Research & Literature

Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema.

, Wells JA, Glassman AR, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2015; (372(13)):1193-203 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414264.

Ageing of the vitreous: From acute onset floaters and flashes to retinal detachment.

Lumi X, Hawlina M, Glavač D, et al.

Ageing research reviews 2015; (21()):71-7.

Diabetic Macular Edema: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapeutic Targets.

Das A, McGuire PG, Rangasamy S

Ophthalmology 2015; (122(7)):1375-94.

Angiopoietin-like 4 is a potent angiogenic factor and a novel therapeutic target for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Babapoor-Farrokhran S, Jee K, Puchner B, et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015; (112(23)):E3030-9 doi:10.1073/pnas.1423765112.

Comparison of Prevalence of Diabetic Macular Edema Based on Monocular Fundus Photography vs Optical Coherence Tomography.

Wang YT, Tadarati M, Wolfson Y, et al.

JAMA ophthalmology 2016; (134(2)):222-8 doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.5332.

Retinal Imaging Techniques for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening.

Goh JK, Cheung CY, Sim SS, et al.

Journal of diabetes science and technology 2016; (10(2)):282-94 doi:10.1177/1932296816629491.

Advances in retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.

Tan CS, Chew MC, Lim LW, Sadda SR

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2016; (64(1)):76-83 doi:10.4103/0301-4738.178145.

Diabetic Macular Edema.

Gundogan FC, Yolcu U, Akay F, et al.

Pakistan journal of medical sciences 2016; (32(2)):505-10 doi:10.12669/pjms.322.8496.

[National guidelines for treatment of diabetic retinopathy : Second edition of the national guidelines for treatment of diabetic retinopathy].

Ziemssen F, Lemmen K, Bertram B, et al.

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2016; (113(7)):623-38 doi:10.1007/s00347-016-0315-8.

Non-Mydriatic Fundus Camera Screening for Referral-Warranted Diabetic Retinopathy in a Northern California Safety-Net Setting.

Toy BC, Aguinaldo T, Eliason J, Egbert J

Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2016; (47(7)):636-42 doi:10.3928/23258160-20160707-05.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Chorioretinal Diseases.

Novais EA, Roisman L, de Oliveira PR, et al.

Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2016; (47(9)):848-61 doi:10.3928/23258160-20160901-09.

PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Synthesis of Safety Literature.

Jackson TL, Nicod E, Angelis A, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2017; (37(5)):886-895 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001280.

Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents in the Treatment of Retinal Disease: From Bench to Bedside.

Campochiaro PA, Aiello LP, Rosenfeld PJ

Ophthalmology 2016; (123(10S)):S78-S88 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.04.056.

Clinical Course and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea.

Yun JS, Lim TS, Cha SA, et al.

Diabetes & metabolism journal 2016; (40(6)):482-493 doi:10.4093/dmj.2016.40.6.482.

Associations between diabetic retinopathy and systemic risk factors.

Wat N, Wong RL, Wong IY

Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi 2016; (22(6)):589-99 doi:10.12809/hkmj164869.

Optimizing Medical Management in Patients with Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy.

Mamtora S, Sandinha T, Carey PE, Steel DHW

Ophthalmology and therapy 2017; (6(1)):105-114 doi:10.1007/s40123-016-0069-z.

Fluocinolone Acetonide Intravitreal Implant 0.19 mg (ILUVIEN®): A Review in Diabetic Macular Edema.

Syed YY

Drugs 2017; (77(5)):575-583 doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0722-4.

Diabetic retinopathy and OCT angiography: clinical findings and future perspectives.

de Barros Garcia JMB, Isaac DLC, Avila M

International journal of retina and vitreous 2017; (3()):14 doi:10.1186/s40942-017-0062-2.

Frequency of Evidence-Based Screening for Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes.

, Nathan DM, Bebu I, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2017; (376(16)):1507-1516 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612836.

Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA).

Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F, et al.

Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2017; (237(4)):185-222 doi:10.1159/000458539.

Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injections: The New Standard of Care in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?

Li X, Zarbin MA, Bhagat N

Developments in ophthalmology 2017; (60()):131-142 doi:10.1159/000459699.

Plastic roles of pericytes in the blood-retinal barrier.

Park DY, Lee J, Kim J, et al.

Nature communications 2017; (8()):15296 doi:10.1038/ncomms15296.

The United Kingdom Diabetic Retinopathy Electronic Medical Record Users Group: Report 3: Baseline Retinopathy and Clinical Features Predict Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Lee CS, Lee AY, Baughman D, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2017; (180()):64-71 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.05.020.

Fluocinolone acetonide for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.

Veritti D, Sarao V, Diplotti L, et al.

Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy 2017; (18(14)):1507-1516 doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1363182.

[OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIABETIC MACULAR OEDEMA].

Matas A, Ivanišević M

Acta medica Croatica : casopis Hravatske akademije medicinskih znanosti 2015; (69(5)):481-5.

Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy after rapid improvement of blood glucose control in patients with diabetes.

Feldman-Billard S, Larger É, Massin P,

Diabetes & metabolism 2018; (44(1)):4-14 doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2017.10.014.

Use of OCTA, FA, and Ultra-Widefield Imaging in Quantifying Retinal Ischemia: A Review.

Or C, Sabrosa AS, Sorour O, et al.

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2018; (7(1)):46-51 doi:10.22608/APO.201812.

Venous beading in two or more quadrants might not be a sensitive grading criterion for severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Chen L, Zhang X, Wen F

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2018; (256(6)):1059-1065 doi:10.1007/s00417-018-3971-3.

Outcomes of Eyes Lost to Follow-up with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy That Received Panretinal Photocoagulation versus Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.

Obeid A, Su D, Patel SN, et al.

Ophthalmology 2019; (126(3)):407-413 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.07.027.

Rationale and Application of the Protocol S Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Algorithm for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

Sun JK, Glassman AR, Beaulieu WT, et al.

Ophthalmology 2019; (126(1)):87-95 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.001.

Evidence-based Danish guidelines for screening of diabetic retinopathy.

Grauslund J, Andersen N, Andresen J, et al.

Acta ophthalmologica 2018; (96(8)):763-769 doi:10.1111/aos.13936.

The unmet need for better risk stratification of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Sivaprasad S, Pearce E

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association 2019; (36(4)):424-433 doi:10.1111/dme.13868.

Symptoms related to posterior vitreous detachment and the risk of developing retinal tears: a systematic review.

Gishti O, van den Nieuwenhof R, Verhoekx J, van Overdam K

Acta ophthalmologica 2019; (97(4)):347-352 doi:10.1111/aos.14012.

Risk Factors for Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes: The DCCT/EDIC Study.

Hainsworth DP, Bebu I, Aiello LP, et al.

Diabetes care 2019; (42(5)):875-882 doi:10.2337/dc18-2308.

Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy: Consequences of Inadvertent Treatment Interruptions.

Wubben TJ, Johnson MW,

American journal of ophthalmology 2019; (204()):13-18 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.005.

The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and psychosocial functioning: a systematic review.

Khoo K, Man REK, Rees G, et al.

Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2019; (28(8)):2017-2039 doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02165-1.

Surgical management of diabetic tractional retinal detachments.

Iyer SSR, Regan KA, Burnham JM, Chen CJ

Survey of ophthalmology 2019; (64(6)):780-809 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.04.008.

First-line treatment algorithm and guidelines in center-involving diabetic macular edema.

Kodjikian L, Bellocq D, Bandello F, et al.

European journal of ophthalmology 2019; (29(6)):573-584 doi:10.1177/1120672119857511.

Comparing diabetic retinopathy lesions in scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and colour fundus photography.

Nghiem AZ, Nderitu P, Lukic M, et al.

Acta ophthalmologica 2019; (97(8)):e1035-e1040 doi:10.1111/aos.14106.

Use of intravitreal dexamethasone implants in the treatment of diabetic macular edema: Expert recommendations using a Delphi approach.

García Layana A, Adán A, Ascaso FJ, et al.

European journal of ophthalmology 2020; (30(5)):1042-1052 doi:10.1177/1120672119861623.

Imaging and Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema and Diabetic Retinopathy.

Kwan CC, Fawzi AA

Current diabetes reports 2019; (19(10)):95 doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1226-2.

IDF Diabetes Atlas: A review of studies utilising retinal photography on the global prevalence of diabetes related retinopathy between 2015 and 2018.

Thomas RL, Halim S, Gurudas S, et al.

Diabetes research and clinical practice 2019; (157()):107840 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107840.

Oxidative Stress and Microvascular Alterations in Diabetic Retinopathy: Future Therapies.

Rodríguez ML, Pérez S, Mena-Mollá S, et al.

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2019; (2019()):4940825 doi:10.1155/2019/4940825.

Correlation between markers of renal function and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study in an Indian clinic population.

Rajalakshmi R, Shanthi Rani CS, Venkatesan U, et al.

BMJ open diabetes research & care 2020; (8(1)) doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001325.

Novel imaging biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.

Markan A, Agarwal A, Arora A, et al.

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology 2020; (12()):2515841420950513 doi:10.1177/2515841420950513.

The Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Forrester JV, Kuffova L, Delibegovic M

Frontiers in immunology 2020; (11()):583687 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.583687.

Anti-VEGF crunch syndrome in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A review.

Tan Y, Fukutomi A, Sun MT, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2021; (66(6)):926-932 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.001.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Prevalence of Diabetic Macular Edema and its Associated Risk Factors in Urban South India: A Population-Based Study.

Pradhana D, Priya M N S, Surya J, et al.

Ophthalmic epidemiology 2022; (29(2)):149-155 doi:10.1080/09286586.2021.1907846.

Comparison of Central Macular Fluid Volume With Central Subfield Thickness in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

You QS, Tsuboi K, Guo Y, et al.

JAMA ophthalmology 2021; (139(7)):734-741 doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1275.

Two Patients with Atypical Choroidal Detachment.

Fong JW, Broyles HV, Atassi NY, et al.

Case reports in ophthalmology 2021; (12(2)):315-319 doi:10.1159/000513220.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PACORES IN PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY MANAGEMENT, DATA FROM LATIN AMERICA AND SPAIN: The Asbury Lecture 2020.

Arevalo JF, Beatson B,

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2022; (42(1)):4-10 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003226.

Management of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Mellitus: Ophthalmologic Outcomes in Intensive versus Conventional Glycemic Control.

Lam PY, Chow SC, Lam WC, et al.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2021; (15()):2767-2785 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S301317.

Various models for diabetic retinopathy screening that can be applied to India.

Rajalakshmi R, Prathiba V, Rani PK, Mohan V

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2021; (69(11)):2951-2958 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1145_21.

OCT-based biomarkers for predicting treatment response in eyes with centre-involved diabetic macular oedema treated with anti-VEGF injections: a real-life retina clinic-based study.

Szeto SK, Hui VWK, Tang FY, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2023; (107(4)):525-533 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319587.

Early Worsening of Retinopathy in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes After Rapid Improvement in Glycaemic Control: A Systematic Review.

Akil H, Burgess J, Nevitt S, et al.

Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders 2022; (13(1)):1-23 doi:10.1007/s13300-021-01190-z.

Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview of Treatments.

Mounirou BAM, Adam ND, Yakoura AKH, et al.

Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism 2022; (26(2)):111-118 doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_480_21.

Systemic and Ocular Adverse Events with Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy Used in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: a Review.

Zehden JA, Mortensen XM, Reddy A, Zhang AY

Current diabetes reports 2022; (22(10)):525-536 doi:10.1007/s11892-022-01491-y.

YOSEMITE and RHINE: Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials of Faricimab for Diabetic Macular Edema: Study Design and Rationale.

Eter N, Singh RP, Abreu F, et al.

Ophthalmology science 2022; (2(1)):100111 doi:10.1016/j.xops.2021.100111.

Laser Treatment Modalities for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Pande GS, Tidake P

Cureus 2022; (14(10)):e30024 doi:10.7759/cureus.30024.

Epidemiology of Treated Diabetes Ocular Complications in France 2008-2018-The LANDSCAPE French Nationwide Study.

Creuzot-Garcher C, Massin P, Srour M, et al.

Pharmaceutics 2022; (14(11)) doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112330.

Quantification of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy progression.

Tarasewicz D, Conell C, Gilliam LK, Melles RB

Acta diabetologica 2023; (60(3)):363-369 doi:10.1007/s00592-022-02007-6.

Retinopathy prevalence, incidence and trajectories in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle diabetes study phase II.

Drinkwater JJ, Davis TME, Turner AW, Davis WA

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association 2023; (40(4)):e15032 doi:10.1111/dme.15032.

Social determinants of diabetic retinopathy and impact of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: A study from Pune, India.

Kulkarni S, Patil V, Kashikar R, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(2)):358-362 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1660_22.

Safety and Efficacy of a Treat-and-Extend Regimen of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents for Diabetic Macular Edema or Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Patil NS, Dhoot AS, Nichani PAH, et al.

Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2023; (54(3)):131-138 doi:10.3928/23258160-20230221-04.

Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy.

Do DV, Han G, Abariga SA, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023; (3()):CD006127 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006127.pub3.

Pathological Neurovascular Unit Mapping onto Multimodal Imaging in Diabetic Macular Edema.

Murakami T, Ishihara K, Terada N, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2023; (59(5)) doi:10.3390/medicina59050896.

Normative Data for Macular Thickness and Volume for Optical Coherence Tomography in a Diabetic Population without Maculopathies.

Arruabarrena C, Rodríguez-Miguel A, de Aragón-Gómez F, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (12(16)) doi:10.3390/jcm12165232.

Posterior vitreous detachment and retinal tear - a prospective study of community referrals.

Nixon TRW, Davie RL, Snead MP

Eye (London, England) 2024; (38(4)):786-791 doi:10.1038/s41433-023-02779-3.

Programmatically Localizing Diabetic Retinopathy Features in 45-Degree Retinal Photographs Using Anatomical Colocation.

Murphy TI, Douglass AG, van Wijngaarden P, Armitage JA

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(3)) doi:10.3390/jcm13030807.

Sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy and its predictors among patients with diabetes visiting Adare General Hospital in Southern Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Alemayehu HB, Tilahun MM, Abebe MG, Tegegn MT

BMJ open 2024; (14(2)):e077552 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077552.

Characterization of central-involved diabetic macular edema using OCT and OCTA.

Reste-Ferreira D, Santos T, Marques IP, et al.

European journal of ophthalmology 2025; (35(1)):290-297 doi:10.1177/11206721241248478.

Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review.

Pushparani DS, Varalakshmi J, Roobini K, et al.

Current diabetes reviews 2025; (21(7)):43-55 doi:10.2174/0115733998296228240521151050.

Multimodal imaging in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema: An update about biomarkers.

Parravano M, Cennamo G, Di Antonio L, et al.

Survey of ophthalmology 2024; (69(6)):893-904 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.06.006.

Vitrectomy for cases of diabetic retinopathy.

Shaikh N, Kumar V, Ramachandran A, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2024; (72(12)):1704-1713 doi:10.4103/IJO.IJO_30_24.

Early Versus Delayed Vitrectomy for Vitreous Hemorrhage Secondary to Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

Anguita R, Ferro Desideri L, Schwember P, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (270()):237-244 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2024.10.019.

A Deep Learning Segmentation Model for Detection of Active Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

Dinesen S, Schou MG, Hedegaard CV, et al.

Ophthalmology and therapy 2025; (14(5)):1053-1063 doi:10.1007/s40123-025-01127-w.

Gene Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema: An Update.

Odio-Herrera M, Orozco-Loaiza G, Wu L

Journal of clinical medicine 2025; (14(9)) doi:10.3390/jcm14093205.

Intravitreal faricimab for diabetic macular oedema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration: general considerations and practical recommendations by an expert panel of Italian retina specialists.

Borrelli E, Boscia F, Lanzetta P, et al.

Eye (London, England) 2025; (39(16)):3005-3014 doi:10.1038/s41433-025-03997-7.

Adherence to the recommended diabetic retinopathy screening guidelines in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes: a cross-sectional survey study.

Widyaputri F, Rogers SL, Nankervis AJ, et al.

BMJ open 2025; (15(9)):e099917 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099917.

Current and Emerging Pharmacologic Therapies for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Clements JN, Mesawich J, Twisdale C

Pharmacotherapy 2026; (46(3)):e70119 doi:10.1002/phar.70119.

Do Vitreous Floaters Predict Retinal Detachment? Retrospective Cohort Study in Primary Care.

van Zon B, Spoelder M, Peters HJ, et al.

Annals of family medicine 2026; (24(2)):111-116 doi:10.1370/afm.240149.

Diabetic retinopathy and kidney involvement in adults with type 2 diabetes in high-altitude Tibet: A cross-sectional subanalysis of the China National Diabetic Chronic Complications Study.

Yang L, Zhang Z

The Journal of international medical research 2026; (54(4)):3000605261437612 doi:10.1177/03000605261437612.

Dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit in Diabetic Retinopathy: Advances from Molecular Mechanisms to Targeted Interventions.

Zhao C, Qin L, Zhang J, Wang X

Stem cell reviews and reports 2026; doi:10.1007/s12015-026-11213-6.