Research & Literature

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Néel A, Pagnoux C

Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2009; (27(1 Suppl 52)):S95-107.

Diagnostic Value and Safety of Brain Biopsy in Patients With Cryptogenic Neurological Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 831 Cases.

Bai HX, Zou Y, Lee AM, et al.

Neurosurgery 2015; (77(2)):283-95; discussion 295 doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000756.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: diagnostic criteria.

Powers WJ

Neurologic clinics 2015; (33(2)):515-26.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system presenting as a mass lesion.

Gan C, Maingard J, Giles L, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2015; (22(9)):1528-31.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: avoiding misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of a rare disease.

Bhattacharyya S, Berkowitz AL

Practical neurology 2016; (16(3)):195-200 doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001332.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes and primary angiitis of the central nervous system: clinical, imaging, and angiographic comparison.

Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Fok JW, et al.

Annals of neurology 2016; (79(6)):882-94 doi:10.1002/ana.24652.

Diagnostic Yield and Safety of Brain Biopsy for Suspected Primary Central Nervous System Angiitis.

Torres J, Loomis C, Cucchiara B, et al.

Stroke 2016; (47(8)):2127-9 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013874.

Vascular Imaging Outcomes of Childhood Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Elbers J, Armstrong D, Yau I, Benseler S

Pediatric neurology 2016; (63()):53-59 doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.06.009.

Tumor-Like Presentation of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

de Boysson H, Boulouis G, Dequatre N, et al.

Stroke 2016; (47(9)):2401-4 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013917.

Adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system: isolated small-vessel vasculitis represents distinct disease pattern.

de Boysson H, Boulouis G, Aouba A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2017; (56(3)):439-444 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew434.

Seizure syndrome as a first manifestation of solitary tumor-like mass lesion of PACNS: Two case reports.

Zhu DS, Yang XL, Lv HH, et al.

Medicine 2017; (96(9)):e6018 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000006018.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectrum of Parenchymal, Meningeal, and Vascular Lesions at Baseline.

Boulouis G, de Boysson H, Zuber M, et al.

Stroke 2017; (48(5)):1248-1255 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016194.

Subtypes of primary angiitis of the CNS identified by MRI patterns reflect the size of affected vessels.

Schuster S, Bachmann H, Thom V, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2017; (88(9)):749-755 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-315691.

Primary Angiitis of the Center Nervous System: A Clinical Challenge Diagnosed Postmortem.

Al Share B, Zakaria A, Hiner E, et al.

Case reports in neurological medicine 2017; (2017()):3870753 doi:10.1155/2017/3870753.

Neuroradiologic Characteristics of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System According to the Affected Vessel Size.

Thaler C, Kaufmann-Bühler AK, Gansukh T, et al.

Clinical neuroradiology 2019; (29(1)):37-44 doi:10.1007/s00062-017-0622-8.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Mandal J, Chung SA

Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2017; (43(4)):503-518 doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2017.06.001.

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a way to differentiate from cerebral vasculitis?

Kraayvanger L, Berlit P, Albrecht P, et al.

Clinical and experimental immunology 2018; (193(3)):341-345 doi:10.1111/cei.13148.

Treatment and Long-Term Outcomes of Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis.

de Boysson H, Arquizan C, Touzé E, et al.

Stroke 2018; (49(8)):1946-1952 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021878.

Relapse rates and long-term outcome in primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Schuster S, Ozga AK, Stellmann JP, et al.

Journal of neurology 2019; (266(6)):1481-1489 doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09285-1.

[Primary central nervous system vasculitis].

Kalashnikova LA, Dobrynina LA, Legenko MS

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2019; (119(8)):113-123 doi:10.17116/jnevro2019119081113.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: From Psychiatry to Neurology.

Leonardi J, Saleh C, Jaszczuk P, et al.

Case reports in neurological medicine 2019; (2019()):8074258 doi:10.1155/2019/8074258.

Recurrent intracerebral hemorrhages due to central nervous system vasculitis: A neuropsychological case report.

Resch ZJ, Ovsiew GP, Soble JR

The Clinical neuropsychologist 2022; (36(3)):699-720 doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1794044.

Extended stereotactic brain biopsy in suspected primary central nervous system angiitis: good diagnostic accuracy and high safety.

Stoecklein VM, Kellert L, Patzig M, et al.

Journal of neurology 2021; (268(1)):367-376 doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10157-2.

CNS vasculopathies: Challenging mimickers of primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Cho TA, Jones A

Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2020; (34(4)):101569 doi:10.1016/j.berh.2020.101569.

Vessel wall MR imaging for the detection of intracranial inflammatory vasculopathies.

Edjlali M, Qiao Y, Boulouis G, et al.

Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy 2020; (10(4)):1108-1119 doi:10.21037/cdt-20-324.

Retrospective Analysis of 28 Cases Confirmed for Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System by Biopsy.

Chang HB, Gao M, Zhang JN, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2020; (29(12)):105400 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105400.

Primary central nervous system vasculitis - An update on diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment.

Kraemer M, Berlit P

Journal of the neurological sciences 2021; (424()):117422 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117422.

Primary Angiitis of the CNS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Beuker C, Strunk D, Rawal R, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2021; (8(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001093.

Primary angiitis of central nervous system - A challenging diagnosis.

Paul SA, Roy D, Mondal GP, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2022; (366()):577844 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577844.

Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to adult central nervous system vasculitis.

Nehme A, Boulanger M, Aouba A, et al.

Revue neurologique 2022; (178(10)):1041-1054 doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2022.05.003.

Outcomes among patients with primary angiitis of the CNS: A Nationwide United States analysis.

Patel SD, Oliver FO, Elmashad A, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2022; (31(11)):106747 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106747.

Diagnosis and management of adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system: an international survey on current practices.

Nehme A, Lanthier S, Boulanger M, et al.

Journal of neurology 2023; (270(4)):1989-1998 doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11528-7.

A case of unexpected death due to primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Yang L, Zheng Z, Zeng Y, et al.

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2024; (20(2)):675-680 doi:10.1007/s12024-023-00631-4.

Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Central Nervous System Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitis.

Amin M, Uchino K, Hajj-Ali RA

Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2023; (49(3)):603-616 doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2023.03.011.

European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS).

Pascarella R, Antonenko K, Boulouis G, et al.

European stroke journal 2023; (8(4)):842-879 doi:10.1177/23969873231190431.

Treatment of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Bays AM

Neuroimaging clinics of North America 2024; (34(1)):23-29 doi:10.1016/j.nic.2023.07.008.

Pathology of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Siala S, Rahoui N, Cho B, Zamora CA

Neuroimaging clinics of North America 2024; (34(1)):31-37 doi:10.1016/j.nic.2023.06.002.

PRIMARY ANGIITIS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - A DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE.

Mitrović J, Golob M, Lazibat I

Acta clinica Croatica 2023; (62(2)):355-361 doi:10.20471/acc.2023.62.02.14.

Temporal evolution of primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) on MRI following immunosuppressant treatment.

Wagner F, Almeida GG, Willems EP, et al.

Insights into imaging 2024; (15(1)):140 doi:10.1186/s13244-024-01710-y.

Primary Angiitis of the CNS: Differences in the Profile Between Subtypes and Outcomes From an Indian Cohort.

Paramasivan NK, Sharma DP, Mohan SMK, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2024; (11(4)):e200262 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200262.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Its Mimics: A Pattern-Based Approach to Biopsies for Central Nervous System Vasculitis.

Cecchi R, Becker N, Conway KS

Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2025; (149(10)):e315-e322 doi:10.5858/arpa.2024-0286-RA.

Exploring Lived Experiences of Receiving a Diagnosis of Autism in Adulthood: A Systematic Review.

Nayyar JM, Stapleton AV, Guerin S, O'Connor C

Autism in adulthood 2025; (7(1)):1-12 doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0152.

Rituximab treatment in Chinese patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Wei YZ, Wang HB, Yin LL, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2025; (16()):1554989 doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1554989.

"I'm not feeling alone in my experiences": How newly diagnosed autistic adults engage with a neurodiversity-affirming "Welcome Pack".

Edwards C, Love AM, Cai RY, et al.

Autism : the international journal of research and practice 2025; (29(8)):2072-2083 doi:10.1177/13623613251335070.

[A rarely recognized cause of cerebral ischemia: cerebral angiitis].

Papp A, Varga V, Zaja G, et al.

Orvosi hetilap 2025; (166(23)):887-906 doi:10.1556/650.2025.33307.

Disease Characteristics and Treatments Associated with Outcome in Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System-A Multicenter Cohort Study in 163 Patients.

Fisse AL, Bonberg N, Beuker C, et al.

Annals of neurology 2025; (98(4)):883-893 doi:10.1002/ana.27295.

Exploring Pediatric Perspectives on Crohn's Disease: A Qualitative Study of Knowledge, Lived Experience, and Self-Management.

Azevedo S, Rodrigues L, Lopes AI

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (13(14)) doi:10.3390/healthcare13141710.

Tumefactive primary angiitis of the central nervous system mimicking glioblastoma: A case-based systematic review.

Fatani GM, Aljehani MA, Alshehri ES, et al.

Surgical neurology international 2025; (16()):406 doi:10.25259/SNI_819_2025.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Meghashyam S, Serajee FJ, Prakash AV, et al.

Current opinion in immunology 2025; (98()):102691 doi:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102691.

A comparative study of large-vessel and small-vessel primary angiitis of the central nervous system: insights from a Chinese single-center retrospective cohort.

Wang Y, Lyu J, Li F, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2025; (16()):1724588 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1724588.

Sensitivity and specificity of vessel wall MRI sequences to diagnose central nervous system angiitis.

Ferlini L, Ligot N, Rana A, et al.

Frontiers in stroke 2022; (1()):973517 doi:10.3389/fstro.2022.973517.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: A narrative review.

de Sousa ÍA, Machado ADS, Veras AO, et al.

Headache 2026; (66(5)):1162-1180 doi:10.1111/head.70048.

Overview of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Current Insights.

Phu A, Agrawal DK

Archives of internal medicine research 2026; (9(1)):40-52 doi:10.26502/aimr.0236.

Lived experiences of young people with epilepsy in a resource-constraint setting: Contemporary findings from Cape Coast, Ghana.

Appiah A, Agyen-Mensah K, Karikari AA, Egbenya DL

Epilepsy & behavior reports 2026; (35()):100879 doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2026.100879.