroff JA, Barnewolt CE, et al.

    Prenatal diagnosis 2019; (39(9)):792-795 doi:10.1002/pd.5440.

    PMID: 30784096
  11. 11

    Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in a child with multifocal Wilms tumor and lateralized overgrowth: A case report.

    Hailu SS, Zewdneh D, Hailu D, Hailemariam T

    Radiology case reports 2023; (18(9)):2966-2970 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2023.06.025.

    PMID: 37520386
  12. 12

    Bridging the Gaps: Multidisciplinary and Dental Strategies for Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Management.

    Sharma K, Jamdade A, Yadav SP, Aggarwal A

    International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 2024; (17(6)):702-705 doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2873.

    PMID: 39391147
  13. 13

    Concurrent Hepatoblastoma and Wilms Tumor Leading to Diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome.

    Wolfe DM, Webster Carrion A, Masukhani MM, et al.

    Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2023; (45(4)):e525-e529 doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000002593.

    PMID: 36730589
  14. 14

    Disruption of KCNQ1 prevents methylation of the ICR2 and supports the hypothesis that its transcription is necessary for imprint establishment.

    Beygo J, Bürger J, Strom TM, et al.

    European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2019; (27(6)):903-908 doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0365-x.

    PMID: 30778172
  15. 15

    Molecular Basis of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Spectrum with Associated Tumors and Consequences for Clinical Practice.

    Eggermann T, Maher ER, Kratz CP, Prawitt D

    Cancers 2022; (14(13)) doi:10.3390/cancers14133083.

    PMID: 35804856
  16. 16

    Adrenocortical adenoma in a Sudanese girl with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

    Elnaw EAA, Abdalla AR, Abdullah MA

    International journal of pediatric endocrinology 2019; (2019()):6 doi:10.1186/s13633-019-0068-7.

    PMID: 31768183
  17. 17

    Cancer Risk in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Outlining a Novel (Epi)Genotype Specific Histotype Targeted Screening Protocol.

    Mussa A, Molinatto C, Baldassarre G, et al.

    The Journal of pediatrics 2016; (176()):142-149.e1.

    PMID: 27372391
  18. 18

    Diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in children presenting with Wilms tumor.

    MacFarland SP, Duffy KA, Bhatti TR, et al.

    Pediatric blood & cancer 2018; (65(10)):e27296 doi:10.1002/pbc.27296.

    PMID: 29932284

This page provides an educational overview of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome for parents and caregivers. Always consult your child's pediatrician or medical geneticist for specific medical advice, testing, and individualized care plans.

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