Research & Literature

Anti-Ro/SSA autoantibody-positive women's experience of information given on the risk of congenital heart block.

Tingström J, Hjelmstedt A, Welin Henriksson E, et al.

Lupus 2016; (25(5)):536-42 doi:10.1177/0961203315620760.

Assessment of fluorinated steroids to avert progression and mortality in anti-SSA/Ro-associated cardiac injury limited to the fetal conduction system.

Izmirly PM, Saxena A, Sahl SK, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2016; (75(6)):1161-5 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208311.

Congenital and childhood atrioventricular blocks: pathophysiology and contemporary management.

Baruteau AE, Pass RH, Thambo JB, et al.

European journal of pediatrics 2016; (175(9)):1235-1248 doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2748-0.

Risk factors for complications in the implantation of epicardial pacemakers in neonates and infants.

Chaouki AS, Spar DS, Khoury PR, et al.

Heart rhythm 2017; (14(2)):206-210 doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.10.017.

The Mystery of the Z-Score.

Curtis AE, Smith TA, Ziganshin BA, Elefteriades JA

Aorta (Stamford, Conn.) 2016; (4(4)):124-130 doi:10.12945/j.aorta.2016.16.014.

Serial echocardiography for immune-mediated heart disease in the fetus: results of a risk-based prospective surveillance strategy.

Kan N, Silverman ED, Kingdom J, et al.

Prenatal diagnosis 2017; (37(4)):375-382 doi:10.1002/pd.5021.

Dual Anchor Internal Pulse Generator Technique May Lower Risk of Twiddler's Syndrome: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Sobstyl MR, Ząbek M, Brzuszkiewicz-Kuźmicka G, Pasterski T

Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society 2017; (20(6)):606-612 doi:10.1111/ner.12581.

Incidence, risk factors, and mortality of neonatal and late-onset dilated cardiomyopathy associated with cardiac neonatal lupus.

Morel N, Lévesque K, Maltret A, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2017; (248()):263-269 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.100.

Minimally Invasive Epicardial Pacemaker Implantation in Neonates with Congenital Heart Block.

Costa R, Silva KRD, Martinelli Filho M, Carrillo R

Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2017; (109(4)):331-339 doi:10.5935/abc.20170126.

Type I Wenckebach second-degree AV block: A matter of definition.

Barold SS

Clinical cardiology 2018; (41(3)):282-284 doi:10.1002/clc.22874.

The prevention, screening and treatment of congenital heart block from neonatal lupus: a survey of provider practices.

Clowse MEB, Eudy AM, Kiernan E, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2018; (57(suppl_5)):v9-v17 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key141.

Home Monitoring for Fetal Heart Rhythm During Anti-Ro Pregnancies.

Cuneo BF, Sonesson SE, Levasseur S, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2018; (72(16)):1940-1951 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.076.

Siglec-1 Macrophages and the Contribution of IFN to the Development of Autoimmune Congenital Heart Block.

Clancy RM, Halushka M, Rasmussen SE, et al.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2019; (202(1)):48-55 doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800357.

A Minimally Invasive Approach for Placing Sew-On Epicardial Leads in the Child.

Nellis JR, Fitch ZW, Choi AY, et al.

Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2018; (13(6)):455-457 doi:10.1097/IMI.0000000000000568.

Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy: high risk, high reward.

Do SC, Druzin ML

Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2019; (31(2)):120-126 doi:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000528.

Assessment of atrioventricular conduction by echocardiography and magnetocardiography in normal and anti-Ro/SSA-antibody-positive pregnancies.

Cuneo BF, Bitant S, Strasburger JF, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019; (54(5)):625-633 doi:10.1002/uog.20245.

Clinical outcomes and predictors of maternal and fetal complications in pregnancies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Larosa M, Del Ross T, Calligaro A, et al.

Expert review of clinical immunology 2019; (15(6)):617-627 doi:10.1080/1744666X.2019.1601557.

Autoimmune-mediated congenital heart block.

Wainwright B, Bhan R, Trad C, et al.

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2020; (64()):41-51 doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.09.001.

Congenital Complete Atrioventricular Heart Block in a Pregnant Woman with Sjögren Syndrome: Prenatal Care Follow-Up and the Challenge of Intrauterine Treatment.

Carrilho MC, Bravo-Valenzuela NJ, Araujo Júnior E

Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2020; (42(4)):228-232 doi:10.1055/s-0040-1709738.

Fluorinated steroids are not superior to any treatment to ameliorate the outcome of autoimmune mediated congenital heart block: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

Hoxha A, Mattia E, Zanetti A, et al.

Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2020; (38(4)):783-791.

Hydroxychloroquine to Prevent Recurrent Congenital Heart Block in Fetuses of Anti-SSA/Ro-Positive Mothers.

Izmirly P, Kim M, Friedman DM, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020; (76(3)):292-302 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.045.

Neonatal lupus with left bundle branch block and cardiomyopathy: a case report.

Rumancik B, Haggstrom AN, Ebenroth ES

BMC cardiovascular disorders 2020; (20(1)):352 doi:10.1186/s12872-020-01637-4.

Interferons and innate immune activation in autoimmune congenital heart block.

Ambrosi A, Thorlacius GE, Sonesson SE, Wahren-Herlenius M

Scandinavian journal of immunology 2021; (93(1)):e12995 doi:10.1111/sji.12995.

Autoimmune Congenital Heart Block: A Review of Biomarkers and Management of Pregnancy.

De Carolis S, Garufi C, Garufi E, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2020; (8()):607515 doi:10.3389/fped.2020.607515.

Unexpected extrusion of the implantable pulse generator of the spinal cord stimulator - A case report.

Choi EJ, Ri HS, Park H, et al.

Anesthesia and pain medicine 2021; (16(1)):103-107 doi:10.17085/apm.20054.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus - practical guidelines.

Derdulska JM, Rudnicka L, Szykut-Badaczewska A, et al.

Journal of perinatal medicine 2021; (49(5)):529-538 doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0543.

Home fetal heart rate monitoring in anti Ro/SSA positive pregnancies: Literature review and case report.

Milazzo R, Ligato E, Laoreti A, et al.

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2021; (259()):1-6 doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.01.031.

[Fetal ECG and arrhythmias].

Gravenhorst VD, Schneider HE, Müller MJ, et al.

Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 2021; (32(2)):152-157 doi:10.1007/s00399-021-00758-3.

Treatment of Fetal Arrhythmias.

Veduta A, Panaitescu AM, Ciobanu AM, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2021; (10(11)) doi:10.3390/jcm10112510.

Minimally invasive permanent pacemaker implantation immediately after birth: from delivery room to heart surgery.

Taşar M, Yaman ND, Arıcı B, et al.

Cardiology in the young 2022; (32(5)):702-704 doi:10.1017/S1047951121002808.

Intrapleural Pocket for Pediatric Epicardial Pacemaker Through Right Axillary Incision.

Cipollone VR, Lin C, Nguyen K

The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022; (113(4)):e315-e317 doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.07.031.

Third Trimester Fetal Heart Rates in Antibody-Mediated Complete Heart Block Predict Need for Neonatal Pacemaker Placement.

Pick J, Silka MJ, Bar-Cohen Y, et al.

Pediatric cardiology 2022; (43(2)):324-331 doi:10.1007/s00246-021-02723-w.

Complete heart block in a young adult with non-isolated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: Case report.

Faraj R, Bachar A, Sidaty O, et al.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2022; (76()):103500 doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103500.

Novel approaches to the surveillance and management of fetuses at risk for anti-Ro/SSA mediated atrioventricular block.

Kaplinski M, Cuneo BF

Seminars in perinatology 2022; (46(4)):151585 doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2022.151585.

Permanent epicardial pacing in neonates and infants less than 1 year old: 12-year experience at a single center.

Zhao J, Huang Y, Lei L, et al.

Translational pediatrics 2022; (11(6)):825-833 doi:10.21037/tp-21-525.

Transient fetal atrioventricular block: A series of four cases and approach to management.

Kikano SD, Killen SAS

Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2022; (33(10)):2228-2232 doi:10.1111/jce.15642.

Epicardial pacing lead implantation for congenital complete atrioventricular block immediately after birth: a case report.

Amino H, Kinoshita M, Shibasaki M

Journal of medical case reports 2023; (17(1)):453 doi:10.1186/s13256-023-04190-8.

Perivascular Basal Echogenicity in the Fetal Heart: An Unconventional Marker of Maternal Autoimmune Antibodies.

Nair A, Sklansky M, Satou G, Papneja K

Pediatric cardiology 2024; (45(1)):196-199 doi:10.1007/s00246-023-03325-4.

Prospective Evaluation of High Titer Autoantibodies and Fetal Home Monitoring in the Detection of Atrioventricular Block Among Anti-SSA/Ro Pregnancies.

Buyon JP, Masson M, Izmirly CG, et al.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2024; (76(3)):411-420 doi:10.1002/art.42733.

Autoimmune congenital heart block: a case report and review of the literature related to pathogenesis and pregnancy management.

Huang Y, Deng J, Liu J, et al.

Arthritis research & therapy 2024; (26(1)):8 doi:10.1186/s13075-023-03246-w.

Pregnancy outcomes in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome: an analysis of data from the multicentre, prospective, GR2 study.

de Frémont GM, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Lazaro E, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2023; (5(6)):e330-e340 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00099-1.

Epicardial Implantation of a Micra™ Pacemaker in a Premature Neonate with Congenital Complete Heart Block.

Karim F, Peck D, Narasimhan S, Von Bergen NH

The Journal of innovations in cardiac rhythm management 2024; (15(1)):5739-5743 doi:10.19102/icrm.2024.15012.

Hydroxychloroquine in lupus or rheumatoid arthritis pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations: a population-based cohort study.

Nguyen NV, Svenungsson E, Dominicus A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(1)):117-125 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae168.

Anesthetic management of bed-to-bed surgery for epicardial pacemaker implantation in neonates with congenital complete heart block: Case report.

Sari EK, Alatas A, Kusuma H

SAGE open medical case reports 2024; (12()):2050313X241239525 doi:10.1177/2050313X241239525.

Home monitoring of fetal heart rhythm: Lived experiences of women with anti-SSA/Ro52 autoantibodies and their co-parents.

Tingström J, Öst E, Bergman G, Burström Å

Lupus 2024; (33(7)):685-692 doi:10.1177/09612033241244465.

New Guidelines of Pediatric Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: What Is Changing in Clinical Practice?

Silvetti MS, Colonna D, Gabbarini F, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2024; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/jcdd11040099.

Advanced Atrioventricular Block in Athletes: Prevalence and Role of Anti-Ro/Sjögren Syndrome-Related Antigen A Antibodies.

Lazzerini PE, Bertolozzi I, Cartocci A, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2024; (13(12)):e034893 doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.034893.

Feasibility of epicardial implantation of medtronic 3830 lead in a pediatric patient : case report.

Yuan D, Lin K, Xu Y

Journal of cardiothoracic surgery 2024; (19(1)):462 doi:10.1186/s13019-024-02836-2.

Long-term outcome of permanent epicardial pacemaker implantation in neonates: Experience from an Indian center.

Bhattacharya D, Namboodiri N, Nair KKM, et al.

Annals of pediatric cardiology 2024; (17(2)):97-100 doi:10.4103/apc.apc_37_24.

[Clinical characterization of patients with complete fetal atrioventricular block].

Muralles-Castillo FA

Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico 2024; doi:10.24875/ACM.24000049.

Long term clinical outcomes in patients requiring cardiac pacing due to congenital complete heart block.

Seitler S, Rafiq I, Behar JM

International journal of cardiology. Congenital heart disease 2022; (9()):100337 doi:10.1016/j.ijcchd.2022.100337.

A rare case of myocardial bridging as a cause of complete heart block: A diagnostic challenge.

Fathallah I, Qatza A, Al-Talep A, et al.

Radiology case reports 2025; (20(4)):1882-1887 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2025.01.003.

Multicenter Results of a Novel Pediatric Pacemaker in Neonates and Infants.

Berul CI, Haack L, Sherwin ED, et al.

Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2025; (18(3)):e013436 doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.124.013436.

Clinical characteristics of neonatal lupus erythematosus complicated by congenital heart block: a multi-center retrospective study in East China.

Jin X, Sun W, Li Y, et al.

Scientific reports 2025; (15(1)):14031 doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98368-3.

Development of a Z-score equation for atrioventricular interval measurement by two-dimensional pulsed Doppler echocardiography in normal fetuses between 16 and 33+6 weeks of gestation.

Amorim LADR, Bravo-Valenzuela NJ, Almeida SLM, et al.

Ultrasonography (Seoul, Korea) 2025; (44(3)):212-219 doi:10.14366/usg.24142.

Management and Outcomes of Congenital Atrioventricular Block in Neonates: A 6-Year Experience at a Tunisian Tertiary Center.

Aziza RB, Hajji S, Samaali K, et al.

AJP reports 2025; (15(2)):e73-e78 doi:10.1055/a-2616-5273.

Arrhythmias in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: an international study.

Sellal JM, Dib N, Karakachoff M, et al.

European heart journal 2026; (47(7)):831-838 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf466.

Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-SSA/SSB, and antiphospholipid antibody-positive pregnancies.

Saleh ZF, Somers EC, Romero VC, Marder W

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2026; (234(1)):7-20 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.09.002.

Fetal Congenital Complete Heart Block: 2 Success Stories Through Multidisciplinary Care.

Abdul Ghayum MA, Schermerhorn J, Hancock H, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2025; (30(29)):105158 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.105158.

Congenital Atrioventricular Block: Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Management, and Future Therapeutic Directions.

Schechter N, Macanian J, Frishman WH

Cardiology in review 2025; doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000001077.

Complete Heart Block in the Fetus: An Antenatal Complication of Sjögren's Syndrome.

Videnie M, Poalelungi CV, Chiriac A, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(12)) doi:10.3390/life15121890.