Research & Literature

Hypothalamic obesity in children: pathophysiology to clinical management.

Haliloglu B, Bereket A

Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2015; (28(5-6)):503-13.

Semiquantitative analysis of hypothalamic damage on MRI predicts risk for hypothalamic obesity.

Roth CL, Eslamy H, Werny D, et al.

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2015; (23(6)):1226-33 doi:10.1002/oby.21067.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fatigue in long-term survivors of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma.

Hoffmann A, Bootsveld K, Gebhardt U, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2015; (173(3)):389-97 doi:10.1530/EJE-15-0422.

Neuroendocrine Disorders in Pediatric Craniopharyngioma Patients.

Daubenbüchel AM, Müller HL

Journal of clinical medicine 2015; (4(3)):389-413 doi:10.3390/jcm4030389.

Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: Disturbed Energy Homeostasis Related to Extent of Hypothalamic Damage and Its Implication for Obesity Intervention.

Roth CL

Journal of clinical medicine 2015; (4(9)):1774-97 doi:10.3390/jcm4091774.

Craniopharyngioma and hypothalamic injury: latest insights into consequent eating disorders and obesity.

Müller HL

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 2016; (23(1)):81-9 doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000214.

HORMONE SUBSTITUTION AFTER GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOPITUITARISM SECONDARY TO CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA.

Wolf P, Winhofer Y, Smajis S, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2016; (22(5)):595-601 doi:10.4158/EP15947.OR.

Late endocrine effects of childhood cancer.

Rose SR, Horne VE, Howell J, et al.

Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2016; (12(6)):319-36 doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.45.

Nuchal Skinfold Thickness: A Novel Parameter for Assessment of Body Composition in Childhood Craniopharyngioma.

Sterkenburg AS, Hoffmann A, Reichel J, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(12)):4922-4930 doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2547.

Efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery for craniopharyngioma-related hypothalamic obesity: a matched case-control study with 2 years of follow-up.

Wijnen M, Olsson DS, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, et al.

International journal of obesity (2005) 2017; (41(2)):210-216 doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.195.

Sleeve gastrectomy leads to easy management of hormone replacement therapy and good weight loss in patients treated for craniopharyngioma.

Trotta M, Da Broi J, Salerno A, et al.

Updates in surgery 2017; (69(1)):95-99 doi:10.1007/s13304-017-0425-0.

Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2017; (102(3)):709-757 doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2573.

Anorexia-cachexia syndrome-like hypothalamic neuroendocrine dysfunction in a patient with a papillary craniopharyngioma.

Balcázar-Hernández L, Vargas-Ortega G, Valverde-García Y, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2017; (2017()) doi:10.1530/EDM-17-0018.

The effectiveness of interventions to treat hypothalamic obesity in survivors of childhood brain tumours: a systematic review.

Wang KW, Chau R, Fleming A, et al.

Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2017; (18(8)):899-914 doi:10.1111/obr.12534.

Metabolic surgery and nutritional deficiencies.

Stroh C, Manger T, Benedix F

Minerva chirurgica 2017; (72(5)):432-441 doi:10.23736/S0026-4733.17.07408-9.

Reflux, Sleeve Dilation, and Barrett's Esophagus after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Long-Term Follow-Up.

Felsenreich DM, Kefurt R, Schermann M, et al.

Obesity surgery 2017; (27(12)):3092-3101 doi:10.1007/s11695-017-2748-9.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in long-term survivors of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma.

Jung SY, Lee YJ, Lee HJ, et al.

Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism 2017; (22(3)):189-196 doi:10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.189.

Management of Hypothalamic Obesity during Transition from Childhood to Adulthood.

Bretault M, Carette C, Barsamian C, Czernichow S

Endocrine development 2018; (33()):57-67 doi:10.1159/000487526.

Central adrenal insufficiency in children and adolescents.

Patti G, Guzzeti C, Di Iorgi N, et al.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2018; (32(4)):425-444 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.012.

Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in children: advocating for treatment options in outpatient and field settings.

Miller BS, Spencer SP, Geffner ME, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2020; (68(1)):16-25 doi:10.1136/jim-2019-000999.

Hypothalamic Obesity: Prologue and Promise.

Abuzzahab MJ, Roth CL, Shoemaker AH

Hormone research in paediatrics 2019; (91(2)):128-136 doi:10.1159/000496564.

Pituitary disease in pediatric brain tumor survivors.

Howell JC, Rose SR

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism 2019; (14(4)):283-291 doi:10.1080/17446651.2019.1620599.

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Craniopharyngioma.

Müller HL

Neuroendocrinology 2020; (110(9-10)):753-766 doi:10.1159/000504512.

Autoimmune Addison's disease.

Saverino S, Falorni A

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2020; (34(1)):101379 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379.

Fractures, Bone Mineral Density, and Final Height in Craniopharyngioma Patients with a Follow-up of 16 Years.

van Santen SS, Olsson DS, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; (105(4)) doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz279.

Methylphenidate improves weight control in childhood brain tumor survivors with hypothalamic obesity.

Horne VE, Bielamowicz K, Nguyen J, et al.

Pediatric blood & cancer 2020; (67(7)):e28379 doi:10.1002/pbc.28379.

Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Craniopharyngioma Patients: A Longitudinal Study Over 10 Years.

van Santen SS, Olsson DS, Hammarstrand C, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; (105(12)) doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa607.

Dietary Management for Adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome.

Miller JL, Tan M

Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics 2020; (11()):113-118 doi:10.2147/AHMT.S214893.

A phase 3 randomized clinical trial using a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in adolescents and young adults with hypothalamic obesity.

Roth CL, Perez FA, Whitlock KB, et al.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2021; (23(2)):363-373 doi:10.1111/dom.14224.

MRI measures of hypothalamic injury are associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment response in people with hypothalamic obesity.

Perez FA, Elfers C, Yanovski JA, et al.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2021; (23(7)):1532-1541 doi:10.1111/dom.14366.

Postoperative and Long-Term Endocrinologic Complications of Craniopharyngioma.

Bereket A

Hormone research in paediatrics 2020; (93(9-10)):497-509 doi:10.1159/000515347.

Iron Deficiency in Obesity and after Bariatric Surgery.

Bjørklund G, Peana M, Pivina L, et al.

Biomolecules 2021; (11(5)) doi:10.3390/biom11050613.

[Fever for 2 months and disturbance of consciousness for 1 week in a preschool-aged girl].

Tian MQ, Lei WT, Lang CH, et al.

Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 2021; (23(5)):519-523.

A Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist Induces Skin and Hair Pigmentation in Patients with Monogenic Mutations in the Leptin-Melanocortin Pathway.

Kanti V, Puder L, Jahnke I, et al.

Skin pharmacology and physiology 2021; (34(6)):307-316 doi:10.1159/000516282.

Childhood-onset Craniopharyngioma.

Otte A, Müller HL

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (106(10)):e3820-e3836 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab397.

Multidisciplinary Approach for Hypothalamic Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Preliminary Study.

Tessaris D, Matarazzo P, Tuli G, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (8(7)) doi:10.3390/children8070531.

Bariatric Surgery for Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: A Retrospective, Matched Case-Control Study.

van Santen SS, Wolf P, Kremenevski N, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (106(11)):e4734-e4745 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab518.

Sleep Disorders in Patients With Craniopharyngioma: A Physiopathological and Practical Update.

Romigi A, Feola T, Cappellano S, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2021; (12()):817257 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.817257.

Randomized controlled trial of Tesomet for weight loss in hypothalamic obesity.

Huynh K, Klose M, Krogsgaard K, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2022; (186(6)):687-700 doi:10.1530/EJE-21-0972.

Dextroamphetamine Treatment in Children With Hypothalamic Obesity.

van Schaik J, Welling MS, de Groot CJ, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):845937 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.845937.

Five-Year Changes in Weight and Diabetes Status After Bariatric Surgery for Craniopharyngioma-Related Hypothalamic Obesity: a Case-Control Study.

Faucher P, Carette C, Jannot AS, et al.

Obesity surgery 2022; (32(7)):2321-2331 doi:10.1007/s11695-022-06079-9.

A Survey of Patient-Relevant Outcomes in Pediatric Craniopharyngioma: Focus on Hypothalamic Obesity.

Craven M, Crowley JH, Chiang L, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):876770 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.876770.

Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Craniopharyngioma: A Systematic Review.

Cordani R, Veneruso M, Napoli F, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2022; (13()):876011 doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.876011.

Resting Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents With Genetic, Hypothalamic, Medication-Induced or Multifactorial Severe Obesity.

Abawi O, Koster EC, Welling MS, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):862817 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.862817.

The clinical and metabolic characteristics of children and adolescents with hypothalamic dysfunction: A single-centre study from China.

Ke X, Yuan X, Zhang Y, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2023; (98(1)):59-67 doi:10.1111/cen.14814.

Adrenal Crisis Mimicking COVID-19 Encephalopathy in a Teenager with Craniopharyngioma.

Chien TC, Chien MM, Liu TL, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (9(8)) doi:10.3390/children9081238.

Metabolic syndrome as a common comorbidity in adults with hypothalamic dysfunction.

Xu Z, Ke X, Yuan X, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):973299 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.973299.

Long-term outcomes after gastric bypass surgery in patients with craniopharyngioma-related hypothalamic obesity-Three cases with 7, 8, and 14 years follow-up.

Schultes B, Ernst B

Obesity research & clinical practice 2023; (17(4)):361-365 doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2023.06.004.

Acquired hypothalamic dysfunction in childhood: 'what do patients need?' - an Endo-ERN survey.

van Roessel IMAA, de Graaf JP, Biermasz NR, et al.

Endocrine connections 2023; (12(10)).

Clinical Characteristics of Adipsic Diabetes Insipidus.

Yang T, Wu W, Liu X, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2024; (30(2)):141-145 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.11.012.

Bioavailability of Orally Administered Drugs After Bariatric Surgery.

Dvořáčková E, Pilková A, Matoulek M, et al.

Current obesity reports 2024; (13(1)):141-153 doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00548-7.

Diagnosis and management of secondary adrenal crisis.

Martel-Duguech L, Poirier J, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2024; (25(3)):619-637 doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09877-x.

Acquired hypothalamic obesity: A clinical overview and update.

Roth CL, McCormack SE

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2024; (26 Suppl 2()):34-45 doi:10.1111/dom.15530.

Serum Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiling Reveals the Signature for Postoperative Obesity among Adult-Onset Craniopharyngioma.

Zhang Q, Feng Y, Wu D, et al.

Metabolites 2024; (14(6)) doi:10.3390/metabo14060338.

Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of dietary or lifestyle interventions for hypothalamic obesity: A systematic review.

Van Roessel IMAA, Van Den Brink M, Dekker J, et al.

Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2024; (43(8)):1798-1811 doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.028.

Clinical characteristics and management of adipsic arginine vasopressin deficiency in children and adolescents with sellar germ cell tumors.

Tong T, Xu J, Chen H, et al.

European journal of pediatrics 2024; (183(12)):5279-5289 doi:10.1007/s00431-024-05803-0.

Effectiveness of bariatric surgery on acquired hypothalamic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

He M, Xu H, Ying Z, et al.

Endocrine connections 2024; (13(12)).

Obesity in patients with craniopharyngioma in the South Asian region - A distinct phenotype.

Tatachar S, Rajan R, Hesaraghatta Shyamsunder A, Kapoor N

Obesity pillars 2024; (12()):100139 doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100139.

Adipsic arginine vasopressin deficiency: challenges in managing the intricate interplay of adipsia with polyuria.

Malik A, Singh R, Goyal A, Gupta R

BMJ case reports 2024; (17(10)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2024-261497.

BMI trajectories in the first 3 months after childhood craniopharyngioma resection: a plea for early management of BMI changes.

Hulsmann SC, Hoving EW, Bakker B, et al.

Endocrine connections 2025; (14(4)).

Long-term quality of life and hypothalamic dysfunction after craniopharyngioma.

Müller HL

Journal of neuro-oncology 2025; (173(2)):233-244 doi:10.1007/s11060-025-04987-1.

Management of Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity After Childhood-Onset Craniopharyngioma-A Narrative Review.

Müller HL

Biomedicines 2025; (13(5)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines13051016.

Prolactin serum concentrations in childhood-onset craniopharyngioma patients.

Sowithayasakul P, Beckhaus J, Özyurt J, et al.

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2025; (48(9)):2041-2051 doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02622-4.

Gastrointestinal Motility Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.

Bellavance D, Chua S, Mashimo H

Current gastroenterology reports 2025; (27(1)):49.

Endocrine and metabolic consequences of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma during the transition age: A literature review by the TALENT study group.

De Alcubierre D, Feola T, Puliani G, et al.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2025; (26(6)):989-1008 doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09972-7.

The many different clinical faces of acquired hypothalamic dysfunction: a retrospective cohort study in the Netherlands.

van Roessel IMAA, Hulsmann SC, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, et al.

EClinicalMedicine 2025; (85()):103313 doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103313.

Management of Acquired Hypothalamic Dysfunction and the Hypothalamic Syndrome; It Is More Than Obesity.

van Santen HM, Müller HL

Endocrine reviews 2025; (46(6)):891-907 doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf025.

Semaglutide treatment in hypothalamic obesity: Two-Year outcomes on body composition, appetite, and quality of life.

Gjersdal E, Klit FØ, Schmidt Ettrup K, et al.

Pituitary 2025; (28(5)):93 doi:10.1007/s11102-025-01564-7.

Postoperative weight gain following endoscopic endonasal surgery for craniopharyngiomas in children and adults: A retrospective cohort study.

Hongo T, Akutsu H, Morinaga Y, et al.

Pituitary 2025; (28(6)):111 doi:10.1007/s11102-025-01584-3.

Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in craniopharyngioma patients with obesity: A multicentre real-world study.

Lambert F, Guillon E, Gatta-Cherifi B, et al.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2026; (28(1)):443-451 doi:10.1111/dom.70216.

Sleep Disorders, Dysregulation of Circadian Rhythms, and Fatigue After Craniopharyngioma-A Narrative Review.

Müller HL

Biomedicines 2025; (13(10)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines13102356.

Diagnostic criteria for acquired hypothalamic obesity - international expert guidance document.

Müller HL, Tanaka T, Hasegawa T, et al.

Endocrine journal 2026; (73(2)):341-353 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0408.

Secondary narcolepsy and cognitive dysfunction related to craniopharyngioma: a case study.

Vidyanti AN, Rahmadini A, Rahman RH, et al.

BMC neurology 2026; (26(1)):87 doi:10.1186/s12883-026-04629-7.

Setmelanotide-mediated MC4R activation improves hypothalamic obesity via CaMKK2/AMPK pathways.

Peng J, Ou Y, Zhou M, et al.

Frontiers in pharmacology 2025; (16()):1730786 doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1730786.

Obesity medications and acquired hypothalamic obesity in adults: A two-case experience.

Lang H, Dorand MF, Hassan M, Richards JR

Obesity pillars 2026; (17()):100246 doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2026.100246.

Current and Future Pharmacological Interventions for Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity.

Roth CL, Doelman-Oldenburger NJ, van Santen HM

Drugs 2026; (86(4)):411-427 doi:10.1007/s40265-025-02280-z.

Hyperphagia in craniopharyngioma- a real-world study from the international hypothalamic-pituitary brain tumors patient registry.

Kayadjanian N, Hsu EA, Wood AM, Carson DS

Scientific reports 2026; (16(1)).

Prevalence of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Craniopharyngioma Patients Using Non-Invasive Investigations.

Nitya AAV, Ghosh J, Taneja S, et al.

Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism 2026; (30(1)):79-84 doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_821_25.

[Hypothalamic obesity in adults with craniopharyngiomas: prevalence and risk factors before and after neurosurgical treatment].

Klochkova IS, Astafyeva LI, Kutin MA, et al.

Zhurnal voprosy neirokhirurgii imeni N. N. Burdenko 2026; (90(2)):77-84 doi:10.17116/neiro20269002177.

Setmelanotide in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: A Case Report.

Smith S, Sanfilippo E, Lee LW

Pediatric dermatology 2026; (43(5)):1196-1199 doi:10.1111/pde.70186.

Expert meeting report: epidemiology and management of acquired hypothalamic obesity.

Müller HL, Bartels UK, Denzer C, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2026; (17()):1798619 doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1798619.

Approach to the patient with acquired hypothalamic syndrome.

Grishman EK, McCormack SE

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2026; (111(9)):2692-2703 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag197.

Factors associated with acquired hypothalamic obesity in children with hypothalamic tumors: a comparative single-center study.

Mete Kalayci F, Özalp Kizilay D, Ataseven E, et al.

Endocrine 2026; (91(1)).

Quality of life, morbidity, mortality, and long-term prognosis after craniopharyngioma.

Müller HL

Frontiers in endocrinology 2026; (17()):1768254 doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1768254.

Efficacy and Safety of Bariatric Surgery in Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis.

Fessler J, Faucher P, Poitou C, Dirksen C

Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2026; (27(9)):e70182 doi:10.1111/obr.70182.

Adipsic hypernatremia associated with hypothalamic dysfunction and sleep disorders.

Draidi M, Ataelmanan M, Moursi MO, et al.

JCEM case reports 2026; (4(8)):luag173 doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luag173.

Setmelanotide for the Treatment of Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity.

Miller JL, van Santen HM, Phillips SA, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2026; (395(2)):138-150 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2512275.

Clinical and diagnostic complexities of adipsic arginine vasopressin deficiency.

Chaudhury N, Sheikh AR, Rao R

JCEM case reports 2026; (4(8)):luag175 doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luag175.

Pharmacologic and Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Hypothalamic Obesity: An Updated Review.

Zenno A, Pierce M

Current obesity reports 2026; (15(1)).

Quality of life improvements with setmelanotide treatment in acquired hypothalamic obesity: TRANSCEND trial interview results from US participants.

Roth CL, Phillips SA, McCormack SE, et al.

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 2026; (20()):1830070 doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1830070.

Hypothalamic syndrome and acquired hypothalamic obesity: from fragmented care to integrated multidisciplinary management.

Biagetti B, Ramon-Krauel M, Gómez JJL, et al.

Pituitary 2026; (29(4)).

Quantification of appetite-regulating hormones in children with hypothalamic and common obesity.

Gan HW, Leeson C, Aitkenhead H, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2026; (10(10)):bvag195 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvag195.

Delayed Hypothalamic Dysfunction Presenting as Recurrent Hypothermia After Treatment of Suprasellar Germinoma: A Case Report.

Nishimura A, Kado T, Fujisaka S, et al.

Clinical case reports 2026; (14(10)):e73535 doi:10.1002/ccr3.73535.

Hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome: linking hypothalamic dysfunction to clinical assessment and management across the lifespan.

Tauber M, Diene G, Poitou C, et al.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2026; (21(1)).