Research & Literature

Cutaneous vasculitidis: histology and immunofluorescence.

Filosa A, Verdelli A, Bianchi B, et al.

Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia 2015; (150(2)):183-91.

Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis.

Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, et al.

The American journal of medicine 2015; (128(9)):950-5.

Frequent bacterial skin and soft tissue infections: diagnostic signs and treatment.

Sunderkötter C, Becker K

Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG 2015; (13(6)):501-24; quiz 525-6 doi:10.1111/ddg.12721.

[Cutaneous symptoms of various vasculitides].

Sunderkötter C, Pappelbaum KI, Ehrchen J

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 2015; (66(8)):589-98 doi:10.1007/s00105-015-3661-6.

Extrahepatic morbidity and mortality of chronic hepatitis C.

Negro F, Forton D, Craxì A, et al.

Gastroenterology 2015; (149(6)):1345-60.

Non HCV-related infectious cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: Results from the French nationwide CryoVas survey and systematic review of the literature.

Terrier B, Marie I, Lacraz A, et al.

Journal of autoimmunity 2015; (65()):74-81.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia with direct-acting antiviral agents.

Sise ME, Bloom AK, Wisocky J, et al.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2016; (63(2)):408-17 doi:10.1002/hep.28297.

Hepatitis C virus as a systemic disease: reaching beyond the liver.

Gill K, Ghazinian H, Manch R, Gish R

Hepatology international 2016; (10(3)):415-23 doi:10.1007/s12072-015-9684-3.

Extrahepatic Manifestations of Hepatitis C: A Meta-analysis of Prevalence, Quality of Life, and Economic Burden.

Younossi Z, Park H, Henry L, et al.

Gastroenterology 2016; (150(7)):1599-1608 doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.039.

[Renal involvement during type 1 cryoglobulinemia].

Zaidan M, Plasse F, Rabant M, et al.

Nephrologie & therapeutique 2016; (12 Suppl 1()):S71-81.

IgG4-Related Sialoadenitis with a Skin Lesion and Multiple Mononeuropathies Suggesting Coexistent Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis.

Kamiya M, Shane PY, Soejima M, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2016; (55(10)):1355-61 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5332.

An Unusual Case of HCV Negative Cryoglobulinemia Presenting as Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene.

Dalai SP, Meher LK, Behera SK, et al.

Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR 2016; (10(4)):OD18-9 doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18673.7625.

Virologic, Clinical, and Immune Response Outcomes of Patients With Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Cryoglobulinemia Treated With Direct-Acting Antivirals.

Bonacci M, Lens S, Londoño MC, et al.

Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2017; (15(4)):575-583.e1 doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.158.

Rituximab for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Cohen MD, Keystone E

Rheumatology and therapy 2015; (2(2)):99-111 doi:10.1007/s40744-015-0016-9.

How I treat cryoglobulinemia.

Muchtar E, Magen H, Gertz MA

Blood 2017; (129(3)):289-298 doi:10.1182/blood-2016-09-719773.

Acrally distributed dermatoses: Vascular dermatoses (purpura and vasculitis).

Kazandjieva J, Antonov D, Kamarashev J, Tsankov N

Clinics in dermatology 2017; (35(1)):68-80 doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.09.013.

Cryoglobulin Test and Cryoglobulinemia Hepatitis C-Virus Related.

Gulli F, Santini SA, Napodano C, et al.

Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases 2017; (9(1)):e2017007 doi:10.4084/MJHID.2017.007.

Plasma exchange in the intensive care unit: Technical aspects and complications.

Lemaire A, Parquet N, Galicier L, et al.

Journal of clinical apheresis 2017; (32(6)):405-412 doi:10.1002/jca.21529.

Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir Plus Daclatasvir for Treatment of HCV-Associated Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis.

Saadoun D, Pol S, Ferfar Y, et al.

Gastroenterology 2017; (153(1)):49-52.e5 doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.006.

The challenge of treating hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in the era of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and direct antiviral agents.

Roccatello D, Sciascia S, Rossi D, et al.

Oncotarget 2017; (8(25)):41764-41777 doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16986.

Managing refractory cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: challenges and solutions.

Ostojic P, Jeremic IR

Journal of inflammation research 2017; (10()):49-54 doi:10.2147/JIR.S114067.

[Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: A 20-year experience with treatment].

Ignatova TM, Kozlovskaya LV, Gordovskaya NB, et al.

Terapevticheskii arkhiv 2017; (89(5)):46-52 doi:10.17116/terarkh201789546-52.

Chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Shahab O, Golabi P, Younossi ZM

Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica 2018; (64(4)):376-382 doi:10.23736/S1121-421X.18.02466-2.

The use of emergency apheresis in the management of plasma cell disorders.

Kalayoglu-Besisik S

Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 2018; (57(1)):35-39 doi:10.1016/j.transci.2018.02.014.

Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemic syndrome and cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.

Rutledge SM, Chung RT, Sise ME

Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis 2018; (22 Suppl 1()):S81-S96 doi:10.1111/hdi.12649.

HCV-negative mixed cryoglobulinemia and kidney involvement: in-depth review on physiopathological and histological bases.

Spatola L, Generali E, Angelini C, et al.

Clinical and experimental medicine 2018; (18(4)):465-471 doi:10.1007/s10238-018-0514-5.

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Outcomes in Cairo University Hospitals: 6 Years Experience.

Momtaz M, Fayed A, Marzouk K, Shaker A

Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 2018; (22(6)):666-673 doi:10.1111/1744-9987.12710.

Acute hyperviscosity: syndromes and management.

Gertz MA

Blood 2018; (132(13)):1379-1385 doi:10.1182/blood-2018-06-846816.

Are direct-acting antivirals safe and effective in hepatitis C virus-cryoglobulinemia? virological, immunological, and clinical data from a real-life experience.

Passerini M, Schiavini M, Magni CF, et al.

European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2018; (30(10)):1208-1215 doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000001239.

Apheresis treatment of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: A multicentre cohort study of 159 patients.

Marson P, Monti G, Montani F, et al.

Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 2018; (57(5)):639-645 doi:10.1016/j.transci.2018.06.005.

Clinical practice: hepatitis C virus infection, cryoglobulinemia and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.

Dammacco F, Lauletta G, Russi S, et al.

Clinical and experimental medicine 2019; (19(1)):1-21 doi:10.1007/s10238-018-0536-z.

Infusion-related reactions to rituximab: frequency, mechanisms and predictors.

Paul F, Cartron G

Expert review of clinical immunology 2019; (15(4)):383-389 doi:10.1080/1744666X.2019.1562905.

Cryoglobulinemia as a Possible Primer for TRALI: Report of a Case.

Beech C, Kumar D, Hendrickson J, et al.

Laboratory medicine 2019; (50(3)):313-319 doi:10.1093/labmed/lmy073.

Cryoglobulinemia: An update in 2019.

Desbois AC, Cacoub P, Saadoun D

Joint bone spine 2019; (86(6)):707-713 doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2019.01.016.

HCV related severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis treated with plasma exchange and rituximab: case report and literature review.

Arandjelovic S, Bonaci-Nikolic B, Peric-Popadic A, et al.

Journal of infection in developing countries 2017; (11(5)):431-436 doi:10.3855/jidc.8290.

Cryoglobulins Today: Detection and Immunologic Characteristics of 1,675 Positive Samples From 13,439 Patients Obtained Over Six Years.

Kolopp-Sarda MN, Nombel A, Miossec P

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 2019; (71(11)):1904-1912 doi:10.1002/art.41003.

Clinical outcome of HCV-associated cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis following treatment with direct acting antiviral agents: a case-based review.

Obrișcă B, Jurubiță R, Sorohan B, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2019; (38(12)):3677-3687 doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04625-y.

Recommendations for managing the manifestations of severe and life-threatening mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome.

Galli M, Monti G, Marson P, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2019; (18(8)):778-785 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.008.

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and glomerulonephritis: concerns in clinical practice.

Chen YP, Cheng H, Rui HL, Dong HR

Chinese medical journal 2019; (132(14)):1723-1732 doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000325.

Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Masquerading as Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Ajiboye O, Vohra I, Attar B, et al.

Cureus 2019; (11(12)):e6423 doi:10.7759/cureus.6423.

Cryoglobulinemia after the era of chronic hepatitis C infection.

Boleto G, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Musset L, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020; (50(4)):695-700 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.05.004.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of type I cryoglobulinemia in Chinese patients: a single-center study of 45 patients.

Zhang LL, Cao XX, Shen KN, et al.

Annals of hematology 2020; (99(8)):1735-1740 doi:10.1007/s00277-020-04123-1.

Interactive Impacts from Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Mixed Cryoglobulinemia on Complement Levels.

Chang ML, Hu JH, Chen WT, et al.

Digestive diseases and sciences 2021; (66(7)):2407-2416 doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06507-9.

Treatment of chronic hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinemia vasculitis at the era of direct-acting antivirals.

Comarmond C, Cacoub P, Saadoun D

Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology 2020; (13()):1756284820942617 doi:10.1177/1756284820942617.

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Clinical presentation, association with lymphoma and comparison with Hepatitis C-related disease.

Argyropoulou OD, Pezoulas V, Chatzis L, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020; (50(5)):846-853 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.07.013.

Clinico-immunological outcomes of HCV-cured cryoglobulinemia: Lower relapse rate with interferon-based than interferon-free therapy.

Colantuono S, Marrapodi R, Del Padre M, et al.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2021; (41(1)):70-75 doi:10.1111/liv.14698.

Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis: clinical presentation and histological features, diagnostic pitfalls and controversies in the management. State of the art and the experience on a large monocentric cohort treated with B cell depletion therapy.

Rossi D, Sciascia S, Fenoglio R, et al.

Minerva medica 2021; (112(2)):162-174 doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.07076-7.

Hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.

Mazzaro C, Mauro E, Ermacora A, et al.

Minerva medica 2021; (112(2)):175-187 doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.07120-7.

Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Syndrome (MCS) due to untreated hepatitis B with uncommon presentation: case report and literature review.

Alfraji N, Upadhyaya VD, Bekampis C, Kuzyshyn H

BMC rheumatology 2020; (4(1)):58 doi:10.1186/s41927-020-00159-y.

Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.

Fraticelli P, Benfaremo D, Gabrielli A

Internal and emergency medicine 2021; (16(4)):831-841 doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02688-x.

[Accreditation of cryoglobulins: Experience of CHU of Lyon].

Dechomet M, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Dimet I, Lombard C

Annales de biologie clinique 2021; (79(2)):190-195 doi:10.1684/abc.2021.1631.

Extremity Gangrene Caused by HBV-Related Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis in a Patient with Diabetes - A Case Report.

Gao Y, Chen D, Li Y, et al.

Journal of inflammation research 2021; (14()):1661-1666 doi:10.2147/JIR.S308687.

Recurrence of Cryoglobulinemia Secondary to Hepatitis C in a Patient with HCV RNA (-) Negative in the Serum.

Sikorska-Wiśniewska M, Sikorska K, Wróblewska A, et al.

Case reports in nephrology and dialysis 2021; (11(2)):110-115 doi:10.1159/000515587.

Cryoglobulins: Identification, classification, and novel biomarkers of mysterious proteins.

Napodano C, Gulli F, Rapaccini GL, et al.

Advances in clinical chemistry 2021; (104()):299-340 doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2020.09.006.

Rituximab-Associated Flare of Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis.

Sy-Go JPT, Thongprayoon C, Herrera Hernandez LP, et al.

Kidney international reports 2021; (6(11)):2840-2849 doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.08.024.

A Review on Extrahepatic Manifestations of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy.

Mazzaro C, Quartuccio L, Adinolfi LE, et al.

Viruses 2021; (13(11)) doi:10.3390/v13112249.

A prospective study of direct-acting antiviral effectiveness and relapse risk in HCV cryoglobulinemic vasculitis by the Italian PITER cohort.

Kondili LA, Monti M, Quaranta MG, et al.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 2022; (76(1)):220-232 doi:10.1002/hep.32281.

The wide spectrum of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and an overview of therapeutic advancements.

Dammacco F, Lauletta G, Vacca A

Clinical and experimental medicine 2023; (23(2)):255-272 doi:10.1007/s10238-022-00808-1.

Evolution of Cryoglobulinemia in Direct-Acting Antiviral-Treated Asian Hepatitis C Patients With Sustained Virological Responses: A 4-Year Prospective Cohort Study.

Chang ML, Cheng JS, Chuang YH, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2022; (13()):823160 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.823160.

Non HCV-Related Mixed Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis With Biopsy-Proven Renal Involvement: The Effects of Rituximab.

Fenoglio R, Sciascia S, Rossi D, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2022; (9()):819320 doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.819320.

Cryoglobulinemia and double-filtration plasmapheresis: Personal experience and literature review.

Naciri Bennani H, Banza AT, Terrec F, et al.

Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 2023; (27(1)):159-169 doi:10.1111/1744-9987.13885.

Clinicopathological Spectrum of Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis without Evidence of Autoimmunity Disorders: A Retrospective Study from a Single Institute of China.

Zhang X, Yu XJ, An CW, et al.

Kidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (8(3)):253-263 doi:10.1159/000522537.

Serum protein electrophoresis and rheumatoid factor analysis is an effective screening strategy for cryoglobulinaemia.

Stoyanov A, Toong C, Kong Y, et al.

Pathology 2023; (55(3)):391-396 doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2022.09.004.

An Unusual Presentation of Cryoglobulinemia in a Patient With Undiagnosed Sjögren's Syndrome and Treated Marginal Zone Lymphoma.

Patrick J, Babu A, Verma N

Cureus 2022; (14(12)):e32730 doi:10.7759/cureus.32730.

Renal Disease in Cryoglobulinemia.

Menter T, Hopfer H

Glomerular diseases 2021; (1(2)):92-104 doi:10.1159/000516103.

Hepatitis B virus-infection related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Clinical manifestations and the effect of antiviral therapy: A review of the literature.

Mazzaro C, Bomben R, Visentini M, et al.

Frontiers in oncology 2023; (13()):1095780 doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1095780.

Type 1 Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Due to Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Successfully Treated by Bortezomib Plus Dexamethasone.

Kikuchi R, Onozawa M, Nagai J, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024; (63(4)):541-545 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.2053-23.

Serological and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus-Related Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis in Patients without Cryoprecipitate.

Napodano C, Ciasca G, Chiusolo P, et al.

International journal of molecular sciences 2023; (24(14)) doi:10.3390/ijms241411602.

Recent updates in the diagnosis and management of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.

Treppo E, Quartuccio L, De Vita S

Expert review of clinical immunology 2023; (19(12)):1457-1467 doi:10.1080/1744666X.2023.2249609.

Rare manifestations of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a case report.

Leleux C, Zerbib Y, Pommerolle P, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1271584 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271584.

An Unusual Case of Seronegative Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis with Dominant Organized IgA Deposits Associated with Staphylococcal Infection: Casual or Causal Relationship?

De La Flor Merino JC, Apaza J, Díaz F, et al.

Glomerular diseases 2023; (3(1)):140-147 doi:10.1159/000531737.

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a 2023 update.

Moretti M, Ferro F, Baldini C, et al.

Current opinion in rheumatology 2024; (36(1)):27-34 doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000989.

Insights into the immunological description of cryoglobulins with regard to detection and characterization in Slovenian rheumatological patients.

Ogrič M, Švec T, Poljšak KM, et al.

Immunologic research 2024; (72(2)):185-196 doi:10.1007/s12026-023-09434-9.

Liver Disease-Associated Glomerulopathies.

Kanduri SR, Peleg Y, Wadhwani S

Advances in kidney disease and health 2024; (31(2)):147-156 doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2023.11.002.

Hepatitis C virus-related autoimmunity before and after viral clearance: a single center, prospective, observational study.

Lauletta G, Cicco S, Dammacco F

Minerva medica 2024; (115(3)):284-292 doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.24.09170-5.

Recurrent localized fever caused by cryoglobulinemic vasculitis following hemodialysis: A case report.

Kojima M, Shibata M, Tomita S, et al.

CEN case reports 2025; (14(2)):151-156 doi:10.1007/s13730-024-00923-w.

Clinical and Serological Profiles in Cryoglobulinemia: Analysis of Isotypes and Etiologies.

Codes-Méndez H, Jeria S, Park HS, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(20)) doi:10.3390/jcm13206069.

Successful treatment with bortezomib for refractory cryoglobulinemic vasculitis triggered by ischemic non-obstructive coronary artery disease.

Ohta Y, Tsuchiya T, Oka M, et al.

CEN case reports 2025; (14(4)):573-579 doi:10.1007/s13730-024-00963-2.

Successful treatment of type I cryoglobulinemia with a combination of carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone: a case report and literature review.

Yasuda Y, Maki H, Shimura A, et al.

International journal of hematology 2025; (121(3)):411-415 doi:10.1007/s12185-024-03911-z.

Long Term Follow-Up of Patients with Cryoglobulinemia After Successful Treatment of Chronic C Virus Hepatitis.

Elthes BZ, Vitalis Z, Papp M, et al.

Digestive diseases and sciences 2025; (70(7)):2467-2474 doi:10.1007/s10620-025-09033-8.

Prognosis of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and connective tissue disease-related cryoglobulinemia after rituximab-induced remission.

Poggi C, Hachulla E, Karras A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(11)):5665-5672 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaf324.

Hospitalisations With Cryoglobulin-Related Diseases in Spain Over 25 Years.

Martín-Portugués M, Esteban-Sampedro J, de Mendoza C, et al.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2025; (45(7)):e70195 doi:10.1111/liv.70195.

Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Manifesting as Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis: A Case Report.

Thivacaren S, Thanigasalan M, Hewageegana A, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(11)):e96892 doi:10.7759/cureus.96892.

Cryoglobulinemia: An update on classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management.

Zignego AL, Gragnani L, Visentini M, et al.

Journal of internal medicine 2026; (299(2)):196-215 doi:10.1111/joim.70042.

Cryoglobulinemia, monoclonal and mixed cryoglobulinemia syndromes, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a proposal for comprehensive nomenclature and definition.

Ferri C, Gragnani L, Zignego AL, Giuggioli D

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1754012 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1754012.

Type I Cryoglobulinemia Associated With Multiple Myeloma: A Case Report.

Mourabiti I, El Ouafa Y, Fadi M, Bouanani N

Cureus 2026; (18(5)):e108183 doi:10.7759/cureus.108183.