Research & Literature

Pericentral hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in Korean patients.

Lee DH, Melles RB, Joe SG, et al.

Ophthalmology 2015; (122(6)):1252-6.

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy: a systematic review evaluating the multifocal electroretinogram as a screening test.

Tsang AC, Ahmadi Pirshahid S, Virgili G, et al.

Ophthalmology 2015; (122(6)):1239-1251.e4.

Localization of damage in progressive hydroxychloroquine retinopathy on and off the drug: inner versus outer retina, parafovea versus peripheral fovea.

de Sisternes L, Hu J, Rubin DL, Marmor MF

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2015; (56(5)):3415-26 doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16345.

Scotoma analysis of 10-2 visual field testing with a white target in screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

Browning DJ, Lee C

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2015; (9()):943-52 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S82398.

Rapid Onset of Retinal Toxicity From High-Dose Hydroxychloroquine Given for Cancer Therapy.

Leung LS, Neal JW, Wakelee HA, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2015; (160(4)):799-805.e1.

Hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity.

Ding HJ, Denniston AK, Rao VK, Gordon C

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2016; (55(6)):957-67 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev357.

Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2016 Revision).

Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, et al.

Ophthalmology 2016; (123(6)):1386-94.

Pharmacologic Therapies for Rheumatologic and Autoimmune Conditions.

Bays AM, Gardner G

The Medical clinics of North America 2016; (100(4)):719-31.

Immunomodulation of rheumatologic disorders with non-biologic disease modifying antirheumtic drugs.

Walker UA

Seminars in hematology 2016; (53 Suppl 1()):S58-60.

Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Fifty-Two-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Stohl W, Schwarting A, Okada M, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2017; (69(5)):1016-1027 doi:10.1002/art.40049.

Delayed progression of bull's eye maculopathy.

Jain S, Jain NG

BMJ case reports 2017; (2017()) doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-220598.

[Variability of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy among various ethnicities].

Giocanti-Aurégan A, Couturier A, Girmens JF, et al.

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2018; (41(4)):363-367 doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.014.

Nephritis, cerebritis, and myositis after adalimumab therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report.

Omran NE, Noorwali AA

International journal of general medicine 2018; (11()):151-154 doi:10.2147/IJGM.S154835.

Case Report: Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.

Eldeeb M, Chan EW, Omar A

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2018; (95(6)):545-549 doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001226.

SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE RETINOPATHY UP TO 20 YEARS AFTER STOPPING THE DRUG: Implications for Mild Versus Severe Toxicity.

Pham BH, Marmor MF

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2019; (39(3)):492-501 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002408.

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN EYES WITH HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE RETINAL TOXICITY.

Allahdina AM, Chen KG, Alvarez JA, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2019; (39(3)):473-484 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002437.

Reading in the presence of macular disease: a mini-review.

Chung STL

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2020; (40(2)):171-186 doi:10.1111/opo.12664.

Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity Consideration in the Treatment of COVID-19.

Ruamviboonsuk P, Lai TYY, Chang A, et al.

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020; (9(2)):85-87 doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000289.

Discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine in older patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter retrospective study.

Fernandez-Ruiz R, Bornkamp N, Kim MY, et al.

Arthritis research & therapy 2020; (22(1)):191 doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02282-0.

An objective method of diagnosing hydroxychloroquine maculopathy.

Hasan H, Lotery A, Price EJ, Smith GT

Eye (London, England) 2021; (35(7)):1922-1929 doi:10.1038/s41433-020-01174-6.

Two-Year, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Belimumab in Lupus Nephritis.

Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2020; (383(12)):1117-1128 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001180.

Guidelines on prescribing and monitoring antimalarials in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review.

Cramarossa G, Liu HY, Turk MA, Pope JE

Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2021; (39(2)):407-412 doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/1u36qt.

Long-Term Progression of Pericentral Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.

Ahn SJ, Seo EJ, Kim KE, et al.

Ophthalmology 2021; (128(6)):889-898 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.029.

Initial hydroxychloroquine monotherapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of three cases.

Ichikawa K, Kirino Y, Kunishita Y, et al.

Modern rheumatology case reports 2021; (5(2)):259-264 doi:10.1080/24725625.2021.1881215.

American College of Rheumatology, American Academy of Dermatology, Rheumatologic Dermatology Society, and American Academy of Ophthalmology 2020 Joint Statement on Hydroxychloroquine Use With Respect to Retinal Toxicity.

Rosenbaum JT, Costenbader KH, Desmarais J, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2021; (73(6)):908-911 doi:10.1002/art.41683.

Prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy with long-term use in a cohort of Indian patients with rheumatic diseases.

Manoj M, Sahoo RR, Singh A, et al.

Rheumatology international 2021; (41(5)):929-937 doi:10.1007/s00296-021-04831-5.

Retinal toxicity caused by hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report.

Wang G, Zhuo N, Liao Z, et al.

Medicine 2021; (100(22)):e25688 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000025688.

A comparison of reading, in people with simulated and actual central vision loss, with static text, horizontally scrolling text, and rapid serial visual presentation.

Akthar F, Harvey H, Subramanian A, et al.

Journal of vision 2021; (21(12)):5 doi:10.1167/jov.21.12.5.

Hydroxychloroquine Causes Early Inner Retinal Toxicity and Affects Autophagosome-Lysosomal Pathway and Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Retina.

Mondal K, Porter H, Cole J, et al.

Molecular neurobiology 2022; (59(6)):3873-3887 doi:10.1007/s12035-022-02825-3.

Depression secondary to vision loss in old age and an effective rapid screening tool for undiagnosed cases.

Clancy N, Aslam T, Cackett P

Annals of general psychiatry 2022; (21(1)):15 doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00396-0.

Clock-hour topography and extent of outer retinal damage in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

Kim KE, Kim JH, Kim YH, Ahn SJ

Scientific reports 2022; (12(1)):11809 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15217-3.

Visual field examinations using different strategies in Asian patients taking hydroxychloroquine.

Kim KE, Ryu SJ, Kim YH, et al.

Scientific reports 2022; (12(1)):14778 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19048-0.

Early onset monocular hydroxychloroquine maculopathy in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with history of central retinal artery occlusion: a case report.

Ameen Ismail A, Sadek SH, Hatata RM

BMC ophthalmology 2022; (22(1)):434 doi:10.1186/s12886-022-02657-8.

Cilioretinal artery occlusion in antiphospholipid syndrome and the decision to anticoagulate.

Delavar A, Baxter SL

BMJ case reports 2022; (15(11)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2022-249509.

"En Face" Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography versus Multifocal Electroretinogram in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening.

Mauget-Faÿsse M, Sukkarieh G, Jebrane H, et al.

Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2023; (246(1)):14-23 doi:10.1159/000528146.

Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening guidelines: a false positive.

Guven TK, Alexander A, Smith GT

BMJ case reports 2023; (16(1)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2022-249052.

Hydroxychloroquine Dose and Risk for Incident Retinopathy : A Cohort Study.

Melles RB, Jorge AM, Marmor MF, et al.

Annals of internal medicine 2023; (176(2)):166-173 doi:10.7326/M22-2453.

Unmet needs and future perspectives in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

Yusuf IH, Charbel Issa P, Ahn SJ

Frontiers in medicine 2023; (10()):1196815 doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1196815.

Accelerated hydroxychloroquine toxic retinopathy.

Mohapatra A, Gupta P, Ratra D

Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology 2024; (148(1)):37-45 doi:10.1007/s10633-023-09950-x.

EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update.

Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Andersen J, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024; (83(1)):15-29 doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224762.

New proposal for a multimodal imaging approach for the subclinical detection of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Araújo O, Casaroli-Marano RP, Hernández-Rodríguez J, et al.

BMJ open ophthalmology 2024; (9(1)) doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001608.

Dermatologists' and Rheumatologists' Adherence to the Latest Recommendations for Screening of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Alghamdi AS, AlQefari GB, Alduraibi K, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(3)):e56179 doi:10.7759/cureus.56179.

Risk Factors for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy and Its Subtypes.

Jorge AM, Melles RB, Marmor MF, et al.

JAMA network open 2024; (7(5)):e2410677 doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10677.

Risk of flare in patients with SLE in remission after hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine withdrawal.

Trefond L, Mathian A, Lhote R, et al.

Joint bone spine 2024; (91(6)):105756 doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105756.

The incidence, monitoring coverage and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in the United Kingdom.

Yusuf IH, Han RC, Downes SM, Sharma SM

Eye (London, England) 2024; (38(14)):2796-2804 doi:10.1038/s41433-024-03168-0.

Cost-effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening: the current guideline versus no screening and reduced regimens.

Quist SW, Dorsthorst ST, Freriks RD, et al.

The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care 2025; (26(3)):413-425 doi:10.1007/s10198-024-01715-w.

Target in Sight: A Comprehensive Review of Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Bull's Eye Maculopathy.

Snow Z, Seely K, Barrett S, et al.

Current ophthalmology reports 2024; (12(3)):38-48 doi:10.1007/s40135-024-00321-6.

The Relationship of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Progression to Stage at Cessation of Therapy.

Browning DJ, Koonce DR, Mentreddy A, Punjabi O

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (277()):335-348 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.05.030.

Refining lupus management: a comprehensive review of HCQ blood levels.

Saleh ZF, Kahlenberg JM

Rheumatology advances in practice 2025; (9(3)):rkaf080 doi:10.1093/rap/rkaf080.

Prevention and detection of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.

Kim KE, Ahn SJ

Expert opinion on drug safety 2026; (25(1)):9-21 doi:10.1080/14740338.2025.2544044.

Discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine due to suspected retinal toxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus and the role of multimodal imaging.

Ince B, Oğurel MB, Cebeci Z, et al.

Turkish journal of medical sciences 2025; (55(4)):837-845 doi:10.55730/1300-0144.6035.

Diagnostic Accuracy of a Humphrey 24-2C Protocol for Simultaneous Parafoveal and Pericentral Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening.

Kim KE, Kwon HY, Ahn SJ

Ophthalmology. Retina 2026; (10(3)):223-230 doi:10.1016/j.oret.2025.10.015.

Special AAO Report: Recommendations on Screening for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2025 Revision).

Marmor MF, Ahn SJ, Ehlers JP, et al.

Ophthalmology 2026; (133(4)):439-450 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.11.001.

Optical Coherence Tomography and Angiography in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.

Donica AL, Donica VC, Russu M, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (16(3)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics16030463.

Retinal cell death is primarily caspase-dependent in vitro and in a mouse model of chloroquine-induced acute retinal toxicity.

Amarnani D, Kim EJ, Duffy BV, et al.

ScienceBank 2025; (2025()) doi:10.61340/rcdpcd.

Risk of Retinopathy Associated with Long-Term Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Daftarian N, Yue C, Levasseur SD, et al.

Arthritis care & research 2026; (78(10)):1532-1543 doi:10.1002/acr.80033.

Quadrant-Specific Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Controlled OCT-Based Structural and Exposure Analysis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Geamănu A, Pîrvulescu RA, Tricorache D, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (16(12)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics16121867.

Zeaxanthin Mitigates Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinal Toxicity and Metabolic Reprogramming in ARPE-19 Cells.

Altıparmak MBA, Yıldırım EM, Kaplan O, et al.

Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 2026; (40(7)):e71015 doi:10.1002/jbt.71015.

Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinopathy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Predictors of Progression Following Drug Discontinuation.

Gutowski E, Modi Y, Velez AG, et al.

Research square 2026; doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10488914/v1.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in a cohort with rheumatic diseases in Mexico: prevalence, risk factors, and retinopathy patterns.

Mohamed-Noriega K, Riega-Torres JL, Treviño-Fernández EA, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2026; doi:10.1007/s10067-026-08375-6.