Research & Literature

New discoveries in CRMO: IL-1β, the neutrophil, and the microbiome implicated in disease pathogenesis in Pstpip2-deficient mice.

Ferguson PJ, Laxer RM

Seminars in immunopathology 2015; (37(4)):407-12 doi:10.1007/s00281-015-0488-2.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children: nine years' experience at a statewide tertiary paediatric rheumatology referral centre.

Walsh P, Manners PJ, Vercoe J, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2015; (54(9)):1688-91 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev013.

Aggressive Therapy Reduces Disease Activity without Skeletal Damage Progression in Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis.

Zhao Y, Chauvin NA, Jaramillo D, Burnham JM

The Journal of rheumatology 2015; (42(7)):1245-51 doi:10.3899/jrheum.141138.

Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: Clinical Longterm Assessment May Underestimate Activity.

Voit AM, Arnoldi AP, Douis H, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2015; (42(8)):1455-62 doi:10.3899/jrheum.141026.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis in children: a retrospective multicenter study.

Kaiser D, Bolt I, Hofer M, et al.

Pediatric rheumatology online journal 2015; (13()):25 doi:10.1186/s12969-015-0023-y.

Altered expression of IL-10 family cytokines in monocytes from CRMO patients result in enhanced IL-1β expression and release.

Hofmann SR, Kubasch AS, Ioannidis C, et al.

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2015; (161(2)):300-7.

Whole-Body Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children.

Leclair N, Thörmer G, Sorge I, et al.

PloS one 2016; (11(1)):e0147523 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147523.

NLRP3 inflammasome plays a redundant role with caspase 8 to promote IL-1β-mediated osteomyelitis.

Gurung P, Burton A, Kanneganti TD

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2016; (113(16)):4452-7 doi:10.1073/pnas.1601636113.

Unexpectedly high incidences of chronic non-bacterial as compared to bacterial osteomyelitis in children.

Schnabel A, Range U, Hahn G, et al.

Rheumatology international 2016; (36(12)):1737-1745 doi:10.1007/s00296-016-3572-6.

Physicians' Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis.

Zhao Y, Dedeoglu F, Ferguson PJ, et al.

International journal of rheumatology 2017; (2017()):7694942 doi:10.1155/2017/7694942.

Recessive coding and regulatory mutations in FBLIM1 underlie the pathogenesis of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO).

Cox AJ, Darbro BW, Laxer RM, et al.

PloS one 2017; (12(3)):e0169687 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169687.

An Update on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children.

Taddio A, Zennaro F, Pastore S, Cimaz R

Paediatric drugs 2017; (19(3)):165-172 doi:10.1007/s40272-017-0226-4.

Treatment Response and Longterm Outcomes in Children with Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis.

Schnabel A, Range U, Hahn G, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2017; (44(7)):1058-1065 doi:10.3899/jrheum.161255.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Treatment.

Hofmann SR, Kapplusch F, Girschick HJ, et al.

Current osteoporosis reports 2017; (15(6)):542-554 doi:10.1007/s11914-017-0405-9.

Consensus Treatment Plans for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Refractory to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and/or With Active Spinal Lesions.

Zhao Y, Wu EY, Oliver MS, et al.

Arthritis care & research 2018; (70(8)):1228-1237 doi:10.1002/acr.23462.

The multifaceted presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a series of 486 cases from the Eurofever international registry.

Girschick H, Finetti M, Orlando F, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2018; (57(7)):1203-1211 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key058.

Current utilization and procedural practices in pediatric whole-body MRI.

Schooler GR, Davis JT, Daldrup-Link HE, Frush DP

Pediatric radiology 2018; (48(8)):1101-1107 doi:10.1007/s00247-018-4145-5.

CD14+ monocytes contribute to inflammation in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) through increased NLRP3 inflammasome expression.

Brandt D, Sohr E, Pablik J, et al.

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2018; (196()):77-84 doi:10.1016/j.clim.2018.04.011.

Update on the genetics of nonbacterial osteomyelitis in humans.

Cox AJ, Ferguson PJ

Current opinion in rheumatology 2018; (30(5)):521-525 doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000530.

Comparison of different treatment approaches of pediatric chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis.

Kostik MM, Kopchak OL, Chikova IA, et al.

Rheumatology international 2019; (39(1)):89-96 doi:10.1007/s00296-018-4151-9.

Chronic Non-bacterial Osteomyelitis: A Review.

Buch K, Thuesen ACB, Brøns C, Schwarz P

Calcified tissue international 2019; (104(5)):544-553 doi:10.1007/s00223-018-0495-0.

Response to Early-onset Pamidronate Treatment in Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis: A Retrospective Single-center Study.

Andreasen CM, Jurik AG, Glerup MB, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2019; (46(11)):1515-1523 doi:10.3899/jrheum.181254.

Treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with bisphosphonates in children.

Sułko J, Ebisz M, Bień S, et al.

Joint bone spine 2019; (86(6)):783-788 doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2019.06.005.

Development of a Scoring Tool for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Evaluation of its Interrater Reliability.

Zhao Y, Sato TS, Nielsen SM, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2020; (47(5)):739-747 doi:10.3899/jrheum.190186.

When Local Bone Pain Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg-A Case Report of Three Patients With Chronic Multifocal Recurrent Osteomyelitis and Some Red Flags to Help Make the Diagnosis.

Wobma H, Jaramillo D, Imundo L

Frontiers in pediatrics 2019; (7()):407 doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00407.

Whole-body MRI in the diagnosis of paediatric CNO/CRMO.

Andronikou S, Kraft JK, Offiah AC, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2020; (59(10)):2671-2680 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa303.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO).

Zhao DY, McCann L, Hahn G, Hedrich CM

Journal of translational autoimmunity 2021; (4()):100095 doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100095.

Patient-reported effectiveness and safety of Pamidronate in NSAIDs-refractory chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children.

Juszczak B, Sułko J

Rheumatology international 2022; (42(4)):699-706 doi:10.1007/s00296-021-04886-4.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children.

Koryllou A, Mejbri M, Theodoropoulou K, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (8(7)) doi:10.3390/children8070551.

Assessment of disease activity using a whole-body MRI derived radiological activity index in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis.

Capponi M, Pires Marafon D, Rivosecchi F, et al.

Pediatric rheumatology online journal 2021; (19(1)):123 doi:10.1186/s12969-021-00620-3.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis: Insights into Pathogenesis, Assessment, and Treatment.

Nuruzzaman F, Zhao Y, Ferguson PJ

Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2021; (47(4)):691-705 doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2021.06.005.

MRI in the Diagnosis and Treatment Response Assessment of Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children and Adolescents.

Aydıngöz Ü, Yıldız AE

Current rheumatology reports 2022; (24(2)):27-39 doi:10.1007/s11926-022-01053-x.

TNF-inhibitors or bisphosphonates in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis? - Results of an international retrospective multicenter study.

Schnabel A, Nashawi M, Anderson C, et al.

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2022; (238()):109018 doi:10.1016/j.clim.2022.109018.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: A Review of the Noninfectious Inflammatory Bone Disease and Lessons for More Timely Diagnosis.

Krout JC, Rees AB, Goldin AN, et al.

Orthopedics 2023; (46(3)):e149-e155 doi:10.3928/01477447-20220719-08.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis: the role of whole-body MRI.

Nico MAC, Araújo FF, Guimarães JB, et al.

Insights into imaging 2022; (13(1)):149 doi:10.1186/s13244-022-01288-3.

Two phenotypes of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with different patterns of bone involvement.

Cebecauerová D, Malcová H, Koukolská V, et al.

Pediatric rheumatology online journal 2022; (20(1)):108 doi:10.1186/s12969-022-00772-w.

Neurosurgical management of vertebral lesions in pediatric chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: patient series.

Hug NF, Purger DA, Li D, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2023; (5(4)).

MRI features of spinal chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis/chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in children.

Guariento A, Sharma P, Andronikou S

Pediatric radiology 2023; (53(10)):2092-2103 doi:10.1007/s00247-023-05688-5.

Case Presentation of a Nine-Year-Old Female With Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis.

Huang E, Wolfe VG, Yaeger SK, Fugok KL

Cureus 2023; (15(4)):e38054 doi:10.7759/cureus.38054.

Identification of an IL-1 receptor mutation driving autoinflammation directs IL-1-targeted drug design.

Wang Y, Wang J, Zheng W, et al.

Immunity 2023; (56(7)):1485-1501.e7 doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.014.

Feasibility of Conducting Comparative Effectiveness Research and Validation of a Clinical Disease Activity Score for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis.

Wu EY, Oliver M, Scheck J, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2023; (50(10)):1333-1340 doi:10.3899/jrheum.2022-1323.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Tzaneti A, Athanasopoulou E, Fessatou S, Fotis L

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(12)) doi:10.3390/life13122347.

P2RX7 gene variants associate with altered inflammasome assembly and reduced pyroptosis in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO).

Charras A, Hofmann SR, Cox A, et al.

Journal of autoimmunity 2024; (144()):103183 doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103183.

Spine Involvement and Vertebral Deformity in Patients Diagnosed with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis.

Rogers ND, Trizno AA, Joyce CD, et al.

Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2024; (44(9)):561-566 doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000002743.

Incidence of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children and adolescents in the UK and Republic of Ireland.

Chia DT, Toms AP, Sanghrajka A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(4)):2162-2170 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae447.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Involving the Spine, Sternum, and Lower Extremities: A Case Report.

Huynh K, McLendon L, Woolnough L, Elder ME

Pediatrics 2024; (154(4)) doi:10.1542/peds.2024-067527.

Chronic Noninfectious Osteomyelitis: A Review of Imaging Findings.

Chandola S, Bagri N, Andronikou S, et al.

The Indian journal of radiology & imaging 2025; (35(1)):109-122 doi:10.1055/s-0044-1790238.

Associated diseases and their effects on disease course in patients with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis: retrospective experience from a single center.

Öksüz Aydın B, Aydın F, Taş Ö, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2025; (44(2)):855-862 doi:10.1007/s10067-025-07306-1.

EULAR/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Pediatric Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis.

Zhao Y, Oliver MS, Schnabel A, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2026; (78(3)):537-547 doi:10.1002/art.43137.

Retrospective Review of 80 Patients with Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Evaluated by Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Taylor TN, Bridges CS, Ezeokoli EU, et al.

Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America 2023; (5(1)):575 doi:10.55275/JPOSNA-2023-575.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): The Deceptive Disease That Mimics Sarcoma Radiologically but Promises a Complete Recovery.

De Silva L, Wijayasinghe S, de Silva C

Sage open pathology 2025; (18()):30502098251314782 doi:10.1177/30502098251314782.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in a Young Child: A Case Report of a Diagnostic Challenge Mimicking Malignancy.

Fahmy AN, Everingham M, Kim C, Kumar A

Cureus 2025; (17(6)):e85684 doi:10.7759/cureus.85684.

Relevance of spinal lesions in chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis and imaging features on whole body MRI.

Andronikou S, Guariento A, Zouvanni A, et al.

Clinical imaging 2025; (125()):110564 doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2025.110564.

Preliminary validation of a web-based MRI scoring system for children with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (ChRonic nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring: CROMRIS).

Nuruzzaman F, Sato TS, Stimec J, et al.

Pediatric rheumatology online journal 2025; (23(1)):85 doi:10.1186/s12969-025-01135-x.

Clinical, Bone Mineral Density and Spinal Remodelling Responses to Zoledronate Treatment in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis.

Patel F, Davis PJC, Crabtree N, Uday S

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(18)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics15182320.

Treatment responses and relapse predictors in paediatric CNO: insights from a referral centre.

Cam V, Cingoz E, Bayindir Y, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2026; (65(6)) doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaf645.

Atypical and less-common imaging presentations of chronic nonbacterial osteitis in children: a pictorial review.

Viana SL, Machado BB

Pediatric radiology 2026; (56(3)):514-525 doi:10.1007/s00247-026-06517-1.

Treatment of pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis - a systematic review.

Turner S, Roberts E, Hall N, Hedrich CM

Autoimmunity reviews 2026; (25(3)):104005 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2026.104005.

Diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) - Evidence, practice and consensus-based recommendations from the German pediatric rheumatology society (GKJR).

Schnabel A, Reiser C, Beer M, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2026; (25(7)):104075 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2026.104075.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and inflammatory bowel disease in children: A French national cohort.

Bertrand V, Pigneur B, Frémond ML, et al.

Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2026; (83(3)):456-466 doi:10.1002/jpn3.70484.

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis presenting as fever of unknown origin in a child: a diagnostic pitfall.

Yang X, Jing S, Li S, et al.

BMC pediatrics 2026; (26(1)).

Clinical heterogeneity in paediatric patients with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis.

Shimomura H, Takahashi K, Ueki M, et al.

Modern rheumatology case reports 2026; (10(2)) doi:10.1093/mrcr/rxag049.

Biomarkers in Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis: Bridging Autoinflammation and Classical Inflammatory Diseases.

Margoni A, Fotis L, Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG

Journal of inflammation research 2026; (19()):623583 doi:10.2147/JIR.S623583.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in a Pediatric Patient: An Uncommon Case With Diagnostic Challenge.

Regmi D, Bhattarai M, Bhandari S, et al.

Clinical case reports 2026; (14(8)):e73319 doi:10.1002/ccr3.73319.

Image-Based Assessment of Anti-TNF Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric CRMO/CNO: A Single-Center Case Series.

Houston IG, Heitzmann MD, Robbins RC, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (13(8)) doi:10.3390/children13081041.