Research & Literature

Two Qatari siblings with cystic fibrosis and apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

Zahraldin K, Janahi IA, Ben-Omran T, et al.

Annals of thoracic medicine 2015; (10(1)):69-72 doi:10.4103/1817-1737.146892.

Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess by a Novel Mutation and Epigenetic Modulation by HSD11B2 Promoter Methylation.

Pizzolo F, Friso S, Morandini F, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2015; (100(9)):E1234-41 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1760.

The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis.

Woods C, Tomlinson JW

Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2015; (872()):353-80 doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_16.

Potassium Disorders: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia.

Viera AJ, Wouk N

American family physician 2015; (92(6)):487-95.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess and the long term treatment of genetic hypertension.

Razzaghy-Azar M, Yau M, Khattab A, New MI

The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2017; (165(Pt A)):145-150 doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.014.

Conditional Deletion of Hsd11b2 in the Brain Causes Salt Appetite and Hypertension.

Evans LC, Ivy JR, Wyrwoll C, et al.

Circulation 2016; (133(14)):1360-70 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019341.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

Funder JW

The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2017; (165(Pt A)):151-153 doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.010.

Lower-Extremity Weakness in a Teenager Due to Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis.

Thornton MD

The Journal of emergency medicine 2017; (52(4)):e133-e137 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.006.

Renal Dysfunction Induced by Kidney-Specific Gene Deletion of Hsd11b2 as a Primary Cause of Salt-Dependent Hypertension.

Ueda K, Nishimoto M, Hirohama D, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2017; (70(1)):111-118 doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08966.

Clinical, genetic, and structural basis of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency.

Yau M, Haider S, Khattab A, et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2017; (114(52)):E11248-E11256 doi:10.1073/pnas.1716621115.

Mineralocorticoid hypertension and hypokalaemia induced by posaconazole.

Boughton C, Taylor D, Ghataore L, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2018; (2018()) doi:10.1530/EDM-17-0157.

Alterations of Cortisol Metabolism in Human Disorders.

White PC

Hormone research in paediatrics 2018; (89(5)):320-330 doi:10.1159/000485508.

Hypertensive crisis in children and adolescents.

Seeman T, Hamdani G, Mitsnefes M

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2019; (34(12)):2523-2537 doi:10.1007/s00467-018-4092-2.

Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome in a 10-year-old child.

Carvalho EG, Peluso HGC, Batista LL, et al.

Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia 2019; (41(3)):436-439 doi:10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2018-0111.

Hypertensive Crisis with Neurological Impairment Mimicking a Guillain-Barrè Syndrome: Searching for a Link.

Mazza A, Lucchetta M, Torin G, et al.

High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension 2018; (25(4)):421-424 doi:10.1007/s40292-018-0283-y.

Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess in the Pediatric Population: Report of a Novel Pathogenic Variant of the 11β-HSD2 Gene and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Adamidis A, Cantas-Orsdemir S, Tsirka A, et al.

Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER 2019; (16(3)):335-358 doi:10.17458/per.vol16.2019.act.mineralocorticoid.

Posaconazole-Induced Hypertension Due to Inhibition of 11β-Hydroxylase and 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 2.

Thompson GR, Beck KR, Patt M, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2019; (3(7)):1361-1366 doi:10.1210/js.2019-00189.

Bioactive Candy: Effects of Licorice on the Cardiovascular System.

Deutch MR, Grimm D, Wehland M, et al.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 2019; (8(10)) doi:10.3390/foods8100495.

Classic and Nonclassic Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome.

Carvajal CA, Tapia-Castillo A, Vecchiola A, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; (105(4)) doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz315.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations in HSD11B2 and characterized by early-onset hypertension and hypokalemia.

Fan P, Lu YT, Yang KQ, et al.

Endocrine 2020; (70(3)):607-615 doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02460-9.

Hypertensive Crisis in Pediatric Patients: An Overview.

Raina R, Mahajan Z, Sharma A, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2020; (8()):588911 doi:10.3389/fped.2020.588911.

Impaired Distal Tubular Acidification, Renal Cysts and Nephrocalcinosis in Monogenic Hypertension.

Yadav M, Sinha A, Hari P, Bagga A

Indian journal of pediatrics 2021; (88(6)):579-581 doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03516-4.

Species-specific differences in the inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by itraconazole and posaconazole.

Inderbinen SG, Zogg M, Kley M, et al.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2021; (412()):115387 doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115387.

Monogenic forms of low-renin hypertension: clinical and molecular insights.

Khandelwal P, Deinum J

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2022; (37(7)):1495-1509 doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05246-x.

Profile and management of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies in the emergency cardiology department of a tertiary hospital: a 12-month registry.

Fragoulis C, Dimitriadis K, Siafi E, et al.

European journal of preventive cardiology 2022; (29(1)):194-201 doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab159.

Hypokalemia-Induced Arrhythmia: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Thu Kyaw M, Maung ZM

Cureus 2022; (14(3)):e22940 doi:10.7759/cureus.22940.

Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Pediatric Patients With Hypertensive Crisis-A Retrospective, Single-Center Study in China.

Ba H, Peng H, Xu L, et al.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2022; (9()):891804 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.891804.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess: comprehensive overview of molecular genetics.

Lu YT, Zhang D, Zhang QY, et al.

Journal of translational medicine 2022; (20(1)):500 doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03698-9.

Hypertension crisis as the first symptom of renovascular hypertension in children.

Xu L, Ba H, Jiang X, Qin Y

Italian journal of pediatrics 2022; (48(1)):191 doi:10.1186/s13052-022-01378-4.

[Adverse effects of licorice consumed as food: An update].

Caré W, Grenet G, Schmitt C, et al.

La Revue de medecine interne 2023; (44(9)):487-494 doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2023.03.004.

Review of the Pathophysiologic and Clinical Aspects of Hypokalemia in Children and Young Adults: an Update.

Bamgbola OF

Current treatment options in pediatrics 2022; (8(3)):96-114 doi:10.1007/s40746-022-00240-3.

In vitro methods to assess 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity.

Kley M, Moser SO, Winter DV, Odermatt A

Methods in enzymology 2023; (689()):167-200 doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.005.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess in Israel: a case series and literature review.

Lebel A, Ben Shalom E, Mokatern R, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2024; (190(5)):347-353 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae049.

Case report: Clinical characteristics and Genetical analysis of HSD11B2 in three Chinese children with apparent mineralocorticoid excess: a case series.

Ding Y, Cheng M, Cao B, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2024; (15()):1491825 doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1491825.

A Rare Case of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Presenting as Endocrine Hypertension.

Vijayakumar V, Kumar N, Kumar D, et al.

Indian journal of nephrology 2025; (35(3)):427-428 doi:10.25259/IJN_83_2024.

Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome: Case Report.

Alsaadoun SA, Alrasheedi AT, Gazar SH, Alsallum GA

International medical case reports journal 2025; (18()):671-676 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S520238.

Diagnosing apparent mineralocorticoid excess in a child with hypertension and nephrocalcinosis: from symptoms to genetics.

Vallabhaneni P, Hasan SKS, Tiewsoh K, et al.

CEN case reports 2025; (14(5)):786-792 doi:10.1007/s13730-025-01015-z.

Novel homozygous pathogenic variant in HSD11B2 as a cause of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.

Roche-Gomez A, Blázquez Gómez CJ, Licero Villanueva A, Espino Hernández M

Journal of hypertension 2025; (43(12)):2072-2074 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000004159.

Population-based estimates of the global prevalence and carrier frequency of apparent mineralocorticoid excess caused by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency.

Charoenngam N, Kansuttiviwat C, Chinsawangwatanakul P

Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2025; (21(1)):1 doi:10.1186/s13023-025-04160-x.

Hypokalemia-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Following Prolonged Diarrhea in a Child With Congenital Heart Disease Receiving Loop Diuretics: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Iwasaki K, Akiyoshi M, Nakashima S, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(2)):e104451 doi:10.7759/cureus.104451.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess with a novel HSD11B2 variant: longitudinal clinical and biochemical follow-Up.

Nalluri BT, Kudugunti N, Sahay RK

JCEM case reports 2026; (4(6)):luag083 doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luag083.

Predictive factors for hypertensive encephalopathy in hospitalized pediatric patients: a retrospective case-control study.

Sengsomwong P, Likasitwattanakul S, Piyaphanee N, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2026; (41(10)):3423-3431 doi:10.1007/s00467-026-07300-y.

Clinical phenotypes and genetic analysis of 30 children with Gitelman syndrome.

Wang W, Zhao F, Ding G, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2026; (14()):1853435 doi:10.3389/fped.2026.1853435.

Liddle syndrome caused by SCNN1B mutation presenting with severe early-onset hypertension and hypokalemia in an adolescent: a case report.

Min X, Liang Y

BMC endocrine disorders 2026; (26(1)).

Facial nerve palsy and hypertension; unusual presentation of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome in a paediatric patient.

Jawed S, Daffue B, Riordan M, Enright F

BMJ case reports 2026; (19(10)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2026-273050.

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess mimicking Bartter syndrome in infancy.

Hatipoğlu S, Yıldırım E, Şalbaş ÖY, et al.

Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2026; doi:10.1515/jpem-2026-0333.