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PubMed This is a summary of 19 peer-reviewed journal articles Updated
Neurology

Treating NF1: Breakthroughs and Standards of Care

At a Glance

Treatment for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) often involves active surveillance or surgery. A major breakthrough is the use of MEK inhibitors, such as selumetinib, which can shrink inoperable plexiform neurofibromas by blocking the specific biological signals that cause them to grow.

Managing Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) often involves a “watch and wait” approach, but when tumors cause pain or physical problems, several treatment strategies are available [1]. The most significant recent breakthrough in NF1 care is a class of drugs called MEK inhibitors, which directly target the biological cause of the condition [2].

Targeted Therapy: MEK Inhibitors

In NF1, the body lacks a protein that acts as a “brake” on cell growth, leading to an overactive signaling track called the Ras/MAPK pathway [3]. MEK inhibitors work by blocking a specific part of this track, effectively “turning down the volume” on the signals that tell tumors to grow [2][4].

Available Medications

  • Selumetinib (Koselugo): The first FDA-approved treatment (2020) for children aged 2 and older with symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas [5][6]. In clinical trials, about 70% of children saw their tumors shrink by 20% or more [6].
  • Mirdametinib (Gomekli): Expected to be approved in 2025, this MEK inhibitor is being reviewed for both children and adults (aged 2+) with symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas [7][8].

Managing Side Effects

While effective, these medications require close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team (a group of different specialists) [9]. Common side effects include:

  • Skin Issues: An acne-like rash, dry skin, or redness around the fingernails [10][11].
  • Digestive Changes: Mild diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting [10].
  • Muscle Enzymes: An increase in creatine kinase (CK), an enzyme that can indicate muscle stress, though this usually doesn’t cause symptoms [6][12].
  • Eye and Heart Health: Doctors will perform baseline and regular follow-up checks on vision and heart function, as rare but manageable changes can occur [13][11].

The Role of Surgery and Surveillance

For many years, surgery was the only option for NF1 tumors, and it remains a vital tool today [14].

Active Surveillance

If a tumor is not causing pain or affecting how the body works, doctors often recommend active surveillance [1]. This involves regular clinical exams and MRIs to monitor for any rapid changes in the tumor’s size or shape [15].

Surgical Challenges

Surgery is used to manage pain or improve function, but it has limits:

  • Infiltrative Growth: Plexiform neurofibromas grow like vines, weaving through healthy nerves and blood vessels, which often makes them impossible to remove completely [14][16].
  • Regrowth: Because these tumors are hard to remove entirely, they frequently grow back after surgery [14].

Why Standard Treatments Are Different for NF1

You may wonder why “standard” cancer treatments like radiation or traditional chemotherapy are not used more often for NF1 tumors:

  • Chemotherapy: Traditional chemotherapy targets very fast-growing cells. Because many NF1 tumors grow slowly, standard chemo is often less effective than targeted MEK inhibitors [14][17].
  • Radiation: Doctors generally avoid radiation for NF1-related tumors because it can significantly increase the risk of the tumor turning into a more aggressive cancer later in life [18][19].
Strategy When It’s Used Main Goal
Active Surveillance Asymptomatic tumors Monitor for changes without intervention
MEK Inhibitors Symptomatic, inoperable PNs Shrink tumors and reduce pain/disfigurement
Surgery Symptomatic or suspicious tumors Debulk or remove to improve function/pain
Multidisciplinary Care All patients on medication Manage side effects and coordinate specialists

Common questions in this guide

What are MEK inhibitors for NF1?
MEK inhibitors are targeted drugs that block the overactive signals causing NF1 tumors to grow. They are used to treat symptomatic, inoperable plexiform neurofibromas by shrinking them and reducing pain.
Can surgery completely remove NF1 tumors?
Surgery can help manage pain and improve function, but it is rarely a permanent cure. Because plexiform neurofibromas grow like vines through healthy nerves and blood vessels, they are difficult to remove completely and frequently grow back.
Why isn't radiation used to treat NF1 tumors?
Doctors generally avoid using radiation therapy for NF1 tumors because it can significantly increase the risk of the tumor turning into a more aggressive, cancerous growth later in life.
What side effects do MEK inhibitors cause?
Common side effects include acne-like skin rashes, digestive issues like nausea or mild diarrhea, and elevated muscle enzymes. Patients also need regular heart and eye exams to monitor for rare but manageable changes.
What does active surveillance mean for NF1?
Active surveillance is a 'watch and wait' approach used when a tumor isn't causing pain or physical problems. It involves regular clinical exams and MRI scans to monitor the tumor for any rapid changes in size or shape over time.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

Curated prompts to bring to your next appointment.

  1. 1.Is my or my child’s plexiform neurofibroma considered 'inoperable,' and are we a candidate for a MEK inhibitor?
  2. 2.Which MEK inhibitor—selumetinib or mirdametinib—would you recommend for my or my child's specific case, and why?
  3. 3.What baseline tests (like eye exams or heart checks) do I or my child need before starting this medication?
  4. 4.If I or my child develop a skin rash or stomach issues on this medicine, how exactly will we manage those side effects?
  5. 5.How often will we need to do follow-up MRIs to see if the targeted therapy is shrinking the tumor?

Questions For You

Tap a prompt to share your answer — we'll use it plus this page's context to start a tailored conversation.

References

References (19)
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    Identification of the Determinants of Plexiform Neurofibroma Morbidity in Pediatric and Young Adult Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patients: A Pilot Multivariate Approach.

    de Brons B, Dhaenens B, van Minkelen R, Oostenbrink R

    Cancers 2025; (17(1)) doi:10.3390/cancers17010123.

    PMID: 39796750
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    A transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional genetic atlas dissects neurofibromin function in the peripheral nervous system.

    Vasudevan HN, Arang N, Sacconi Nunez M, et al.

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2025; (122(27)):e2506823122 doi:10.1073/pnas.2506823122.

    PMID: 40587782
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    Combining SOS1 and MEK Inhibitors in a Murine Model of Plexiform Neurofibroma Results in Tumor Shrinkage.

    Jackson M, Ahmari N, Wu J, et al.

    The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2023; (385(2)):106-116 doi:10.1124/jpet.122.001431.

    PMID: 36849412
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    Mechanical Stiffening Promotes Growth, Invasion, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MEK) Inhibitor Resistance in 3D Plexiform Neurofibroma Cultures.

    Ji K, Shi C, Zhang J

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2026; doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701794.

    PMID: 41659661
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    MEK inhibitors for neurofibromatosis type 1 manifestations: Clinical evidence and consensus.

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    Neuro-oncology 2022; (24(11)):1845-1856 doi:10.1093/neuonc/noac165.

    PMID: 35788692
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    MEK inhibitors in RASopathies.

    Bergqvist C, Wolkenstein P

    Current opinion in oncology 2021; (33(2)):110-119 doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000711.

    PMID: 33395032
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    Mirdametinib: FDA approved MEK inhibitor for neurofibromatosis type 1.

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    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 2025; (95(1)):101 doi:10.1007/s00280-025-04827-z.

    PMID: 41107694
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    PMID: 40419758
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    Multidisciplinary Management of Plexiform Neurofibromas in Pediatric Patients With Neurofibromatosis 1: Insights From Advisory Board-Guided Clinical Experience in Japan.

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    The Journal of dermatology 2026; (53(1)):135-139 doi:10.1111/1346-8138.70030.

    PMID: 41127924
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    Cutaneous Toxicities of MEK Inhibitor Use in Children: A Comparison of Binimetinib and Selumetinib.

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    Pediatric dermatology 2025; (42(1)):67-72 doi:10.1111/pde.15792.

    PMID: 39511793
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    Clinical pharmacokinetics 2021; (60(3)):283-303 doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00967-y.

    PMID: 33354735
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    A phase II trial of selumetinib in children with recurrent optic pathway and hypothalamic low-grade glioma without NF1: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study.

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    Neuro-oncology 2021; (23(10)):1777-1788 doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab047.

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    Impaired Bone Healing and Fracture Complications during Limb Lengthening in a Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patient Receiving Selumetinib: Case Report and Literature Review.

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    A Retrospective Study of Diffuse Plexiform Neurofibroma With Surgical Intervention in Neurofibromatosis 1.

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    A single-center case study series assessing the effect of selumetinib use in patients with neurofibromatosis-related plexiform neurofibromas.

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This page provides educational information about NF1 treatments and therapies. It does not replace professional medical advice from your multidisciplinary care team.

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