Research & Literature

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.

Unwin B, Williams CM, Gilliland W

American family physician 2006; (74(9)):1547-54.

Large-vessel vasculitis: interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET/CT.

Lensen KD, Comans EF, Voskuyl AE, et al.

BioMed research international 2015; (2015()):914692 doi:10.1155/2015/914692.

Imaging in Giant Cell Arteritis.

Khan A, Dasgupta B

Current rheumatology reports 2015; (17(8)):52 doi:10.1007/s11926-015-0527-y.

Long-term efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis and large vessel vasculitis.

Evans J, Steel L, Borg F, Dasgupta B

RMD open 2016; (2(1)):e000137 doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000137.

Cardiac involvement in primary systemic vasculitis and potential drug therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk.

Misra DP, Shenoy SN

Rheumatology international 2017; (37(1)):151-167 doi:10.1007/s00296-016-3435-1.

Extracranial giant cell arteritis: A narrative review.

Lensen KD, Voskuyl AE, Comans EF, et al.

The Netherlands journal of medicine 2016; (74(5)):182-92.

Giant-cell arteritis without cranial manifestations: Working diagnosis of a distinct disease pattern.

de Boysson H, Lambert M, Liozon E, et al.

Medicine 2016; (95(26)):e3818 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003818.

Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium and large vessel vasculitis.

Zhang H, Watanabe R, Berry GJ, et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2017; (114(6)):E970-E979 doi:10.1073/pnas.1616848114.

Giant Cell Arteritis - Who to Refer to?

Lim LT, Ah-Kee EY, Strang A, Ferguson A

The West Indian medical journal 2015; (65(2)):300-303.

Giant-Cell Arteritis: Do We Treat Patients with Large-Vessel Involvement Differently?

de Boysson H, Liozon E, Lambert M, et al.

The American journal of medicine 2017; (130(8)):992-995 doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.03.054.

Recent advances in our understanding of giant cell arteritis pathogenesis.

Samson M, Corbera-Bellalta M, Audia S, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2017; (16(8)):833-844 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.014.

Endothelin-1 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration across the artery wall: a mechanism contributing to vascular remodelling and intimal hyperplasia in giant-cell arteritis.

Planas-Rigol E, Terrades-Garcia N, Corbera-Bellalta M, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2017; (76(9)):1624-1634 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210792.

Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis.

Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2017; (377(4)):317-328 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1613849.

Painless Aortic Dissection-Diagnostic Dilemma With Fatal Outcomes: What Do We Learn?

Fatima S, Sharma K

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2017; (5(3)):2324709617721252 doi:10.1177/2324709617721252.

Development of a Core Set of Outcome Measures for Large-vessel Vasculitis: Report from OMERACT 2016.

Sreih AG, Alibaz-Oner F, Kermani TA, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2017; (44(12)):1933-1937 doi:10.3899/jrheum.161467.

Serum osteopontin: a biomarker of disease activity and predictor of relapsing course in patients with giant cell arteritis. Potential clinical usefulness in tocilizumab-treated patients.

Prieto-González S, Terrades-García N, Corbera-Bellalta M, et al.

RMD open 2017; (3(2)):e000570 doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000570.

EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice.

Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Duftner C, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2018; (77(5)):636-643 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212649.

Large-vessel involvement and aortic dilation in giant-cell arteritis. A multicenter study of 549 patients.

de Boysson H, Daumas A, Vautier M, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2018; (17(4)):391-398 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.029.

Tocilizumab in Giant Cell Arteritis.

Mariano VJ, Frishman WH

Cardiology in review 2018; (26(6)):321-330 doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000204.

Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in large-vessel vasculitis.

Quinn KA, Ahlman MA, Malayeri AA, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2018; (77(8)):1165-1171 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213102.

Three days of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment attenuates large-vessel 18F-FDG uptake in large-vessel giant cell arteritis but with a limited impact on diagnostic accuracy.

Nielsen BD, Gormsen LC, Hansen IT, et al.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2018; (45(7)):1119-1128 doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4021-4.

Endovascular treatment of critical lower limb ischemia caused by giant cell arteritis.

McLachlan RHP, Lennox AF, Varcoe RL, Thomas SD

Journal of vascular surgery cases and innovative techniques 2019; (5(1)):31-34 doi:10.1016/j.jvscit.2018.09.008.

2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis.

Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2020; (79(1)):19-30 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215672.

[Aortitis in giant cell arteritis: Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment].

Enfrein A, Espitia O, Bonnard G, Agard C

Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 2019; (48(9)):956-967 doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2019.04.018.

Giant cell arteritis without cranial manifestations caused mesenteric involvement: a case report.

Miyake Y, Morimoto Y, Taniguchi M, et al.

Surgical case reports 2019; (5(1)):119 doi:10.1186/s40792-019-0678-6.

A unique autopsy case of ascending aortic dissection caused by giant cell arteritis without drug therapy.

Takase Y, Murakami Y, Nishi J, et al.

Pathology international 2019; (69(10)):614-618 doi:10.1111/pin.12845.

[Eye involvement in large vesssel vasculitis (giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis)].

Neß T, Schmidt W

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2019; (116(9)):899-914 doi:10.1007/s00347-019-00959-9.

Systematic literature review informing the 2018 update of the EULAR recommendation for the management of large vessel vasculitis: focus on giant cell arteritis.

Monti S, Águeda AF, Luqmani RA, et al.

RMD open 2019; (5(2)):e001003 doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001003.

Thoracic endovascular repair of a rare case of leaking aortic arch intramural hematoma secondary to Giant cell arteritis.

Salaskar A, Najam F, Pocock E, Sarin S

CVIR endovascular 2019; (2(1)):9 doi:10.1186/s42155-019-0052-6.

Giant cell arteritis in a patient with aortic dissection: a case report.

Obikane H, Fujiyoshi T, Takahashi S, et al.

Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2020; (46()):107206 doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107206.

Monitoring and long-term management of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.

Camellino D, Matteson EL, Buttgereit F, Dejaco C

Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2020; (16(9)):481-495 doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0458-5.

Distinct macrophage phenotypes skewed by local granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are associated with tissue destruction and intimal hyperplasia in giant cell arteritis.

Jiemy WF, van Sleen Y, van der Geest KS, et al.

Clinical & translational immunology 2020; (9(9)):e1164 doi:10.1002/cti2.1164.

Cranial and extracranial giant cell arteritis share similar HLA-DRB1 association.

Prieto-Peña D, Remuzgo-Martínez S, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2020; (50(5)):897-901 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.07.004.

Incidence and predictors of thoracic aortic damage in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis.

Koster MJ, Crowson CS, Labarca C, Warrington KJ

Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 2021; (50(3)):239-242 doi:10.1080/03009742.2020.1786855.

Imaging in large-vessel vasculitis.

Schmidt WA, Nielsen BD

Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2020; (34(6)):101589 doi:10.1016/j.berh.2020.101589.

Aortitis and aortic aneurysm in systemic vasculitis.

Tyagi S, Safal S, Tyagi D

Indian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2019; (35(Suppl 2)):47-56 doi:10.1007/s12055-019-00832-z.

Ultrasonographic Halo Score in giant cell arteritis: association with intimal hyperplasia and ischaemic sight loss.

van der Geest KSM, Wolfe K, Borg F, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2021; (60(9)):4361-4366 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa806.

Symptomatic aortitis at giant cell arteritis diagnosis: a prognostic factor of aortic event.

Espitia O, Blonz G, Urbanski G, et al.

Arthritis research & therapy 2021; (23(1)):14 doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02396-5.

Gastric bleeding in giant cell arteritis.

Childress A, Kwarcinski TJ, Bittle JSH, Trimmer C

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 2020; (34(1)):109-110 doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1824851.

A meta-analysis of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis across time and space.

Li KJ, Semenov D, Turk M, Pope J

Arthritis research & therapy 2021; (23(1)):82 doi:10.1186/s13075-021-02450-w.

The Immunopathology of Giant Cell Arteritis Across Disease Spectra.

Robinette ML, Rao DA, Monach PA

Frontiers in immunology 2021; (12()):623716 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.623716.

[Giant Cell Arteritis].

Suzuki F, Kimura K

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 2021; (73(5)):496-502 doi:10.11477/mf.1416201791.

Diagnostic Approaches for Large Vessel Vasculitides.

Betrains A, Blockmans D

Open access rheumatology : research and reviews 2021; (13()):153-165 doi:10.2147/OARRR.S282605.

2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis.

Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al.

Arthritis care & research 2021; (73(8)):1071-1087 doi:10.1002/acr.24632.

Imaging Tests in the Early Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis.

Prieto-Peña D, Castañeda S, Martínez-Rodríguez I, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2021; (10(16)) doi:10.3390/jcm10163704.

Large-vessel vasculitis.

Pugh D, Karabayas M, Basu N, et al.

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2022; (7(1)):93 doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00327-5.

Imaging features of 18F-FDG PET/CT in different types of systemic vasculitis.

Chen Z, Zhao Y, Wang Q, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2022; (41(5)):1499-1509 doi:10.1007/s10067-021-06039-1.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Vasculitis.

Hansen ME, Springer J, Byram K

The Canadian journal of cardiology 2022; (38(5)):623-633 doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.02.007.

An Updated Review of Cardiovascular Events in Giant Cell Arteritis.

de Boysson H, Aouba A

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/jcm11041005.

Recent advances in the diagnosis and therapy of large vessel vasculitis.

Keser G, Atagunduz P, Soy M

Polish archives of internal medicine 2022; (132(6)) doi:10.20452/pamw.16272.

Treatment of giant cell arteritis - current approach and new possibilities.

Videman J, Skácelová M, Horák P, et al.

Vnitrni lekarstvi 2022; (68(5)):266-272 doi:10.36290/vnl.2022.058.

Baseline Glucocorticoid-Related Toxicity Scores in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Post Hoc Analysis of the GiACTA Trial.

Patel NJ, Fu X, Zhang Y, Stone JH

ACR open rheumatology 2023; (5(1)):51-58 doi:10.1002/acr2.11520.

Current perspectives on the diagnosis, assessment, and management of vasculitic neuropathy.

Fukami Y, Koike H, Katsuno M

Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2022; (22(11-12)):941-952 doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2166831.

Diagnostic yield of combined cranial and large vessel PET/CT, ultrasound and MRI in giant cell arteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Moreel L, Betrains A, Doumen M, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2023; (22(7)):103355 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103355.

Giant-Cell Aortitis-Induced Acute Aortic Insufficiency: An Underestimated Etiology.

Noori MAM, Mohammadian M, Saeed H, et al.

The American journal of case reports 2023; (24()):e937836 doi:10.12659/AJCR.937836.

EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update.

Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024; (83(6)):741-751 doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224543.

Association Between Vascular 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake at Diagnosis and Change in Aortic Dimensions in Giant Cell Arteritis : A Cohort Study.

Moreel L, Coudyzer W, Boeckxstaens L, et al.

Annals of internal medicine 2023; (176(10)):1321-1329 doi:10.7326/M23-0679.

Beyond the symptoms: Personalizing giant cell arteritis care through multidimensional patient reported outcome measure.

El Miedany Y, El Gaafary M, Toth M, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2023; (63()):152285 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152285.

Long-term effect of tocilizumab in patients with giant cell arteritis: open-label extension phase of the Giant Cell Arteritis Actemra (GiACTA) trial.

Stone JH, Han J, Aringer M, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2021; (3(5)):e328-e336 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00038-2.

Diagnostic accuracy of vascular ultrasound in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis (EUREKA): a prospective, multicentre, non-interventional, cohort study.

Chrysidis S, Døhn UM, Terslev L, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2021; (3(12)):e865-e873 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00246-0.

Reappraisal of large artery involvement in giant cell arteritis: a population-based cohort over 70 years.

Elfishawi MM, Kaymakci MS, J Achenbach S, et al.

RMD open 2024; (10(1)) doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003775.

Giant cell arteritis causing mesenteric ischemia without cranial manifestations: Report of an unusual case.

Kushwaha P, Singh M, Bellichuki P, Singh R

Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 2024; (67(2)):431-434 doi:10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_124_22.

Large vessel giant cell arteritis.

van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Bley TA, et al.

The Lancet. Rheumatology 2024; (6(6)):e397-e408 doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00300-4.

Multi-Modality Imaging in Vasculitis.

Allam MN, Baba Ali N, Mahmoud AK, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(8)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics14080838.

Imaging in Large Vessel Vasculitis-A Narrative Review.

Popescu I, Pintican R, Cocarla L, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(21)) doi:10.3390/jcm13216364.

Comparative analysis of arterial involvement in predominant cranial and isolated extracranial phenotypes of giant cell arteritis using 18F-FDG PET-CT.

Narvaez J, Vidal-Montal P, Sánchez-Rodríguez I, et al.

Arthritis research & therapy 2024; (26(1)):230 doi:10.1186/s13075-024-03464-w.

Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody associated vasculitis.

Morales E, Rúa-Figueroa I, Callejas Rubio JL, et al.

Nefrologia 2025; (45(1)):15-58 doi:10.1016/j.nefroe.2025.01.001.

Clinical characterization of aortitis and periaortitis: study of 134 patients from a single university hospital.

Secada-Gómez C, Loricera J, Martín-Gutiérrez A, et al.

Internal and emergency medicine 2025; (20(4)):1045-1057 doi:10.1007/s11739-025-03908-4.

[A rarely recognized cause of cerebral ischemia: cerebral angiitis].

Papp A, Varga V, Zaja G, et al.

Orvosi hetilap 2025; (166(23)):887-906 doi:10.1556/650.2025.33307.

Cardiac Imaging Findings at Nongated Chest CT in the Emergency Department.

Cadour F, Fávero Prietto Dos Santos J, Catania R, et al.

Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2025; (45(10)):e250001 doi:10.1148/rg.250001.

Large-vessel vasculitis.

Cacoub P, Vieira M, Langford CA, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2025; (406(10514)):2017-2032 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01436-9.

The Role of FDG-PET in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Large-Vessel Vasculitis.

Tomelleri A, Campochiaro C, Grayson PC, Quinn KA

Current rheumatology reports 2025; (27(1)):40 doi:10.1007/s11926-025-01204-w.

A case of large-vessel giant cell arteritis onset in a patient over 90 years old: Diagnostic challenge in differentiating from an infectious aneurysm.

Oyama Y, Okawa K, Sakai T, et al.

Journal of cardiology cases 2026; (33(3)):63-66 doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2025.11.007.

Advances in the management of giant cell arteritis-aortitis: biologic therapies and beyond - a narrative review.

Secada-Gómez C, Martin-Gutiérrez A, Loricera J, et al.

Expert opinion on biological therapy 2026; (26(4)):395-405 doi:10.1080/14712598.2026.2650104.

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy as the main manifestation of giant cell arteritis: a case-based literature review.

Barankiewicz-Tyc N, Wąsik N, Majewski P, et al.

Reumatologia 2026; (64(1)):65-71 doi:10.5114/reum/207774.

Large Vessel Vasculitis Revisited: Mechanistic Insights and Advances in Diagnosis and Management.

Peverelli M, Bond T, Wall C, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2026; (15(15)):e047156 doi:10.1161/JAHA.125.047156.

Measurement of the impact of giant cell arteritis and treatment with glucocorticoids on health-related quality of life.

Barnes E, Beazer O, Ndosi M, et al.

Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease 2026; (18()):1759720X261462666 doi:10.1177/1759720X261462666.

Digital [18F]FDG PET/CT as first-line diagnostic modality for cranial giant cell arteritis.

Abikhzer G, Roy A, Samson M, et al.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2026; doi:10.1007/s00259-026-08131-7.

Aortitis as a High-Risk Vascular Syndrome: Integrating Phenotype-Driven Diagnosis, Multidisciplinary Assessment, and Personalised Management.

Georghiou GP, Socratous K, Kyriakou S, et al.

Journal of personalized medicine 2026; (16(8)) doi:10.3390/jpm16080430.