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PubMed This is a summary of 19 peer-reviewed journal articles Updated
Neurology

The Spectrum of HPE: Subtypes and Features

At a Glance

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a spectrum of brain malformations classified by how much the fetal brain failed to separate into two halves. Subtypes range from alobar (no separation) to lobar (nearly complete separation). Generally, the severity of facial differences reflects the degree of brain fusion.

Because Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a spectrum, a child’s diagnosis is often classified into a specific “subtype.” These subtypes are defined by how much of the brain failed to divide and which specific structures are fused or missing [1][2].

The Spectrum of Brain Subtypes

Neuroimaging, such as prenatal ultrasound and Fetal MRI, allows doctors to look for specific landmarks in the brain to determine the subtype [3][4].

Comparing HPE Subtypes

Subtype Brain Separation Key Imaging Findings
Alobar No separation The most severe form. The brain has a single large cavity (monoventricle) and the thalami (the brain’s relay centers) are fused together. The falx cerebri (the membrane that separates the two sides) is missing [1][5].
Semilobar Partial separation The back of the brain is somewhat divided, but the front remains fused. The thalami may be partially fused, and the septum pellucidum (a thin membrane in the middle of the brain) is absent [6][7].
Lobar Nearly complete separation The brain is mostly divided into two halves, but some fusion remains in the very front (frontal lobes). The septum pellucidum is still typically missing [8][3].
MIHV (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) Middle separation failure Also called Syntelencephaly, this subtype involves fusion in the middle of the brain (the posterior frontal and parietal lobes), while the very front and back of the brain are correctly separated [9][10].
Microform Minimal to no brain fusion The brain itself may appear typical, but the individual has subtle physical signs of HPE, such as a single central incisor (one front tooth instead of two) or eyes that are very close together (hypotelorism) [11][12].

Craniofacial Differences: “The Face Predicts the Brain”

In most cases of HPE, the way the face develops is closely linked to how the brain develops [3]. This is often described by doctors as “the face predicts the brain,” meaning more significant facial differences often correspond to more severe brain fusion [13][14].

Common craniofacial anomalies associated with HPE include:

  • Cyclopia: A single eye or two eyes very close together in a single socket [13].
  • Proboscis: A tube-like structure, often located above the eyes, that takes the place of a typical nose [13].
  • Cebocephaly: A nose with a single nostril and eyes that are very close together [15].
  • Premaxillary Agenesis: The absence of the middle part of the upper jaw and lip, which can cause a very flat facial profile [16].
  • Hypotelorism: Decreased distance between the eyes [17].

The Important Exception: ZIC2 Mutations

While “the face predicts the brain” is a common rule of thumb, there are significant exceptions. Families who have a mutation in the ZIC2 gene may have a child with a severe brain subtype (like alobar or semilobar) but very few, or even no, facial differences [18][7]. This is why advanced imaging like an MRI is always necessary to understand the full picture [19].

Common questions in this guide

What are the different subtypes of holoprosencephaly (HPE)?
The main subtypes are alobar, semilobar, lobar, and the middle interhemispheric variant (MIHV). They are classified based on how much of the brain failed to separate into distinct right and left hemispheres during fetal development.
What does an alobar HPE diagnosis mean?
Alobar HPE is the most severe form of the condition. In this subtype, the brain has no separation at all, featuring a single large brain cavity and fused thalami with no dividing membrane.
Does the face always predict how severe the brain malformation is in HPE?
In most cases, the severity of craniofacial differences closely mirrors the severity of brain fusion. However, there are exceptions, such as in children with a ZIC2 gene mutation, who may have severe brain malformations but very few, if any, facial differences.
What is microform HPE?
Microform HPE is the mildest end of the spectrum where the brain typically appears normal on imaging. Individuals with this form usually only show subtle physical signs, such as a single front tooth or eyes that are set very close together.
How do doctors figure out which HPE subtype my baby has?
Doctors determine the subtype using prenatal neuroimaging, such as ultrasound and fetal MRI. They look for specific brain landmarks, like the separation of the thalami and the presence or absence of the septum pellucidum, to identify how the brain has formed.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

Curated prompts to bring to your next appointment.

  1. 1.Based on the imaging, does my child have alobar, semilobar, lobar, or MIHV (syntelencephaly)?
  2. 2.Are the thalami fused or separate in our child's brain?
  3. 3.Are certain structures, like the corpus callosum or the septum pellucidum, present or missing?
  4. 4.Does our child have any facial features that suggest a microform of HPE?
  5. 5.If our child has a more severe brain malformation but very few facial differences, could this be related to a ZIC2 gene mutation?

Questions For You

Tap a prompt to share your answer — we'll use it plus this page's context to start a tailored conversation.

References

References (19)
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    Alobar holoprosencephaly with cebocephaly in a neonate: A rare case report from Northern Tanzania.

    Ariyo IJ, Mchaile DN, Magwizi M, et al.

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This page provides educational information about holoprosencephaly (HPE) subtypes and associated facial features. Always consult your pediatric neurologist or maternal-fetal medicine specialist for specific medical advice regarding your baby's prenatal imaging and diagnosis.

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