Research & Literature

In vitro antifungal susceptibility of coelomycete agents of black grain eumycetoma to eight antifungals.

Ahmed SA, de Hoog GS, Stevens DA, et al.

Medical mycology 2015; (53(3)):295-301 doi:10.1093/mmy/myu098.

Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma--an update on causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy.

Nenoff P, van de Sande WW, Fahal AH, et al.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2015; (29(10)):1873-83 doi:10.1111/jdv.13008.

Mycetoma in the Sudan: an update from the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

Fahal A, Mahgoub el S, El Hassan AM, Abdel-Rahman ME

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2015; (9(3)):e0003679 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003679.

Oral Azole Antifungal Medications and Risk of Acute Liver Injury, Overall and by Chronic Liver Disease Status.

Lo Re V, Carbonari DM, Lewis JD, et al.

The American journal of medicine 2016; (129(3)):283-91.e5.

Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.

Zijlstra EE, van de Sande WWJ, Welsh O, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2016; (16(1)):100-112 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00359-X.

[Mycetoma and their treatment].

Develoux M

Journal de mycologie medicale 2016; (26(2)):77-85 doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.03.005.

Hand Mycetoma: The Mycetoma Research Centre Experience and Literature Review.

Omer RF, Seif El Din N, Abdel Rahim FA, Fahal AH

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016; (10(8)):e0004886 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004886.

Statin-associated rhabdomyolysis triggered by drug-drug interaction with itraconazole.

Dybro AM, Damkier P, Rasmussen TB, Hellfritzsch M

BMJ case reports 2016; (2016()).

Predictors of Post-operative Mycetoma Recurrence Using Machine-Learning Algorithms: The Mycetoma Research Center Experience.

Wadal A, Elhassan TA, Zein HA, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016; (10(10)):e0005007 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005007.

Development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous measurement of voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole.

Wadsworth JM, Milan AM, Anson J, Davison AS

Annals of clinical biochemistry 2017; (54(6)):686-695 doi:10.1177/0004563216686378.

Dot-in-Circle Sign - A Diagnostic MRI Sign for "Madura Foot".

Javed F, Nazir R, Sharma M, et al.

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2017; (27(3)):S8-S10 doi:236.

Rapid and Robust Identification of the Agents of Black-Grain Mycetoma by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Fraser M, Borman AM, Johnson EM

Journal of clinical microbiology 2017; (55(8)):2521-2528 doi:10.1128/JCM.00417-17.

Eumicetoma: actualidades y perspectivas.

Arenas R, Vega-Mémije MªE, Rangel-Gamboa L

Gaceta medica de Mexico 2017; (153(7)):841-851 doi:10.24875/GMM.17002917.

Mycetoma in the Togolese: An Update from a Single-Center Experience.

Darré T, Saka B, Mouhari-Toure A, et al.

Mycopathologia 2018; (183(6)):961-965 doi:10.1007/s11046-018-0260-y.

A holistic approach to the mycetoma management.

Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, Musa AM, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018; (12(5)):e0006391 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006391.

Mycetoma: reviewing a neglected disease.

Verma P, Jha A

Clinical and experimental dermatology 2019; (44(2)):123-129 doi:10.1111/ced.13642.

Madura foot: an imported case of a non-common diagnosis.

Fasciana T, Colomba C, Cervo A, et al.

Le infezioni in medicina 2018; (26(2)):167-170.

Mycetoma: a clinical dilemma in resource limited settings.

Emmanuel P, Dumre SP, John S, et al.

Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials 2018; (17(1)):35 doi:10.1186/s12941-018-0287-4.

Mycetoma: The Spectrum of Clinical Presentation.

Fahal AH, Suliman SH, Hay R

Tropical medicine and infectious disease 2018; (3(3)) doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3030097.

Mechanistic Assessment of the Effect of Omeprazole on the In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole in Healthy Volunteers.

Abuhelwa AY, Mudge S, Upton RN, Foster DJR

European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 2019; (44(2)):201-215 doi:10.1007/s13318-018-0519-1.

The disabling consequences of Mycetoma.

Abbas M, Scolding PS, Yosif AA, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018; (12(12)):e0007019 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007019.

Surgical management of eumycetoma: experience from Gezira Mycetoma Center, Sudan.

Gismalla MDA, Ahmed GMA, MohamedAli MM, et al.

Tropical medicine and health 2019; (47()):6 doi:10.1186/s41182-018-0129-2.

Mycetoma in China: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Wang R, Yao X, Li R

Mycopathologia 2019; (184(2)):327-334 doi:10.1007/s11046-019-00324-z.

Adverse Effects Associated with Long-Term Administration of Azole Antifungal Agents.

Benitez LL, Carver PL

Drugs 2019; (79(8)):833-853 doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01127-8.

[Eumycetoma due to Fusarium chlamydosporum : Case report und review of the literature].

Malisiewicz B, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P, Schöfer H

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 2019; (70(8)):612-617 doi:10.1007/s00105-019-4430-8.

Clinical experience with new formulation SUBA®-itraconazole for prophylaxis in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation or treatment for haematological malignancies.

Nield B, Larsen SR, van Hal SJ

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2019; (74(10)):3049-3055 doi:10.1093/jac/dkz303.

Madurella mycetomatis infection of the foot: a case report of a neglected tropical disease in a non-endemic region.

Karrakchou B, Boubnane I, Senouci K, Hassam B

BMC dermatology 2020; (20(1)):1 doi:10.1186/s12895-019-0097-1.

Madurella real-time PCR, a novel approach for eumycetoma diagnosis.

Arastehfar A, Lim W, Daneshnia F, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(1)):e0007845 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007845.

[Recidives of Mycetoma after Amputation in Dakar (Senegal)].

Sarr L, Dembélé B, Limam M, et al.

Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990) 2019; (112(4)):195-201 doi:10.3166/bspe-2019-0103.

Successful Treatment of Recalcitrant Actinomycetoma of Gluteal Area with Combined Medical Treatment and Surgical Excision with Graft Reconstruction.

Al-Kathiri L, Al-Najjar T, Al-Asmaili A

Oman medical journal 2020; (35(2)):e111 doi:10.5001/omj.2020.29.

Characterization of Foot Mycetoma Using Sonography and Color Doppler Imaging.

Gameraddin M, Gareeballah A, Mokhtar S, et al.

Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS 2020; (23(7)):968-972 doi:10.3923/pjbs.2020.968.972.

The global distribution of actinomycetoma and eumycetoma.

Emery D, Denning DW

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(9)):e0008397 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008397.

Clinico-radiological-pathological correlation in eumycetoma spectrum: Case series.

Yadav T, Meena VK, Shaikh M, et al.

Northern clinics of Istanbul 2020; (7(4)):400-406 doi:10.14744/nci.2019.98215.

Tolerability of oral itraconazole and voriconazole for the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Olum R, Baluku JB, Kazibwe A, et al.

PloS one 2020; (15(10)):e0240374 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240374.

Madura's foot: reasons for the delay in diagnosis and consequences for the management (a case report).

Boanimbek B, Aznague Y, Abass GO, et al.

The Pan African medical journal 2020; (37()):75 doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.37.75.24983.

Antifungal therapy with azoles and the syndrome of acquired mineralocorticoid excess.

Beck KR, Odermatt A

Molecular and cellular endocrinology 2021; (524()):111168 doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111168.

Mycetoma caused by Microascus gracilis: a novel agent of human eumycetoma in Sudan.

Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):426-430 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab010.

Mycetoma imaging: the best practice.

Bahar ME, Bakheet OELH, Fahal AH

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):387-396 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa178.

Mycetoma in West Africa.

Oladele RO, Ly F, Sow D, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):328-336 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab032.

Long term follow-up of Maduromycosis treatment: A case review.

Saleh R, Nong I, Guatama A, et al.

International journal of surgery case reports 2021; (82()):105956 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105956.

Modelling the spatial distribution of mycetoma in Sudan.

Hassan R, Simpson H, Cano J, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(10)):1144-1152 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab076.

Clinical Features of Mycetoma and the Appropriate Treatment Options.

Agarwal P, Jagati A, Rathod SP, et al.

Research and reports in tropical medicine 2021; (12()):173-179 doi:10.2147/RRTM.S282266.

Mycetoma in north-western Yemen: Clinico-epidemiological and histopathological study.

Khatri ML, Al Kubati SAS, Gaffer IA, Majeed SMA

Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2022; (88(5)):615-622.

Eumycetoma causative agents are inhibited in vitro by luliconazole, lanoconazole and ravuconazole.

Nyuykonge B, Lim W, van Amelsvoort L, et al.

Mycoses 2022; (65(6)):650-655 doi:10.1111/myc.13442.

Mycetoma management and clinical outcomes: the Mycetoma Research Center experience.

Musa EA, Abdoon IH, Bakhiet SM, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2023; (117(1)):12-21 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trac069.

Metagenomic detection of eumycetoma causative agents   from households of patients residing in two Sudanese endemic villages in White Nile State.

Santona A, Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2022; (16(8)):e0010385 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010385.

Histopathological Diagnosis of Eumycetoma With Paraspinal Sinuses: A Rare Case Report.

Sonone PP, Hiwale KM

Cureus 2022; (14(9)):e29634 doi:10.7759/cureus.29634.

When Interactions Between Bile Salts and Cyclodextrin Cause a Negative Food Effect: Dynamic Dissolution/Permeation Studies with Itraconazole (Sporanox®) and Biomimetic Media.

Cuoco A, Eriksen JB, Luppi B, et al.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2023; (112(5)):1372-1378 doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.010.

Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests.

Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Mhmoud NA, et al.

Mycoses 2023; (66(5)):420-429 doi:10.1111/myc.13561.

The First Case of Fusarium falciforme Eumycetoma in Sudan and an Extensive Literature Review about Treatment Worldwide.

Siddig EE, Ahmed A, Eltigani HF, et al.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (9(7)) doi:10.3390/jof9070730.

Madura foot and a continued diagnostic enigma: Dot-in-circle sign on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound.

Hailemariam T, Tamiru R, Manyazewal T, et al.

IDCases 2023; (33()):e01857 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01857.

The safety of oral antifungals for the treatment of onychomycosis.

Gupta AK, Haas-Neill S, Talukder M

Expert opinion on drug safety 2023; (22(12)):1169-1178 doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2280137.

Triazole antifungal drug interactions-practical considerations for excellent prescribing.

Lewis R, Niazi-Ali S, McIvor A, et al.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2024; (79(6)):1203-1217 doi:10.1093/jac/dkae103.

Epidemiological observations and management challenges in extrapedal mycetoma: A three-decade review of 420 cases.

Alhaj AAM, Ahmed ES, Hassan A, Fahal AH

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2024; (18(5)):e0011841 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011841.

Reconstructive surgery for mycetoma: Preliminary algorithm and a systematic review.

Gismalla MDA, Bakhiet MY, Alshareef AM, et al.

JPRAS open 2024; (40()):130-137 doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2024.02.002.

Eumycetoma causative agents: A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization priority list of fungal pathogens.

Clark JE, Kim HY, van de Sande WWJ, et al.

Medical mycology 2024; (62(6)) doi:10.1093/mmy/myae044.

SUBA-itraconazole in the treatment of systemic fungal infections.

Liu J, Vanderwyk KA, Donnelley MA, Thompson Iii GR

Future microbiology 2024; (19(13)):1171-1175 doi:10.1080/17460913.2024.2362128.

Two dose levels of once-weekly fosravuconazole versus daily itraconazole in combination with surgery in patients with eumycetoma in Sudan: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2, proof-of-concept superiority trial.

Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, Bakhiet SM, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2024; (24(11)):1254-1265 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00404-3.

Cervicofacial Actinomycetoma Presenting with Black Grain: A Rare Clinical Scenario.

Lodha S, Biswas S, Basu A, et al.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024; (72(8)):83-85 doi:10.59556/japi.72.0531.

Imaging of Madura foot: Case report.

Rais A, Bouardi NE, Bouanani Z, et al.

Radiology case reports 2024; (19(11)):4747-4750 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.07.042.

Direct 16S/ITS rRNA Gene PCR Followed by Sanger Sequencing for Detection of Mycetoma Causative Agents in Dakar, Senegal: A Pilot Study Among Patients with Mycetoma Attending Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital.

Diongue K, Dione JN, Diop A, et al.

Mycopathologia 2024; (189(5)):80 doi:10.1007/s11046-024-00891-w.

A study of case management challenge for black grain eumycetoma during the ongoing war in Sudan.

Siddig EE, Aradaib IE, Ahmed A

Clinical case reports 2024; (12(9)):e9438 doi:10.1002/ccr3.9438.

Painful mycetoma: a study to understand the risk factors in patients visiting the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Khartoum, Sudan.

El-Amin SO, El-Amin RO, El-Sadig SM, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2025; (119(2)):145-151 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trae093.

Side effects associated with itraconazole therapy.

Osborn MR, Zuniga-Moya JC, Mazi PB, et al.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2025; (80(2)):503-508 doi:10.1093/jac/dkae437.

The Impact of Dietary Interventions on the Pharmacokinetics of Antifungal Drugs: A Systematic Review with Meta-analyses.

Wiesner-Kiełczewska A, Zagrodzki P, Paśko P

Clinical pharmacokinetics 2025; (64(6)):815-848 doi:10.1007/s40262-025-01511-6.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Fosravuconazole, Itraconazole, and Hydroxyitraconazole in Sudanese Patients With Eumycetoma.

Chu WY, Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases 2025; (232(3)):e518-e528 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf279.

Global sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological profiling of patients with mycetoma: A systematic review.

Salah ME, Fearon Scales ML, Habib K, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2025; (19(8)):e0013217 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0013217.

Diagnosis and Management of a Long-Standing Eumycetoma of the Wrist in Somalia: A Case Report in a Resource-Limited Setting.

Mohamed AA, Hassan SA, Hassan MMM

International medical case reports journal 2026; (19()):565197 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S565197.

Clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment outcomes of mycetoma: A 25-year retrospective study in Southern Thailand.

Chittrakarn S, Kanchanasuwan S, Sangkakul N, Tongsengkee N

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2026; (20(1)):e0013818 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0013818.

Precision dosing of systemic antifungals in adults: therapeutic drug monitoring, empiric dose optimization and barriers to implementation.

Chastain DB, Anderson DT, Eudy J, et al.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2026; (81(3)) doi:10.1093/jac/dkag055.

Madura foot: Atypical MRI presentation beyond the classic dot-in-circle sign.

Mohammed Shobe S, Zeleke B, Getnet S, et al.

Radiology case reports 2026; (21(5)):1989-1993 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2026.01.059.

Surgical Management and Antifungal Therapy for Extensive Eumycetoma of the Right Foot: A Case Report from Resource Limited Settings.

Ali TA, Mahamud MA, Hassan SA, et al.

International medical case reports journal 2026; (19()):593386 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S593386.

Unusual Presentation of Eumycetoma (Madura Foot): A Case Report.

Nishat SMH, Ibrahim D, Oommen S, Potula PC

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e104719 doi:10.7759/cureus.104719.

Mycetoma.

Hoekstra M, Lattwein KR, van de Sande WWJ

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2026; (20(5)):e0014291 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014291.

Comparative risk of arrhythmias associated with systemic antifungal agents: a disproportionality analysis of the FAERS database.

Yang X, Li H, Liu K, Kong L

Frontiers in pharmacology 2026; (17()):1804602 doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1804602.

A conserved grain-associated immunosuppressive niche in Sudanese patients with mycetoma.

Osman M, Ashwin H, Calder G, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2026; (20(8)):e0014230 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014230.

Potential clinical implications due to essential differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of actinomycetoma causative agents of the Actinomadura, Nocardia and Streptomyces genera towards commonly used anti-actinomycetoma drugs.

Mohammed RAH, Watson AK, Konings M, et al.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2026; (81(10)) doi:10.1093/jac/dkag325.

Advanced Eumycetoma of the Right Foot Resulting in Below-Knee Amputation in Somalia: A Case Report.

Mahamud MA, Ahmed MM, Hassan SA, et al.

International medical case reports journal 2026; (19()):633948 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S633948.