Research & Literature

The pathogenesis of reflux nephropathy.

Ransley PG, Risdon RA

Contributions to nephrology 1979; (16()):90-7 doi:10.1159/000402880.

The RIVUR trial: a factual interpretation of our data.

Mattoo TK, Carpenter MA, Moxey-Mims M, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2015; (30(5)):707-12 doi:10.1007/s00467-014-3022-1.

Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection and Renal Scarring.

Keren R, Shaikh N, Pohl H, et al.

Pediatrics 2015; (136(1)):e13-21 doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0409.

Incidence of renal carcinoma in non-functioning kidney due to renal pelvic stone disease.

Zengin K, Tanik S, Sener NC, et al.

Molecular and clinical oncology 2015; (3(4)):941-943 doi:10.3892/mco.2015.550.

Laboratory Assessment of Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Narva AS, Bilous RW

Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association 2015; (28(3)):162-6 doi:10.2337/diaspect.28.3.162.

Update on the approach of urinary tract infection in childhood.

Simões e Silva AC, Oliveira EA

Jornal de pediatria 2015; (91(6 Suppl 1)):S2-10.

Insignificant impact of VUR on the progression of CKD in children with CAKUT.

Ishikura K, Uemura O, Hamasaki Y, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2016; (31(1)):105-12 doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3196-1.

AT1 receptor antagonism before ischemia prevents the transition of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.

Rodríguez-Romo R, Benítez K, Barrera-Chimal J, et al.

Kidney international 2016; (89(2)):363-73 doi:10.1038/ki.2015.320.

Renal Scarring in the Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) Trial.

Mattoo TK, Chesney RW, Greenfield SP, et al.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2016; (11(1)):54-61 doi:10.2215/CJN.05210515.

Predictive Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Vesicoureteral Reflux Treated Surgically and Followed after Puberty.

Kang M, Lee JK, Im YJ, et al.

The Journal of urology 2016; (195(4 Pt 1)):1100-6.

'Targeted top down' approach for the investigation of UTI: A 10-year follow-up study in a cohort of 1000 children.

Broadis E, Kronfli R, Flett ME, et al.

Journal of pediatric urology 2016; (12(1)):39.e1-6.

Incidence and Management of Uncomplicated Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in a National Sample of Women in the United States.

Suskind AM, Saigal CS, Hanley JM, et al.

Urology 2016; (90()):50-5.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence.

Nelson CP, Hoberman A, Shaikh N, et al.

Pediatrics 2016; (137(4)).

[Vesicoureteric reflux in children: many questions still unanswered].

Zieg J

Casopis lekaru ceskych 2016; (155(3)):31-4.

Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan challenges in childhood urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring investigation and management.

Roupakias S, Sinopidis X, Tsikopoulos G, et al.

Minerva urologica e nefrologica = The Italian journal of urology and nephrology 2017; (69(2)):144-152 doi:10.23736/S0393-2249.16.02509-1.

Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan or ultrasound in screening for vesicoureteral reflux among children with urinary tract infections.

Shaikh N, Spingarn RB, Hum SW

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016; (7()):CD010657 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010657.pub2.

Simple Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Stone Disease: Not Always Simple.

Angerri O, López JM, Sánchez-Martin F, et al.

Journal of endourology 2016; (30(10)):1095-1098 doi:10.1089/end.2016.0281.

Inflammation drives renal scarring in experimental pyelonephritis.

Li B, Haridas B, Jackson AR, et al.

American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 2017; (312(1)):F43-F53 doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00471.2016.

Urinary albumin excretion and chronic kidney disease in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

de Sépibus R, Cachat F, Meyrat BJ, et al.

Journal of pediatric urology 2017; (13(6)):592.e1-592.e7 doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.04.004.

Genetics of vesicoureteral reflux and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

Lee KH, Gee HY, Shin JI

Investigative and clinical urology 2017; (58(Suppl 1)):S4-S13 doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.S1.S4.

Critical appraisal of the top-down approach for vesicoureteral reflux.

Abdelhalim A, Khoury AE

Investigative and clinical urology 2017; (58(Suppl 1)):S14-S22 doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.S1.S14.

Central role of dysregulation of TGF-β/Smad in CKD progression and potential targets of its treatment.

Chen L, Yang T, Lu DW, et al.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2018; (101()):670-681 doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.090.

Hyperfiltration-mediated Injury in the Remaining Kidney of a Transplant Donor.

Srivastava T, Hariharan S, Alon US, et al.

Transplantation 2018; (102(10)):1624-1635 doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000002304.

Renal scarring on DMSA scan is associated with hypertension and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate in spina bifida patients in the age of transition to adulthood.

Imamura M, Hayashi C, Kim WJ, Yamazaki Y

Journal of pediatric urology 2018; (14(4)):317.e1-317.e5 doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.07.023.

Urinary Tract Infection in Children.

Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, Hon KL

Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery 2019; (13(1)):2-18 doi:10.2174/1872213X13666181228154940.

Predictors of Renal Dysfunction in Adults with Childhood Vesicoureteral Reflux after Long-Term Follow-Up.

Bundovska-Kocev S, Kuzmanovska D, Selim G, Georgievska-Ismail L

Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences 2019; (7(1)):107-113 doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.078.

Changing Protein Permeability with Nephron Loss: Evidence for a Human Remnant Nephron Effect.

Willows J, Odudu A, Logan I, et al.

American journal of nephrology 2019; (50(2)):152-159 doi:10.1159/000501472.

Association of Renal Scarring With Number of Febrile Urinary Tract Infections in Children.

Shaikh N, Haralam MA, Kurs-Lasky M, Hoberman A

JAMA pediatrics 2019; (173(10)):949-952 doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2504.

The long-term prognosis of nephropathy in operated reflux.

Matsuoka H, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi T, et al.

Journal of pediatric urology 2019; (15(6)):605.e1-605.e8 doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.08.015.

Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management: A Review.

Chen TK, Knicely DH, Grams ME

JAMA 2019; (322(13)):1294-1304 doi:10.1001/jama.2019.14745.

Minimally invasive management of acute ureteral obstruction and severe infection caused by upper urinary tract calculi.

Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen D, et al.

Journal of X-ray science and technology 2020; (28(1)):125-135 doi:10.3233/XST-190576.

Renal scarring is the most significant predictor of breakthrough febrile urinary tract infection in patients with simplex and duplex primary vesico-ureteral reflux.

Loukogeorgakis SP, Burnand K, MacDonald A, et al.

Journal of pediatric urology 2020; (16(2)):189.e1-189.e7 doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.11.018.

Accuracy of Ultrasound in Identifying Renal Scarring as Compared to DMSA Scan.

Finkelstein JB, Rague JT, Chow J, et al.

Urology 2020; (138()):134-137 doi:10.1016/j.urology.2020.01.019.

The diagnosis and management of a patient with acute pyelonephritis.

Hudson C, Mortimore G

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 2020; (29(3)):144-150 doi:10.12968/bjon.2020.29.3.144.

Presepsin and procalcitonin as predictors of sepsis based on the new Sepsis-3 definitions in obstructive acute pyelonephritis.

Tambo M, Taguchi S, Nakamura Y, et al.

BMC urology 2020; (20(1)):23 doi:10.1186/s12894-020-00596-4.

CT imaging of acute and chronic pyelonephritis: a practical guide for emergency radiologists.

Vernuccio F, Patti D, Cannella R, et al.

Emergency radiology 2020; (27(5)):561-567 doi:10.1007/s10140-020-01788-z.

Delayed Decompression of Obstructing Stones with Urinary Tract Infection is Associated with Increased Odds of Death.

Haas CR, Li G, Hyams ES, Shah O

The Journal of urology 2020; (204(6)):1256-1262 doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001182.

Acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy: a systematic review of the aetiology, timing, and reported adverse perinatal risks during pregnancy.

Grette K, Cassity S, Holliday N, Rimawi BH

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2020; (40(6)):739-748 doi:10.1080/01443615.2019.1647524.

Chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Carmena R, Ascaso JF, Redon J

Journal of hypertension 2020; (38(11)):2110-2121 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002506.

New-onset ESRD secondary to reflux nephropathy has decreased in incidence in the United States.

Cornwell LB, Riddell JV, Mason MD

Journal of pediatric urology 2020; (16(5)):566.e1-566.e7 doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.06.023.

Imaging of Renal Infections and Inflammatory Disease.

Zulfiqar M, Ubilla CV, Nicola R, Menias CO

Radiologic clinics of North America 2020; (58(5)):909-923 doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2020.05.004.

Long-Term Antibiotic Treatment Prior to Laparoscopic Nephrectomy for Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Improves Postoperative Outcomes: Results from a Multicenter Study.

Xie L, Tapiero S, Flores AR, et al.

The Journal of urology 2021; (205(3)):820-825 doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001429.

Trends in the surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux in Finland in 2004-2014.

Ripatti L, Viljamaa HR, Kauko T, et al.

Scandinavian journal of urology 2021; (55(1)):67-71 doi:10.1080/21681805.2020.1849387.

Contemporary Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Children.

Mattoo TK, Shaikh N, Nelson CP

Pediatrics 2021; (147(2)) doi:10.1542/peds.2020-012138.

Clinical manifestations, laboratory markers, and renal ultrasonographic examinations in 1-month to 12-year-old Iranian children with pyelonephritis: a six-year cross-sectional retrospective study.

Fahimi D, Khedmat L, Afshin A, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2021; (21(1)):189 doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05887-1.

Responsible genes in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux: findings from the Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database.

Liu JL, Shen Q, Wu MY, et al.

World journal of pediatrics : WJP 2021; (17(4)):409-418 doi:10.1007/s12519-021-00428-x.

Chronic kidney disease.

Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (398(10302)):786-802 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00519-5.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: A Narrative Review with Current Perspectives on Diagnostic Imaging and Management, Including Interventional Radiology Techniques.

Bolger MP, Hennebry J, Byrne C, et al.

International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease 2021; (14()):359-369 doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S236552.

Endoscopic Injection Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: Meeting with the Factors Involved in the Success Rate.

Roupakias S, Sinopidis X, Spyridakis I, et al.

Acta medica (Hradec Kralove) 2021; (64(4)):193-199 doi:10.14712/18059694.2022.1.

Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children with Urinary Tract Infections in the Inpatient Setting in Taiwan.

Chang JW, Liu CS, Tsai HL

Clinical epidemiology 2022; (14()):299-307 doi:10.2147/CLEP.S346645.

Determining risk factors for triple whammy acute kidney injury.

Leete J, Wang C, López-Hernández FJ, Layton AT

Mathematical biosciences 2022; (347()):108809 doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108809.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a review and meta-analysis with a focus on management.

Gravestock P, Moore L, Harding C, Veeratterapillay R

International urology and nephrology 2022; (54(10)):2445-2456 doi:10.1007/s11255-022-03253-x.

The importance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for diagnosing masked hypertension in patients with renal parenchymal scarring.

Karakaya D, Çakıcı EK, Yazılıtaş F, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2023; (38(4)):1215-1222 doi:10.1007/s00467-022-05754-4.

I saw the "bear paw" sign - Massive renal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

Mynarski NJ, Shen L, Negrete LM

Clinical imaging 2023; (93()):70-74 doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.11.006.

Atypical presentation of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

Dhingra K, Ghazi T, Osher M

Radiology case reports 2023; (18(2)):456-459 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.10.060.

Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux and Renal Scarring.

Mattoo TK, Mohammad D

Pediatric clinics of North America 2022; (69(6)):1115-1129 doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2022.07.007.

Vesicoureteral Reflux and Innate Immune System: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Clinical Aspects.

Colceriu MC, Aldea PL, Răchișan AL, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (12(6)) doi:10.3390/jcm12062380.

Recessive CHRM5 variant as a potential cause of neurogenic bladder.

Schneider S, Schierbaum L, Burger WAC, et al.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2023; (191(8)):2083-2091 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.63241.

Hypertension in chronic kidney disease-treatment standard 2023.

Georgianos PI, Agarwal R

Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2023; (38(12)):2694-2703 doi:10.1093/ndt/gfad118.

Renin angiotensin aldosterone inhibitors in the treatment of proteinuria in children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: more evidence needed.

Rivetti G, Gizzone P, Di Sessa A, et al.

Expert review of clinical pharmacology 2023; (16(9)):791-798 doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2247985.

Albuminuria is associated with 24-hour and night-time diastolic blood pressure in urinary tract infection with renal scarring.

Baltu D, Salancı BV, Gülhan B, et al.

The Turkish journal of pediatrics 2023; (65(4)):620-629.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Albuminuria, and Adverse Outcomes: An Individual-Participant Data Meta-Analysis.

, Grams ME, Coresh J, et al.

JAMA 2023; (330(13)):1266-1277 doi:10.1001/jama.2023.17002.

Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for management of urinary tract infection and primary vesicoureteric reflux.

Hari P, Meena J, Kumar M, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2024; (39(5)):1639-1668 doi:10.1007/s00467-023-06173-9.

Pathogenesis and prognosis of intrarenal reflux.

Gkalonaki I, Schoina E, Anastasakis M, Patoulias I

Folia medica Cracoviensia 2023; (63(2)):57-64 doi:10.24425/fmc.2023.145913.

Update and Summary of the European Association of Urology/European Society of Paediatric Urology Paediatric Guidelines on Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children.

Gnech M, 't Hoen L, Zachou A, et al.

European urology 2024; (85(5)):433-442 doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2023.12.005.

Long-term consequences of urinary tract infection in childhood: an electronic population-based cohort study in Welsh primary and secondary care.

Hughes K, Cannings-John R, Jones H, et al.

The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 2024; (74(743)):e371-e378 doi:10.3399/BJGP.2023.0174.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Urinary Tract Infection-Child: 2023 Update.

, Chandra T, Bajaj M, et al.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2024; (21(6S)):S326-S342 doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2024.02.025.

Percutaneous Nephrostomy versus Ureteral Stent for Severe Urinary Tract Infection with Obstructive Urolithiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Moon YJ, Jun DY, Jeong JY, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2024; (60(6)) doi:10.3390/medicina60060861.

Intrarenal reflux is linked to subsequent kidney scarring: a retrospective study.

Hwang J, Lee SJ, Pai KS, Park PG

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2025; (40(10)):3129-3136 doi:10.1007/s00467-025-06820-3.

Voiding cystourethrography practices: experiences in a tertiary pediatric referral hospital.

Yazılıtaş F, Özlü SG, Aydoğ Ö, et al.

Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2025; (66(10)):1077-1084 doi:10.1177/02841851251344466.

What paediatricians need to know about modern urologic management of vesicoureteral reflux.

Goulin J, Demède D, Ranchin B, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2025; (13()):1607019 doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1607019.

A Diagnostic Blind Spot in Pseudo-Bartter Syndrome: Aberrant Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Activation from Focal Renal Scarring.

Makino H, Takedani K, Ishihara SI, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2026; (65(13)):1786-1793 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.6414-25.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis in the Tropics.

Prasad P, Sudha S, Niranjan G, et al.

Discoveries (Craiova, Romania) 2025; (13(3)):e212 doi:10.15190/d.2025.11.

[Epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and microbiology of suppurative pyelonephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, part 1].

Pavlov V N, Vorobyev V A, Ananyev V A

Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999) 2025; 151-160.

Optimal Timing of Percutaneous Nephrostomy Tube Drainage of Infected Kidneys Secondary to Obstructing Ureteral Stones.

Hemo O, Kleinmann N, Khaitovitch B, et al.

Journal of endourology 2026; (40(3)):344-351 doi:10.1177/08927790251409715.

Association between serum cystatin C levels and hypertension in children with kidney scarring.

Akaci O, Kahraman I

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2026; (41(7)):2071-2077 doi:10.1007/s00467-026-07204-x.

Low Chimney Cutaneous Ureterostomy (LCCU): a novel technique for supra-vesical urinary diversion.

Soliman A, Elghazeery M, Youssif M, Mokhless I

BMC urology 2026; (26(1)).

Diabetes-related renal complications: Insights on the impact of diabetic kidney disease on mortality.

Gembillo G, Ricca MF, Santoro D

World journal of nephrology 2026; (15(1)):108432 doi:10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.108432.

[Primary vesicoureteral reflux in childhood : Diagnostics, risk stratification and treatment].

Nientiedt M, Stein R

Urologie (Heidelberg, Germany) 2026; (65(5)):547-555 doi:10.1007/s00120-026-02816-5.

Clinical Management and Outcomes of Urosepsis in Relation to Diagnostic Complexity and Microbiological Profile.

Talaga M, Ząbkowski T, Ciechan K, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2026; (62(5)) doi:10.3390/medicina62050925.