Research & Literature

Severe hyponatraemia with absence of hyperkalaemia in rapidly progressive Addison's disease.

Thompson MD, Kalmar E, Bowden SA

BMJ case reports 2015; (2015()).

ACTH Stimulation Tests for the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ospina NS, Al Nofal A, Bancos I, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(2)):427-34 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1700.

Decreased physical activity, reduced QoL and presence of debilitating fatigue in patients with Addison's disease.

van der Valk ES, Smans LC, Hofstetter H, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2016; (85(3)):354-60 doi:10.1111/cen.13059.

Anorexia nervosa: a mistaken diagnosis.

Nicholls K, Boggis N, Pandya N

BMJ case reports 2016; (2016()).

MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Epidemiology, quality of life and complications of primary adrenal insufficiency: a review.

Bensing S, Hulting AL, Husebye ES, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2016; (175(3)):R107-16 doi:10.1530/EJE-15-1242.

[Addison's disease : Primary adrenal insufficiency].

Pulzer A, Burger-Stritt S, Hahner S

Der Internist 2016; (57(5)):457-69 doi:10.1007/s00108-016-0054-6.

Abdominal Distension and Vascular Collapse.

Cosentino G, Uwaifo GI

Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association 2016; (57(4)):113-5.

[Adrenal Insufficiency].

Burger-Stritt S, Hahner S

Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2016; (141(24)):1740-1742 doi:10.1055/s-0042-118276.

SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients.

Arlt W,

Endocrine connections 2016; (5(5)):G1-G3 doi:10.1530/EC-16-0054.

Adrenal failure due to bilateral adrenal metastasis of rectal cancer: A case report.

Imaoka Y, Kuranishi F, Ogawa Y, et al.

International journal of surgery case reports 2017; (31()):1-4 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.12.011.

Addison's Disease and Possible Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome Presenting as an Eating Disorder in a Thirty-Year-Old Female.

Lazare K

Case reports in endocrinology 2017; (2017()):4096021 doi:10.1155/2017/4096021.

Vertebral fractures assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with Addison's disease on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy.

Camozzi V, Betterle C, Frigo AC, et al.

Endocrine 2018; (59(2)):319-329 doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1380-8.

[Adrenal crisis].

Burger-Stritt S, Hahner S

Der Internist 2017; (58(10)):1037-1041 doi:10.1007/s00108-017-0307-z.

Adrenal crisis and autoimmune polyglandular syndromes.

Freeland ZK, Lueking R, Tsai-Nguyen G, et al.

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 2017; (30(4)):427-428 doi:10.1080/08998280.2017.11930214.

Group 2: Adrenal insufficiency: screening methods and confirmation of diagnosis.

Chanson P, Guignat L, Goichot B, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2017; (78(6)):495-511 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.005.

Group 1. Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: Prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality.

Chabre O, Goichot B, Zenaty D, Bertherat J

Annales d'endocrinologie 2017; (78(6)):490-494 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.010.

Adrenal crisis after first infusion of zoledronic acid: a case report.

Smrecnik M, Kavcic Trsinar Z, Kocjan T

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 2018; (29(7)):1675-1678 doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4508-7.

Therapeutic patient education in adrenal insufficiency.

Guignat L

Annales d'endocrinologie 2018; (79(3)):167-173 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2018.03.002.

An overview of inborn errors of metabolism manifesting with primary adrenal insufficiency.

Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2018; (19(1)):53-67 doi:10.1007/s11154-018-9447-2.

Primary adrenal insufficiency in children: Diagnosis and management.

Kirkgoz T, Guran T

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2018; (32(4)):397-424 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2018.05.010.

Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy as a complication of adrenal cortex insufficiency: a case report.

Alkhateeb M, Alsakkal M, Alfauri MN, Alasmar D

Journal of medical case reports 2018; (12(1)):345 doi:10.1186/s13256-018-1899-1.

The Importance of Computed Tomography Findings in Detecting Tuberculous Addison's Disease.

Ferreira S, Freitas-Silva M

European journal of case reports in internal medicine 2017; (4(7)):000622 doi:10.12890/2017_000622.

Addison's Disease Caused by Tuberculosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Difficulties.

van Haren Noman S, Visser H, Muller AF, Limonard GJ

European journal of case reports in internal medicine 2018; (5(8)):000911 doi:10.12890/2018_000911.

Small Cell Lung Cancer with Pituitary Metastasis Presenting as Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Atallah-Yunes SA, Clark J, Samanani S, Soe M

The American journal of case reports 2019; (20()):207-211 doi:10.12659/AJCR.913388.

Case of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2: how we uncovered the diagnosis.

Arya P V A, Kumar J, Unnikrishnan D, Raj R

BMJ case reports 2019; (12(2)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-227187.

Hyponatraemia and hyperpigmentation in primary adrenal insufficiency.

Benner BJM, Alsma J, Feelders RA

BMJ case reports 2019; (12(3)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-227200.

Residual endogenous corticosteroid production in patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Vulto A, Bergthorsdottir R, van Faassen M, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2019; (91(3)):383-390 doi:10.1111/cen.14006.

Adrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients.

Dineen R, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M

Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism 2019; (10()):2042018819848218 doi:10.1177/2042018819848218.

Addison Disease: The First Presentation of the Condition May be at Autopsy.

Kemp WL, Koponen MA, Meyers SE

Academic forensic pathology 2016; (6(2)):249-257 doi:10.23907/2016.026.

Renal involvement in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease): can we always recognize it?

Fofi C, Maresca B, Altieri S, et al.

Internal and emergency medicine 2020; (15(1)):23-31 doi:10.1007/s11739-019-02209-x.

Addison's disease in pregnancy: Case report, management, and review of the literature.

Margulies SL, Corrigan K, Bathgate S, Macri C

Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine 2020; (13(2)):275-278 doi:10.3233/NPM-190231.

A Challenging diagnosis that eventually results in a life-threatening condition: Addison's disease and adrenal crisis.

Joersjö P, Block L

BMJ case reports 2019; (12(12)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-231858.

Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK.

Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, et al.

Anaesthesia 2020; (75(5)):654-663 doi:10.1111/anae.14963.

Autoimmune Addison's disease.

Saverino S, Falorni A

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2020; (34(1)):101379 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379.

Prevention of Adrenal Crisis: Cortisol Responses to Major Stress Compared to Stress Dose Hydrocortisone Delivery.

Prete A, Taylor AE, Bancos I, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; (105(7)) doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa133.

MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE Disease burden and treatment challenges in patients with both Addison's disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Chantzichristos D, Eliasson B, Johannsson G

European journal of endocrinology 2020; (183(1)):R1-R11.

Adrenal crises in older patients.

Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2020; (8(7)):628-639 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30122-4.

Guidance for the prevention and emergency management of adult patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Simpson H, Tomlinson J, Wass J, et al.

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2020; (20(4)):371-378 doi:10.7861/clinmed.2019-0324.

Steroid emergency cards: action needed.

Drug and therapeutics bulletin 2020; (58(11)):163 doi:10.1136/dtb.2020.000063.

Improved Urinary Cortisol Metabolome in Addison Disease: A Prospective Trial of Dual-Release Hydrocortisone.

Espiard S, McQueen J, Sherlock M, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (106(3)):814-825 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa862.

Knowledge and attitude of patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Bouziane T, Belmahi N, Salhi H, El Ouahabi H

Annals of African medicine 2020; (19(4)):252-257 doi:10.4103/aam.aam_63_19.

Primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal tuberculosis: a case report.

Yu J, Lu Y, Han B

The Journal of international medical research 2020; (48(12)):300060520980590 doi:10.1177/0300060520980590.

Hypoparathyroidism as the single major component for decades of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1.

Lima Ferreira J, Simões de Carvalho F, Marques AP, Príncipe RM

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2020; (2020()).

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

Adrenal cortex development and related disorders leading to adrenal insufficiency.

Pignatti E, Flück CE

Molecular and cellular endocrinology 2021; (527()):111206 doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111206.

Addison's Disease: A Diagnosis Easy to Overlook.

Mosca AM, Barbosa M, Araújo R, Santos MJ

Cureus 2021; (13(2)):e13364 doi:10.7759/cureus.13364.

[X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy or the Management of Rare Diseases in the General Practice].

Paunovic S, Koehler W, Knechtle B

Praxis 2021; (110(9)):529-535 doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a003674.

Corticosteroid-induced sinus bradycardia in a young boy with adrenal insufficiency and sepsis.

Cimbek EA, Kaya G, Öztürk MA, et al.

Archivos argentinos de pediatria 2021; (119(4)):e353-e356 doi:10.5546/aap.2021.eng.e353.

Latent Adrenal Insufficiency: From Concept to Diagnosis.

Younes N, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Frontiers in endocrinology 2021; (12()):720769 doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.720769.

The natural history of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in autoimmune Addison's disease.

Wolff AB, Breivik L, Hufthammer KO, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2021; (184(4)):607-615 doi:10.1530/EJE-20-1268.

Challenging Diagnosis of Addison's Disease Presenting with Adrenal Crisis.

Wina Dharmesti NW, Saraswati MR, Suastika K, et al.

Case reports in endocrinology 2021; (2021()):7137950 doi:10.1155/2021/7137950.

Bilateral adrenal masses due to tuberculosis: how to diagnose without extra-adrenal tuberculosis.

Tran NQ, Phan CC, Doan TTP, Tran TV

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2021; (2021()).

Successful Pregnancy Outcome in a Lady with Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome Type II.

Rafique M, das D

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2022; (32(1)):102-104 doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2022.01.102.

X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in a 20-Year-Old Male With an ABCD1 Gene Mutation: First Case From Pakistan.

Ghori M, Molani RA, Ibrahim PMN, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(2)):e21837 doi:10.7759/cureus.21837.

Adolescent onset of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2.

Murphy SA, Mohd Din FH, O'Grady MJ

BMJ case reports 2022; (15(5)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2022-249839.

Recurrent episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea in a male child: a rare presentation of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

Gupta P, Keller SR, Patterson B

BMJ case reports 2022; (15(8)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2022-249905.

Case of Junctional Rhythm in the Setting of Acute Adrenal Insufficiency.

Patel P, Kelschenbach K

Cureus 2022; (14(8)):e27605 doi:10.7759/cureus.27605.

Trabecular bone score and sclerostin concentrations in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency.

Zdrojowy-Wełna A, Halupczok-Żyła J, Słoka N, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):996157 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.996157.

Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency.

Lewis A, Thant AA, Aslam A, et al.

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2023; (23(2)):115-118 doi:10.7861/clinmed.2023-0067.

Pulsatile Subcutaneous Hydrocortisone Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency.

Simunkova K, Løvås K, Methlie P, et al.

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2023; (55(7)):471-478 doi:10.1055/a-2092-5228.

Acute Mania in a Patient With Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Due to Autoimmune Adrenalitis: A Case Report.

Brown NJ, Wang A, Fote G, et al.

Journal of psychiatric practice 2023; (29(3)):260-263 doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000711.

Case Report: Hypercalcemia as a manifestation of acute adrenal crisis precipitated by fluconazole use, and a review of the literature.

Choo KS, Yew J, Tan EJH, Puar THK

Frontiers in endocrinology 2023; (14()):1168797 doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1168797.

Adrenal crisis as initial manifestation of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage due to antiphospholipid syndrome: A case report.

Diana H, Diana R, Daniela R, Oscar L

SAGE open medical case reports 2023; (11()):2050313X231181653 doi:10.1177/2050313X231181653.

An unusual cause of abdominal pain: spontaneous bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.

Rodriguez Tebar A, Panza-Nduli J, Gubin B, et al.

Acta gastro-enterologica Belgica 2023; (86(3)):495-498 doi:10.51821/86.3.11251.

On Primary Adrenal Insufficiency with Normal Concentrations of Cortisol - Early Manifestation of Addison's Disease.

Wäscher H, Knauerhase A, Klar B, et al.

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2024; (56(1)):16-19 doi:10.1055/a-2180-7108.

Autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency -current diagnostic approaches and future perspectives.

Wolff ASB, Kucuka I, Oftedal BE

Frontiers in endocrinology 2023; (14()):1285901 doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1285901.

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) Presenting as Sun Tan-Like Skin Pigmentation: A Case Report.

Bondagji MF, Qul H, Nahhas A, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(12)):e49837 doi:10.7759/cureus.49837.

Diagnosis and management of secondary adrenal crisis.

Martel-Duguech L, Poirier J, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2024; (25(3)):619-637 doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09877-x.

Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency and glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome: Two sides of the same coin.

Nachawi N, Li D, Lansang MC

Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2024; (91(4)):245-255 doi:10.3949/ccjm.91a.23039.

A quantitative modeling framework to understand the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and interaction with cortisol replacement therapy.

Bindellini D, Michelet R, Aulin LBS, et al.

Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2024; (51(6)):809-824 doi:10.1007/s10928-024-09934-7.

Stokes-Adams Syndrome as a Presenting Feature of Hypoadrenalism: A Rare Presentation.

Kumar K, Kumar R, Pandey M, Verma R

Annals of African medicine 2024; (23(3)):509-511 doi:10.4103/aam.aam_154_22.

A Rare Presentation of a Common Disease: A Case Report.

Nair P, Sivakumar K

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024; (72(10)):93-95 doi:10.59556/japi.72.0660.

Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family Education

Çamtosun E, Sangün Ö

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):80-92 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-12-S.

[Addison's disease: looking to the past and the future].

Valdes-Socin H, Vroonen L, Pétrossians P

Revue medicale de Liege 2025; (80(1)):48-54.

Patient and caregiver experiences with hydrocortisone injections in adrenal crisis: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study.

Llahana S, Anthony J, Sarafoglou K, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2025; (16()):1544502 doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1544502.

Eating Disorder vs Addison's Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Published Case Reports.

Touzon R

Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 2025; (53(3)):632-637 doi:10.62641/aep.v53i3.1840.

Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults: A Review.

Vaidya A, Findling J, Bancos I

JAMA 2025; (334(8)):714-725 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5485.

Unusual Dosing of Long-Acting Hydrocortisone in a Rapid Hydrocortisone Metabolizer With Addison's Disease: A Case Report.

Sungar NR, Srinivasan B

Cureus 2025; (17(8)):e90553 doi:10.7759/cureus.90553.