Research & Literature

Clinical characteristics of mirror syndrome: a comparison of 10 cases of mirror syndrome with non-mirror syndrome fetal hydrops cases.

Hirata G, Aoki S, Sakamaki K, et al.

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2016; (29(16)):2630-4 doi:10.3109/14767058.2015.1095880.

Ballantyne Syndrome (Mirror Syndrome) associated with severe non-immune fetal hydrops--a case report.

Iciek R, Brazert M, Klejewski A, et al.

Ginekologia polska 2015; (86(9)):706-11 doi:10.17772/gp/57845.

Perinatal and one-year outcomes of non-immune hydrops fetalis by etiology and age at diagnosis.

Ota S, Sahara J, Mabuchi A, et al.

The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2016; (42(4)):385-91 doi:10.1111/jog.12922.

A Rare Association of Non-Compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium, and Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis.

Nandyal R, Moorthy G

The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 2016; (109(4-5)):146-50.

Changes in echocardiography and blood variables during and after development of Ballantyne syndrome.

Umazume T, Morikawa M, Yamada T, Minakami H

BMJ case reports 2016; (2016()).

Characteristics and management of mirror syndrome: a systematic review (1956-2016).

Allarakia S, Khayat HA, Karami MM, et al.

Journal of perinatal medicine 2017; (45(9)):1013-1021.

[Mirror syndrome is a rare complication in pregnancy, characterized by oedema and hydrops fetalis].

Eiland S, Cvetanovska E, Bjerre AH, et al.

Ugeskrift for laeger 2017; (179(15)).

Neonatal management and outcome after thoracoamniotic shunt placement for fetal hydrothorax.

Witlox RSGM, Klumper FJCM, Te Pas AB, et al.

Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 2018; (103(3)):F245-F249 doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311265.

Inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of pregnancies with non-immune hydrops fetalis: a single center experience.

Bruwer Z, Al Riyami N, Al Dughaishi T, et al.

Journal of perinatal medicine 2018; (46(9)):968-974.

Transplacental treatment of fetal tachycardia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hill GD, Kovach JR, Saudek DE, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2017; (37(11)):1076-1083 doi:10.1002/pd.5144.

Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis: Do Placentomegaly and Polyhydramnios Matter?

Berger VK, Sparks TN, Jelin AC, et al.

Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2018; (37(5)):1185-1191 doi:10.1002/jum.14462.

A case of vasculopathy of unknown etiology associated with fatal hydrops fetalis and review of the literature on intimomedial mucoid degeneration.

Zaleski MP, Chu Y, Frauenhoffer E, et al.

Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2018; (33()):39-44 doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2018.01.002.

Characterization of Hb Bart's Hydrops Fetalis Caused by - -SEA and a Large Novel α0-Thalassemia Deletion.

He S, Li J, Huang P, et al.

Hemoglobin 2018; (42(1)):61-64 doi:10.1080/03630269.2018.1434198.

Elevation of maternal serum sFlt-1 in pregnancy with mirror syndrome caused by fetal cardiac failure.

Katoh Y, Seyama T, Mimura N, et al.

Oxford medical case reports 2018; (2018(3)):omx112 doi:10.1093/omcr/omx112.

Molecular characterization of Hb H disease in southern Thailand.

Nittayaboon K, Nopparatana C

International journal of hematology 2018; (108(4)):384-389 doi:10.1007/s12185-018-2494-3.

A recessive truncating variant in thrombospondin-1 domain containing protein 1 gene THSD1 is the underlying cause of nonimmune hydrops fetalis, congenital cardiac defects, and haemangiomas in four patients from a consanguineous family.

Abdelrahman HA, Al-Shamsi A, John A, et al.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2018; (176(9)):1996-2003 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.40424.

No. 363-Investigation and Management of Non-immune Fetal Hydrops.

Désilets V, De Bie I, Audibert F

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2018; (40(8)):1077-1090 doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2017.12.011.

Long-Term Outcomes After Thoracoamniotic Shunt for Pleural Effusions With Secondary Hydrops.

Chon AH, Chmait HR, Korst LM, et al.

The Journal of surgical research 2019; (233()):304-309 doi:10.1016/j.jss.2018.08.022.

Vestronidase Alfa: A Review in Mucopolysaccharidosis VII.

McCafferty EH, Scott LJ

BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy 2019; (33(2)):233-240 doi:10.1007/s40259-019-00344-7.

Fetal arrhythmias: diagnosis and treatment.

Yuan SM

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2020; (33(15)):2671-2678 doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1555804.

Non-immune hydrops fetalis: A retrospective analysis of 151 autopsies performed at a single center.

Kaykı G, Güçer Ş, Akçören Z, et al.

The Turkish journal of pediatrics 2018; (60(5)):471-477.

The diagnostic conundrum of maternal mirror syndrome progressing to pre-eclampsia - A case report.

Mathias CR, Rizvi C

Case reports in women's health 2019; (23()):e00122 doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00122.

Extracorporeal life support for nonimmune hydrops fetalis.

Witt RG, Raff GW, Gundy JV, Si MS

Journal of pediatric intensive care 2012; (1(4)):207-210 doi:10.3233/PIC-12034.

Etiology and Outcome of non-immune Hydrops Fetalis in Southern China: report of 1004 cases.

Meng D, Li Q, Hu X, et al.

Scientific reports 2019; (9(1)):10726 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47050-6.

Non-immune hydrops fetalis was rare in Sweden during 1997-2015, but cases were associated with complications and poor prognosis.

Whybra C, Källén K, Hansson SR, Gunnarsson R

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2020; (109(12)):2570-2577 doi:10.1111/apa.15260.

Nonimmune hydrops fetalis: Genetic analysis and clinical outcome.

Deng Q, Fu F, Yu Q, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2020; (40(7)):803-812 doi:10.1002/pd.5691.

Nonimmune hydrops fetalis management from the perspective of fetal cardiologists: A single tertiary center experience from Egypt.

Rakha S, Elmarsafawy H

Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine 2021; (14(2)):237-244 doi:10.3233/NPM-200491.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII as a cause of recurrent Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis: The first Tunisian case confirmed by Next-Generation Sequencing.

Hizem S, Elaribi Y, Ben Slama S, et al.

Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2021; (513()):68-70 doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.027.

High diagnosis rate for nonimmune hydrops fetalis with prenatal clinical exome from the Hydrops-Yielding Diagnostic Results of Prenatal Sequencing (HYDROPS) Study.

Al-Kouatly HB, Makhamreh MM, Rice SM, et al.

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2021; (23(7)):1325-1333 doi:10.1038/s41436-021-01121-0.

What do we know about the diagnosis and management of mirror syndrome?

Teles Abrao Trad A, Czeresnia R, Elrefaei A, et al.

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022; (35(20)):4022-4027 doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1844656.

Fetal hydrops and the Incremental yield of Next-generation sequencing over standard prenatal Diagnostic testing (FIND) study: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis.

Mone F, Eberhardt RY, Hurles ME, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021; (58(4)):509-518 doi:10.1002/uog.23652.

Open-label phase 1/2 study of vestronidase alfa for mucopolysaccharidosis VII.

Jones S, Coker M, López AG, et al.

Molecular genetics and metabolism reports 2021; (28()):100774 doi:10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100774.

Exome sequencing vs targeted gene panels for the evaluation of nonimmune hydrops fetalis.

Norton ME, Ziffle JV, Lianoglou BR, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2022; (226(1)):128.e1-128.e11 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.014.

Parvovirus b19 infection in pregnancy - A review.

Gigi CE, Anumba DOC

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2021; (264()):358-362 doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.07.046.

Non-immune hydrops fetalis: Two case reports.

Maranto M, Cigna V, Orlandi E, et al.

World journal of clinical cases 2021; (9(22)):6531-6537 doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i22.6531.

[Ballantyne syndrome associated with fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma: a case report].

El Moussaoui K, El Harmouchi O, Baidada A, Kharbach A

The Pan African medical journal 2021; (39()):116 doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.39.116.29610.

Favourable outcome for hydrops or cardiac failure associated with fetal tachyarrhythmia: a 20-year review.

Tunca Sahin G, Beattie RB, Uzun O

Cardiology in the young 2022; (32(7)):1077-1084 doi:10.1017/S104795112100367X.

A very preterm infant born to mother of mirror syndrome secondary to fetomaternal hemorrhage: a case report.

Song S, Zhu Y, Jorch G, et al.

BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2021; (21(1)):701 doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04179-5.

Frequency and Prognosis of Hydrops Fetalis: A 10-Year Single-Center Experience.

Unal ET, Bulbul A, Bas EK, Uslu HS

Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni 2021; (55(3)):366-373 doi:10.14744/SEMB.2021.65632.

Clinical Course and Outcome of Non-Immune Fetal Hydrops in Singleton Pregnancies.

Reischer T, Muth B, Catic A, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(3)) doi:10.3390/jcm11030702.

Diagnostic yield using whole-genome sequencing and in-silico panel of 281 genes associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis in clinical setting.

Westenius E, Sahlin E, Conner P, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022; (60(4)):487-493 doi:10.1002/uog.24911.

Intrauterine transfusion in 103 fetuses with severe anemia caused by parvovirus infection. A multicenter retrospective study.

Kosian P, Hellmund A, Geipel A, et al.

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2023; (308(1)):117-125 doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06712-z.

Is Fetal Hydrops in Turner Syndrome a Risk Factor for the Development of Maternal Mirror Syndrome?

Bedei IA, Graf A, Gloning KP, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(15)) doi:10.3390/jcm11154588.

Isolated non-immune hydrops fetalis: an observational study on complete spontaneous resolution, perinatal outcome, and long-term follow-up.

Neveling S, Knippel AJ, Kozlowski P

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2023; (308(2)):487-497 doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06731-w.

Clinical presentation and maternal-fetal outcomes of Mirror Syndrome: A case series of 10 affected pregnancies.

Mogharbel H, Hunt J, D'Souza R, Hobson SR

Obstetric medicine 2022; (15(3)):190-194 doi:10.1177/1753495X211058043.

Title not available

Jepsen AR, Hamran K, Albertsen P, et al.

Ugeskrift for laeger 2022; (184(43)).

An Investigation of the Etiologies of Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis in the Era of Next-Generation Sequence-A Single Center Experience.

Wei X, Yang Y, Zhou J, et al.

Genes 2022; (13(12)) doi:10.3390/genes13122231.

Understanding Preterm Birth in Pregnancies Complicated by Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis.

Swanson K, Norton ME, Downum SL, et al.

American journal of perinatology 2023; (40(9)):917-922 doi:10.1055/a-2008-2495.

Diagnostic yield from prenatal exome sequencing for non-immune hydrops fetalis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Al-Kouatly HB, Shivashankar K, Mossayebi MH, et al.

Clinical genetics 2023; (103(5)):503-512 doi:10.1111/cge.14309.

Fetal Echocardiographic Variables Associated with Pre-Surgical Mortality in Truncus Arteriosus: A Pilot Study.

Cox K, Husain N, Jhaveri S, et al.

Pediatric cardiology 2023; (44(6)):1397-1405 doi:10.1007/s00246-023-03099-9.

Fetal bradyarrhythmia causing hydrops fetalis: A journey from fetal echo to autopsy.

Agarwal A, Agarwal S, Lalwani A, et al.

Ultrasound (Leeds, England) 2020; (28(4)):266-270 doi:10.1177/1742271X20933996.

The Cardiovascular Profile Score in Patients with Non-immune Hydrops Fetalis and Cardiac Anomalies - a Pilot Study.

Dionysopoulou A, Pirih E, Macchiella D, et al.

Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2023; (30(9)):2805-2812 doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01216-w.

Genetic disorders and pregnancy outcomes of non-immune hydrops fetalis in a tertiary referral center.

Guo D, He S, Lin N, et al.

BMC medical genomics 2023; (16(1)):83 doi:10.1186/s12920-023-01505-y.

Ten years' experience in prenatal diagnosis of α-thalassemia in a municipal hospital and retrospective analysis of ultrasonic abnormalities.

Li H, Wang J, Wang D, et al.

International journal of hematology 2023; (118(3)):355-363 doi:10.1007/s12185-023-03643-6.

Outcome and etiology of fetal pleural effusion, fetal ascites and hydrops fetalis after fetal intervention: retrospective observational cohort from a single institution.

Wu WJ, Ma GC, Chang TY, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024; (63(4)):536-543 doi:10.1002/uog.27501.

Maternal outcomes of a cohort of pregnancies affected by non-immune hydrops fetalis.

Critchlow E, Wodoslawsky S, Makhamreh MM, et al.

International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024; (165(1)):318-327 doi:10.1002/ijgo.15207.

PIEZO1 is the most common monogenic etiology of non-immune hydrops fetalis detected by prenatal exome sequencing.

Brewer CJ, Makhamreh MM, Shivashankar K, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2023; (43(12)):1556-1566 doi:10.1002/pd.6451.

Prenatal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII facilitating treatment in neonatal period.

Chandler NJ, Ramachandran V, Beesley C, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2023; (43(12)):1567-1569 doi:10.1002/pd.6455.

Prenatal Management and Perinatal Outcome in a Large Series of Hydrops Fetalis.

Sebastián de Lucas LM, Ordás Álvarez P, de Castro Marzo L, et al.

Fetal diagnosis and therapy 2024; (51(4)):335-342 doi:10.1159/000538857.

The role of fetal therapy in the management of mirror syndrome: a narrative review.

Gavin NR, Forrest AD, Rosner M, et al.

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2024; (37(1)):2345307 doi:10.1080/14767058.2024.2345307.

National registry of thoracoamniotic shunting using a double-basket catheter: A post-marketing surveillance registry of 295 patients with fetal hydrothorax.

Takahashi Y, Ishii K, Ishikawa H, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2024; (44(8)):971-978 doi:10.1002/pd.6587.

Congenital metastatic neuroblastoma with placental involvement as a rare cause of non-immune fetal hydrops.

Campillo-Ajenjo M, Pena-Burgos EM, Herrero Ruiz B, et al.

The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2024; (50(8)):1402-1407 doi:10.1111/jog.15968.

Etiology and perinatal outcomes between early and late-onset nonimmune hydrops fetalis.

Ergani SY, İbanoğlu MC, Çakır A, et al.

Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 2024; (70(7)):e20231723 doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20231723.

Human parvovirus B19 vertical infection and hydrops fetalis. A case report.

Boggio GA, Moreno L, Di Cuatro N, et al.

Archivos argentinos de pediatria 2025; (123(3)):e202410420 doi:10.5546/aap.2024-10420.eng.

Fetal Surveillance in High-Risk Fetal Cardiac Disease: Frequency, Results and Relationship with Survival.

Samuel R, Trakulmungkichkarn T, Hornberger LK, et al.

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2024; (46(12)):102690 doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102690.

Undiagnosed mirror syndrome with maternal hypoxemia onset during an emergency cesarean section: A case report.

Ichikawa S, Saito J, Noguchi S, et al.

Medicine 2024; (103(50)):e40838 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040838.

Fetal Hydrops: Genetic Dissection of an Unspecific Sonographic Finding-A Comprehensive Review.

Mastromoro G, Guadagnolo D, De Luca A, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(4)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040465.

Evaluation of Non-Immune Fetal Hydrops in Resource Poor Country: Challenges Faced in Ascertaining the Etiology.

Gowda M, Gupta A, Shreyanka HV, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2025; (45(7)):939-950 doi:10.1002/pd.6813.

Dual pathology of parvovirus B19 infection and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome complicating non-immune hydrops fetalis.

Shekhawat DS, Das S, Sharma C, et al.

BMJ case reports 2025; (18(7)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2025-266781.

Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis in a Pregnant Woman with Chronic Alcohol Use: A Case Report.

Nisa AS, Susiarno H, Winarno GNA, Adriansyah PNA

International medical case reports journal 2025; (18()):969-975 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S529728.

Genetic etiologies associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis delineated by whole exome sequencing: A pilot series and its implications in prenatal genetic counseling.

Lim ZW, Ma GC, Chang TY, et al.

The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 2025; (51(8)):e70039 doi:10.1111/jog.70039.

Mirror syndrome and placental ectopic liver in association with de novo SOS1 variant.

Tanaka Y, Ikenoue S, Ueno A, et al.

European journal of medical genetics 2025; (77()):105039 doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2025.105039.

Antenatal shunting and outcomes in fetuses with non-immune hydrops fetalis.

Fragala V, Sabale S, Ashoor G, et al.

Journal of perinatal medicine 2025; doi:10.1515/jpm-2025-0198.

Fetal Cardiovascular Profile Score (CVPs) in Fetal Anemia, Using Fetal Hemoglobin Bart's Disease at Mid-Pregnancy as a Study Model.

Hantrakun P, Srisupundit K, Tongsong T

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(18)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics15182303.

Intrauterine transfusion: Best practices, techniques, and evolving trends.

Devlieger R, Vergote S, Van den Eede E, et al.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2026; (104()):102686 doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2025.102686.

Progressive non-immune hydrops fetalis associated with RASA1 mutation: prenatal imaging and genomic insights.

Borthakur K, Mali N, Borthakur I

BMJ case reports 2026; (19(2)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2025-270831.