Research & Literature

Patterns of End-of-Life Care in Children With Advanced Solid Tumor Malignancies Enrolled on a Palliative Care Service.

Vern-Gross TZ, Lam CG, Graff Z, et al.

Journal of pain and symptom management 2015; (50(3)):305-12.

Classification of neurological abnormalities in children with congenital melanocytic naevus syndrome identifies magnetic resonance imaging as the best predictor of clinical outcome.

Waelchli R, Aylett SE, Atherton D, et al.

The British journal of dermatology 2015; (173(3)):739-50 doi:10.1111/bjd.13898.

Severe hydrocephalus caused by diffuse leptomeningeal and neurocutaneous melanocytosis of antenatal onset: a clinical, pathologic, and molecular study of 2 cases.

Uguen A, Laurent C, Samaison L, et al.

Human pathology 2015; (46(8)):1189-96.

Improvised external ventricular drain in neurosurgery: A Nigerian tertiary hospital experience.

Ojo OA, Asha MA, Bankole OB, Kanu OO

Journal of neurosciences in rural practice 2015; (6(3)):304-8 doi:10.4103/0976-3147.158743.

Neurocutaneous melanosis.

Islam MP

Handbook of clinical neurology 2015; (132()):111-7.

Palliative Care as a Standard of Care in Pediatric Oncology.

Weaver MS, Heinze KE, Kelly KP, et al.

Pediatric blood & cancer 2015; (62 Suppl 5()):S829-33 doi:10.1002/pbc.25695.

Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society.

Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al.

Epilepsy currents 2016; (16(1)):48-61 doi:10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48.

NRAS(Q61K) mutated primary leptomeningeal melanoma in a child: case presentation and discussion on clinical and diagnostic implications.

Angelino G, De Pasquale MD, De Sio L, et al.

BMC cancer 2016; (16()):512 doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2556-y.

MEK inhibition appears to improve symptom control in primary NRAS-driven CNS melanoma in children.

Kinsler VA, O'Hare P, Jacques T, et al.

British journal of cancer 2017; (116(8)):990-993 doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.49.

Two cases of primary leptomeningeal melanomatosis mimicking subacute meningitis.

Aslan S, Gocmen R, Acar NP, et al.

The neuroradiology journal 2018; (31(1)):42-46 doi:10.1177/1971400917708581.

Primary central nervous system malignant melanoma with leptomeningeal melanomatosis: a case report and review of the literature.

Fujimori K, Sakai K, Higashiyama F, et al.

Neurosurgical review 2018; (41(1)):333-339 doi:10.1007/s10143-017-0914-0.

Molecularly defined diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) comprises two subgroups with distinct clinical and genetic features.

Deng MY, Sill M, Chiang J, et al.

Acta neuropathologica 2018; (136(2)):239-253 doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1865-4.

Integrated Genomic Classification of Melanocytic Tumors of the Central Nervous System Using Mutation Analysis, Copy Number Alterations, and DNA Methylation Profiling.

Griewank KG, Koelsche C, van de Nes JAP, et al.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2018; (24(18)):4494-4504 doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0763.

Neurocutaneous melanosis presenting with hydrocephalus and malignant transformation: case-based update.

Sharouf F, Zaben M, Lammie A, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2018; (34(8)):1471-1477 doi:10.1007/s00381-018-3851-5.

A Case of Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor Misdiagnosed as Chronic Tuberculous Meningitis without Brain Biopsy.

Lee JK, Ko HC, Choi JG, et al.

Case reports in neurological medicine 2018; (2018()):1391943 doi:10.1155/2018/1391943.

Shunt Surgery for Neurocutaneous Melanosis with Hydrocephalus: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Omar AT, Bagnas MAC, Del Rosario-Blasco KAR, et al.

World neurosurgery 2018; (120()):583-589.e3 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.002.

Amelanotic Meningeal Melanoma with Leptomeningeal Dissemination: A Case Report and Systematic Literature Review.

Zhang S, Wang W, Su X, et al.

World neurosurgery 2019; (122()):229-239 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.199.

Information Needs Regarding Cognitive Late Effects of Caregivers of Central Nervous System Tumor Survivors.

Schuele K, Bennett AE, Varughese T, et al.

OTJR : occupation, participation and health 2019; (39(3)):159-166 doi:10.1177/1539449218809943.

Palliative care initiation in pediatric oncology patients: A systematic review.

Cheng BT, Rost M, De Clercq E, et al.

Cancer medicine 2019; (8(1)):3-12 doi:10.1002/cam4.1907.

Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Convulsive Status Epilepticus.

Singh A, Stredny CM, Loddenkemper T

CNS drugs 2020; (34(1)):47-63 doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00690-8.

Pediatric Palliative Care in Oncology.

Snaman J, McCarthy S, Wiener L, Wolfe J

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2020; (38(9)):954-962 doi:10.1200/JCO.18.02331.

Comparison of Phenytoin, Valproate and Levetiracetam in Pediatric Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial.

Vignesh V, Rameshkumar R, Mahadevan S

Indian pediatrics 2020; (57(3)):222-227.

Neurocutaneous melanocytosis (melanosis).

Ruggieri M, Polizzi A, Catanzaro S, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2020; (36(10)):2571-2596 doi:10.1007/s00381-020-04770-9.

Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour: where to biopsy? Case report and literature review.

Sáez-Alegre M, Saceda Gutiérrez JM, Utrilla Contreras C, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2021; (37(7)):2405-2408 doi:10.1007/s00381-020-04955-2.

Primary leptomeningeal melanomatosis successfully treated with PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab: A case report.

Misir Krpan A, Rakusic Z, Herceg D

Medicine 2020; (99(50)):e22928 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000022928.

Novel Insights into Diagnosis, Biology and Treatment of Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Melanomatosis.

Baumgartner A, Stepien N, Mayr L, et al.

Journal of personalized medicine 2021; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/jpm11040292.

Imaging and Clinical Features of Neurocutaneous Melanosis in the Pediatric Population.

Mormina E, Granata F, Vinci SL, et al.

Current medical imaging 2021; (17(12)):1391-1402 doi:10.2174/1573405617666210527091109.

Nonsyndromic Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Melanomatosis in a Child.

Tavana Rad S, Ashrafzadeh F, Golmakani H, Ganjeifar B

Iranian journal of child neurology 2021; (15(3)):153-157 doi:10.22037/ijcn.v15i2.20159.

[Clinicopathological features of diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor].

Tu JH, Wang LM, Liu L, et al.

Zhonghua bing li xue za zhi = Chinese journal of pathology 2021; (50(8)):876-881 doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20210320-00218.

Neurocutaneous melanocytosis-associated malignant melanoma presenting with peritoneal seeding.

Sener U, Elmore K, Jayaseelan K, et al.

Pediatric dermatology 2021; (38(5)):1298-1301 doi:10.1111/pde.14789.

[An adult case of neurocutaneous melanosis with acute exacerbation after a long asymptomatic period following excision of a melanocytic nevus].

Furukawa K, Kikui S, Takeshima T, et al.

Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology 2021; (61(12)):844-850 doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001641.

Combinatorial effects of azacitidine and trametinib on NRAS-mutated melanoma.

Hanft KM, Hamed E, Kaiser M, et al.

Pediatric blood & cancer 2022; (69(4)):e29468 doi:10.1002/pbc.29468.

Care practices of specialized outpatient pediatric palliative care teams in collaboration with parents: Results of participatory observations.

Schuetze D, Ploeger C, Hach M, et al.

Palliative medicine 2022; (36(2)):386-394 doi:10.1177/02692163211065294.

Neurocutaneous Melanosis with Hydrocephalus and Dandy-Walker Variant.

Sarwar M, Tripathy L, Jain H, et al.

Asian journal of neurosurgery 2021; (16(4)):876-880 doi:10.4103/ajns.AJNS_542_20.

Next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid for clinical molecular diagnostics in pediatric, adolescent and young adult brain tumor patients.

Miller AM, Szalontay L, Bouvier N, et al.

Neuro-oncology 2022; (24(10)):1763-1772 doi:10.1093/neuonc/noac035.

Diagnostic challenges of primary diffuse leptomeningeal melanomatosis in early adolescence: A case report.

Yamauhci S, Fukuyama T, Inaba Y, et al.

Brain & development 2022; (44(6)):421-425 doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2022.02.004.

Melanocytic lesions of the central nervous system: a case series.

Varela-Poblete J, Vidal-Tellez A, Cruz-Quiroga JP, et al.

Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2022; (80(2)):153-160 doi:10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0082.

Primary intracranial malignant melanomas in solitary type: a tertiary center experience.

Huang YM, Yeh KY, Chen PY, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2022; (101()):37-46 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2022.03.037.

Neurosurgical management of patients with neurocutaneous melanosis: a systematic review.

Rahman RK, Majmundar N, Ghani H, et al.

Neurosurgical focus 2022; (52(5)):E8 doi:10.3171/2022.2.FOCUS21791.

Clinical progression, pathological characteristics, and radiological findings in children with diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumors: A systematic review.

Jiang H, Qiu L, Song J, et al.

Frontiers in oncology 2022; (12()):970076 doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.970076.

Review of the Recent Changes in the WHO Classification for Pediatric Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors.

Halfpenny AM, Wood MD

Pediatric neurosurgery 2023; (58(5)):337-355 doi:10.1159/000528957.

Pearls & Oy-sters: Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Melanocytosis: A Diagnostic Conundrum.

Selvarajan JMP, Epari S, Sahu A, et al.

Neurology 2023; (101(5)):e576-e580 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000207195.

Pediatric central nervous system tumor survivor and caregiver experiences with multidisciplinary telehealth.

Cacciotti C, Chua IS, Cuadra J, et al.

Journal of neuro-oncology 2023; (162(1)):191-198 doi:10.1007/s11060-023-04281-y.

Diagnostic challenge: primary leptomeningeal melanoma with melanomatosis, illustrative case report.

El Ouazzani H, Oudghiri MY, Abbas S, et al.

Journal of surgical case reports 2023; (2023(6)):rjad323 doi:10.1093/jscr/rjad323.

Embracing paediatric palliative care in paediatric oncology from diagnosis onwards.

Lacerda A, Martínez MA, Dumont B, et al.

Pediatric blood & cancer 2023; (70(10)):e30561 doi:10.1002/pbc.30561.

Incidence of neurocutaneous melanosis in Japanese pediatric patients with congenital melanocytic nevi.

Takiya M, Fushimi Y, Sakamoto M, et al.

Scientific reports 2023; (13(1)):16442 doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43829-w.

Aggressive Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor in a Pediatric Patient Presenting With Mismatch Repair Gene Mutations.

Torres-Rey A, Vigo-Prieto J, De Jesus O

Cureus 2023; (15(10)):e47905 doi:10.7759/cureus.47905.

Malignant Transformation and Leptomeningeal Melanomatosis in a Primary Meningeal Melanocytoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Nakase K, Matsuda R, Okamoto T, et al.

NMC case report journal 2023; (10()):315-320 doi:10.2176/jns-nmc.2023-0109.

Status epilepticus in the ICU.

Rossetti AO, Claassen J, Gaspard N

Intensive care medicine 2024; (50(1)):1-16 doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07263-w.

Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Melanomatosis in an Indian Child With Review of Literature.

Kumar A, Gunasekaran PK, Aggarwal D, et al.

Pediatric neurology 2024; (152()):23-29 doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.12.007.

Melanoma of the central nervous system based on neurocutaneous melanocytosis in childhood: A rare but fatal condition.

Abele M, Forchhammer S, Eigentler TK, et al.

Pediatric blood & cancer 2024; (71(4)):e30859 doi:10.1002/pbc.30859.

Missense mutation of NRAS is associated with malignant progression in neurocutaneous melanosis.

Takahashi H, Natsumeda M, Hara N, et al.

Acta neuropathologica communications 2024; (12(1)):14 doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01723-0.

Neurocutaneous Melanosis with Meningeal Melanocytosis: A Rare Case of Intracranial Hypertension and Cutaneous Manifestations.

Chen HC, Hsu TI, Chao TY, Yang ST

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(1)) doi:10.3390/life14010139.

[Acute symptomatic epileptic seizures. A clinical-electroencephalographic etiological description and prognosis of an oncopediatric series].

Ivarola P, González B, Tedeschini I, et al.

Revista de neurologia 2024; (78(4)):93-99 doi:10.33588/rn.7804.2023260.

A Dutch paediatric palliative care guideline: a systematic review and evidence-based recommendations for symptom treatment.

van Teunenbroek KC, Mulder RL, Ahout IML, et al.

BMC palliative care 2024; (23(1)):72 doi:10.1186/s12904-024-01367-w.

External ventricular drainage in pediatric patients: indications, management, and shunt conversion rates.

Atallah O, Krauss JK, Hermann EJ

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2024; (40(7)):2071-2079 doi:10.1007/s00381-024-06367-y.

Primary leptomeningeal melanocytic neoplasms: A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of 12 cases.

Lv JJ, Yao QL, Jiang XB, et al.

Human pathology 2024; (148()):32-40 doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2024.04.014.

Understanding diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumors.

Bajin IY, Levine A, Dewan MC, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2024; (40(8)):2359-2366 doi:10.1007/s00381-024-06432-6.

Spinal melanoma with optic neuropathy -rare manifestation of Neurocutaneous melanosis and PET-MRI findings.

Baskar D, Vengalil S, Chakkera P, et al.

eNeurologicalSci 2024; (35()):100504 doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2024.100504.

Primary Meningeal Melanocytic Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Review from the Ultra-Rare Brain Tumors Task Force of the European Network for Rare Cancers (EURACAN).

Pellerino A, Verdijk RM, Nichelli L, et al.

Cancers 2024; (16(14)) doi:10.3390/cancers16142508.

The pivotal role of neurosurgeons in transitional care: A comprehensive tertiary healthcare institution's experience.

Chew Z, Lim HL, Mahmood S, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2024; (40(12)):4271-4278 doi:10.1007/s00381-024-06638-8.

Intrathecal anti-PD-1 treatment in metastatic melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD): real-world data and evidence.

Zhen J, Chen L, Wang H, et al.

Journal of neuro-oncology 2024; (170(3)):665-673 doi:10.1007/s11060-024-04843-8.

A Dutch clinical practice guideline for paediatric palliative care: a systematic review and recommendations on psychosocial care including preloss and bereavement care.

van Teunenbroek KC, Mulder RL, Verhagen AAE, et al.

BMC palliative care 2025; (24(1)):147 doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01763-w.

Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Melanomatosis Initially Misdiagnosed as Type III Sturge-Weber Syndrome: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Zuo JW, Qin XX, Dai YY, et al.

World neurosurgery 2025; (199()):124127 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2025.124127.

Sudden death associated with primary leptomeningeal melanocytosis without features of neurocutaneous melanosis syndrome.

Doğan M, Buğra A, Karayel F, Üzün İ

Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2025; (115()):102953 doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102953.

Amelanotic melanoma of the central nervous system with systemic spread - imaging pitfalls and clues in a rare paediatric case with congenital melanocytic naevi.

Tan XY, Teh DJW, Tan TSE

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2025; (41(1)):386 doi:10.1007/s00381-025-07045-3.

Disseminated pediatric low-grade glioma and hydrocephalus: a multinational consortium analysis of incidence and mortality.

Lyons AT, Haizel-Cobbina J, Levine A, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2025; (37(2)):133-146 doi:10.3171/2025.8.PEDS25160.

From Diagnosis Delay to Targeted Therapy: A Retrospective Study of Pediatric DLGNT with a Comprehensive Literature Review.

De Carli R, Minichini V, Lebrun L, et al.

Cancers 2026; (18(4)) doi:10.3390/cancers18040549.

Efficacy of azacitidine and trametinib against leptomeningeal melanosis associated with congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome.

Raljević L, Komlosi K, Feige U, et al.

Molecular and cellular pediatrics 2026; (13(1)).

Pediatric Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Melanomatosis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hanus E, Cunningham D

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e105377 doi:10.7759/cureus.105377.

Impact of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on survival in pediatric primary diffuse leptomeningeal melanomatosis: a systematic review and pooled survival analysis.

Shah KH, Guerrero-Ocampo MJ, Flecha IG, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2026; (42(1)).

Guidelines for Seizure Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Supratentorial Neurosurgery: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society.

Rowe AS, Ullman J, Johnson EL, et al.

Neurocritical care 2026; (45(1)):34-57 doi:10.1007/s12028-026-02522-2.

Pediatric home-based hospice and palliative care: a scoping review.

Davis E, Grossoehme DH, Ajayi T, et al.

BMC palliative care 2026; (25(1)).

Primary amelanotic leptomeningeal melanocytosis mimicking subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report of the deceptive masquerader.

Juan YC, Kuo JS, Chen CC, et al.

Frontiers in oncology 2026; (16()):1768860 doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1768860.

Epilepsy in Paediatric Palliative Care: Prevalence, Clinical Correlations and the Development of a Consensus-Based Seizure Management Protocol.

Hizanu Dumitrache M, Salim C, Plesea-Condratovici A, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2026; (62(6)) doi:10.3390/medicina62061150.

Patient navigation in neuro-oncology: A scoping review of programs supporting patients with CNS tumors.

Shafeek S, Placide K, Elshiekh C, et al.

Equity neuroscience 2026; (2(3)):100067 doi:10.1016/j.neuros.2026.100067.