Research & Literature

Balo's Concentric Sclerosis with Acute Presentation and Co-Existing Multiple Sclerosis-Typical Lesions on MRI.

Purohit B, Ganewatte E, Schreiner B, Kollias S

Case reports in neurology 2015; (7(1)):44-50 doi:10.1159/000380813.

Peripheral late reactivation of a previously typical monofocal Baló's concentric sclerosis lesion.

Pique J, Bonneville F, Brassat D, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2015; (21(8)):1080-3 doi:10.1177/1352458515586087.

Balò's concentric sclerosis: still to be considered as a variant of multiple sclerosis?

Pietroboni AM, Arighi A, De Riz MA, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2015; (36(12)):2277-80 doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2297-8.

Balo's Concentric Sclerosis Mimicking Cerebral Tuberculoma.

Son YR, Yang H, Lee S, et al.

Experimental neurobiology 2015; (24(2)):169-72 doi:10.5607/en.2015.24.2.169.

ONION PEEL APPEARANCE IN BALOS CONCENTRIC SCLEROSIS--A VARIANT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.

Arif S, Wali MW, Slehria AU, et al.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC 2015; (27(1)):236-8.

Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis and Associated Disorders.

Frederick MC, Cameron MH

Current neurology and neuroscience reports 2016; (16(3)):26 doi:10.1007/s11910-016-0626-9.

Atypical inflammatory demyelinating syndromes of the CNS.

Hardy TA, Reddel SW, Barnett MH, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2016; (15(9)):967-981 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30043-6.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone versus methylprednisolone added to interferon β in patients with multiple sclerosis experiencing breakthrough disease: a randomized, rater-blinded trial.

Berkovich R, Bakshi R, Amezcua L, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2017; (10(1)):3-17 doi:10.1177/1756285616670060.

Cyclophosphamide administration routine in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a review.

Teles KA, Medeiros-Souza P, Lima FAC, et al.

Revista brasileira de reumatologia 2017; (57(6)):596-604 doi:10.1016/j.rbre.2016.09.008.

Baló's concentric sclerosis is immunologically distinct from multiple sclerosis: results from retrospective analysis of almost 150 lumbar punctures.

Jarius S, Würthwein C, Behrens JR, et al.

Journal of neuroinflammation 2018; (15(1)):22 doi:10.1186/s12974-017-1043-y.

Why Is This Auntminnie a Diagnostic Conundrum?: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Balo's Concentric Sclerosis From Reports of 3 Cases and Pooled Data From 68 Other Patients in the Literature.

Agarwal M, Ulmer JL, Klein AP, Mark LP

Current problems in diagnostic radiology 2019; (48(4)):415-422 doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2017.12.008.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Plasma Exchange in Neuromyelitis Optica.

Kumar R, Paul BS, Singh G, Kaur A

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2018; (21(2)):140-143 doi:10.4103/aian.AIAN_330_17.

7 Tesla MRI of Balo's concentric sclerosis versus multiple sclerosis lesions.

Behrens JR, Wanner J, Kuchling J, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2018; (5(8)):900-912 doi:10.1002/acn3.572.

Advanced neuroimaging in Balo's concentric sclerosis: MRI, MRS, DTI, and ASL perfusion imaging over 1 year.

Yeo CJJ, Hutton GJ, Fung SH

Radiology case reports 2018; (13(5)):1030-1035 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2018.04.010.

Acute Symptomatic Sinus Bradycardia in High-Dose Methylprednisolone Therapy in a Woman With Inflammatory Myelitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Sodero A, Squitieri M, Mazzeo S, et al.

Clinical medicine insights. Case reports 2019; (12()):1179547619831026 doi:10.1177/1179547619831026.

Pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions: diagnostic approach and long-term outcome.

Hardy TA

Current opinion in neurology 2019; (32(3)):467-474 doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000683.

Antibody signatures in patients with histopathologically defined multiple sclerosis patterns.

Stork L, Ellenberger D, Ruprecht K, et al.

Acta neuropathologica 2020; (139(3)):547-564 doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02120-x.

From Baló's concentric sclerosis to multiple sclerosis: a series of 6 patients.

Ayrignac X, Letourneau-Guillon L, Carra-Dallière C, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2020; (42()):102078 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102078.

Balo's concentric sclerosis: An atypical demyelinating disease in pediatrics.

Arenas Vargas LE, Bedoya Morales AM, Rincón Carreño C, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2020; (44()):102198 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102198.

Distinct microglial and macrophage distribution patterns in the concentric and lamellar lesions in Baló's disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Hayashida S, Masaki K, Suzuki SO, et al.

Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) 2020; (30(6)):1144-1157 doi:10.1111/bpa.12898.

Heterogeneity of Baló's concentric sclerosis: a study of eight cases with different therapeutic concepts.

Tzanetakos D, Vakrakou AG, Tzartos JS, et al.

BMC neurology 2020; (20(1)):400 doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01971-2.

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for semi-critical neurology presentations in a non-acute neurology set-up: clinical practice and challenges.

Fu KS, Wong PY, Hiew FL

BMJ neurology open 2020; (2(1)):e000020 doi:10.1136/bmjno-2019-000020.

Successful Management of Natalizumab-Associated Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma through Autologous Stem Cell Transplant.

Moineau-Vallée K, Rinfret J, Luu Hoai MH, et al.

Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) 2020; (28(1)):203-208 doi:10.3390/curroncol28010022.

Clinical and Radiologic Features, Pathology, and Treatment of Baló Concentric Sclerosis.

Jolliffe EA, Guo Y, Hardy TA, et al.

Neurology 2021; (97(4)):e414-e422 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012230.

Baló's concentric sclerosis - A rare entity within the spectrum of demyelinating diseases.

Xie JS, Jeeva-Patel T, Margolin E

Journal of the neurological sciences 2021; (428()):117570 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117570.

A Rare Case of Balo Concentric Sclerosis, a Subtype of Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis, in a 40-Year-Old Male: Case Report.

Al Ashi AK, Meray V, Aziz AM

Cureus 2022; (14(4)):e24033 doi:10.7759/cureus.24033.

Pediatric tumefactive multiple sclerosis case (with baló-like lesions), diagnostic and treatment challenges.

Kamari C, Galanakis E, Raissaki M, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2023; (44(1)):343-345 doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06396-y.

Balo's concentric sclerosis a rare variant of multiple sclerosis in a Nigerian adult male: A case report.

Campbell FC, Oti B, Ndafia NM, et al.

Surgical neurology international 2022; (13()):486 doi:10.25259/SNI_636_2022.

Phenotyping variants of tumefactive demyelinating lesions according to clinical and radiological features-A case series.

Boyle T, Fernando SL, Drummond J, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1092373 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1092373.

Plasma exchange in inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system: reasonable use in the clinical practice.

Queiroz ALG, Soares Neto HR, Kobayashi TT, Silva SMCA

Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2023; (81(3)):296-307 doi:10.1055/s-0042-1758447.

The effect of ocrelizumab on Balo's tumefactive lesion: A case report.

Raghib MF, Bao F, Tessema S, et al.

Radiology case reports 2024; (19(6)):2328-2331 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.02.098.

Visual Function Improvement after Plasma Exchange Therapy for Acute Optic Neuritis in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: Case Series and Review.

Iancu R, Pirvulescu R, Anton N, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(9)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics14090863.

Position statement of the Brazilian society of Rheumatology on mesna use as a preventive therapy for bladder disease in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases and systemic vasculitis under cyclophosphamide treatment.

Souza AWS, Dantas JG, Montandon ACOES, et al.

Advances in rheumatology (London, England) 2024; (64(1)):41 doi:10.1186/s42358-024-00380-0.

Early clinical response and complications of therapeutic plasma exchange in central nervous system demyelinating diseases.

Rashidi M, Naghavi S, Ramezani N, et al.

Journal of central nervous system disease 2024; (16()):11795735241262738 doi:10.1177/11795735241262738.

Baló's concentric sclerosis with spontaneous remission and favorable prognosis.

Zhang YX, Fang GL, Tang JL, Lai QL

Heliyon 2024; (10(12)):e33386 doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33386.

Fingolimod-associated Balo's concentric sclerosis in multiple sclerosis: A case report.

Sharifi P, Moradi A, Moghadasi AN

Clinical case reports 2024; (12(8)):e9266 doi:10.1002/ccr3.9266.

Balo concentric sclerosis, an emerging variant of multiple sclerosis: A case-series and literature review.

Etemadifar M, Aghili A, Shojaei S, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2025; (400()):578527 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578527.

Characteristics of adverse drug reactions and risk management strategies for methylprednisolone sodium succinate in the treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a clinical study of 1026 patients.

Wu T, Tang Y, Yan S, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2025; (12()):1589531 doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1589531.

Optic neuritis: a comprehensive review of current therapies and emerging treatment strategies.

Chaitanuwong P, Moss HE

Frontiers in neurology 2025; (16()):1605075 doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1605075.

Balo Concentric Sclerosis: A Rare Variant of Multiple Sclerosis With Excellent Response to Early Steroid Treatment.

Luan Z, Habiba KZ, Sim AH, Narvaez-Correa IV

Cureus 2025; (17(6)):e86059 doi:10.7759/cureus.86059.

Baló's concentric sclerosis: A retrospective case series.

Peraza H, Rees J, Kresak J, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2025; (103()):106712 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106712.

Advanced quantitative MRI reveals a unique pattern of metabolic alterations and iron-pathology linked to glial activation in Baló's concentric sclerosis.

Dempegioti CA, Broumpoulis G, Brinia ME, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2026; (410()):578798 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578798.

Bilateral optic neuritis preceding a Baló concentric sclerosis lesion: A case report and literature review.

Alfonso-Cedeño DF, Medina-Lozano L, Gaete PV, Quintero-Cusguen P

Journal of neuroimmunology 2026; (413()):578874 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2026.578874.

Case Report: Beyond the monophasic myth: relapsing Baló's concentric sclerosis with residual disability.

Li W, Jin Z, Zhang C, et al.

Frontiers in human neuroscience 2026; (20()):1794003 doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1794003.

Bridging the Gap: Baló Concentric Sclerosis-Like Leukoencephalopathy in Chronic Cocaine Use: A 1-Year Clinical and Imaging Follow-Up of 2 Cases.

Lanzante M, Cerase A, de Mauro A, et al.

Neurology 2026; (106(11)):e218068 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000218068.

Rituximab and IVIG added to plasma exchange improves the outcome of severe CNS demyelinating attacks: a retrospective study.

Chico-Garcia JL, Morales de la Prida M, Boix Lago A, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2026; (19()):17562864261440665 doi:10.1177/17562864261440665.

Case Report: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder mimicking Baló's concentric sclerosis.

Xiong X, Zhang T, Li Y, et al.

Frontiers in oncology 2026; (16()):1819442 doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1819442.