Research & Literature

Approach to the surgical management of primary aldosteronism.

Iacobone M, Citton M, Viel G, et al.

Gland surgery 2015; (4(1)):69-81 doi:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2015.01.05.

Outcomes of drug-based and surgical treatments for primary aldosteronism.

Steichen O, Lorthioir A, Zinzindohoue F, et al.

Advances in chronic kidney disease 2015; (22(3)):196-203.

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, a class beyond spironolactone--Focus on the special pharmacologic properties of eplerenone.

Seferovic PM, Pelliccia F, Zivkovic I, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2015; (200()):3-7.

Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone.

Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2015; (200()):25-9.

Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis: a rare manifestation of primary aldosteronism.

Zavatto A, Concistrè A, Marinelli C, et al.

European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2015; (19(20)):3910-6.

The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(5)):1889-916 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4061.

SFE/SFHTA/AFCE Consensus on Primary Aldosteronism, part 2: First diagnostic steps.

Douillard C, Houillier P, Nussberger J, Girerd X

Annales d'endocrinologie 2016; (77(3)):192-201.

SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 5: Genetic diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.

Zennaro MC, Jeunemaitre X

Annales d'endocrinologie 2016; (77(3)):214-9.

Dietary Sodium Restriction Increases the Risk of Misinterpreting Mild Cases of Primary Aldosteronism.

Baudrand R, Guarda FJ, Torrey J, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(11)):3989-3996 doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1963.

Role of ACTH and Other Hormones in the Regulation of Aldosterone Production in Primary Aldosteronism.

El Ghorayeb N, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Frontiers in endocrinology 2016; (7()):72 doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00072.

Disordered zonal and cellular CYP11B2 enzyme expression in familial hyperaldosteronism type 3.

Gomez-Sanchez CE, Qi X, Gomez-Sanchez EP, et al.

Molecular and cellular endocrinology 2017; (439()):74-80 doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.025.

Subtype Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism: Is Adrenal Vein Sampling Always Necessary?

Buffolo F, Monticone S, Williams TA, et al.

International journal of molecular sciences 2017; (18(4)) doi:10.3390/ijms18040848.

Familial hyperaldosteronism type III.

Monticone S, Tetti M, Burrello J, et al.

Journal of human hypertension 2017; (31(12)):776-781 doi:10.1038/jhh.2017.34.

Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism.

Vilela LAP, Almeida MQ

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2017; (61(3)):305-312 doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000274.

Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Monticone S, D'Ascenzo F, Moretti C, et al.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2018; (6(1)):41-50 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30319-4.

Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study.

Hundemer GL, Curhan GC, Yozamp N, et al.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2018; (6(1)):51-59 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30367-4.

Can Screening and Confirmatory Testing in the Management of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism be Improved?

Stowasser M, Ahmed A, Guo Z, et al.

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2017; (49(12)):915-921 doi:10.1055/s-0043-121468.

Subtyping of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism: An Update.

Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G, Reincke M

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2017; (49(12)):922-928 doi:10.1055/s-0043-122602.

CLCN2 chloride channel mutations in familial hyperaldosteronism type II.

Scholl UI, Stölting G, Schewe J, et al.

Nature genetics 2018; (50(3)):349-354 doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0048-5.

A gain-of-function mutation in the CLCN2 chloride channel gene causes primary aldosteronism.

Fernandes-Rosa FL, Daniil G, Orozco IJ, et al.

Nature genetics 2018; (50(3)):355-361 doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0053-8.

Change in kidney function after unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism: identification of risk factors for decreased kidney function.

Kim IY, Park IS, Kim MJ, et al.

International urology and nephrology 2018; (50(10)):1887-1895 doi:10.1007/s11255-018-1887-9.

Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activity in Patients With Medically and Surgically Treated Primary Aldosteronism.

Hundemer GL, Curhan GC, Yozamp N, et al.

JAMA cardiology 2018; (3(8)):768-774 doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2003.

Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: practical clinical perspectives.

Young WF

Journal of internal medicine 2019; (285(2)):126-148 doi:10.1111/joim.12831.

Hypertensive Crisis with Neurological Impairment Mimicking a Guillain-Barrè Syndrome: Searching for a Link.

Mazza A, Lucchetta M, Torin G, et al.

High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension 2018; (25(4)):421-424 doi:10.1007/s40292-018-0283-y.

Primary Aldosteronism: Present and Future.

Funder JW

Vitamins and hormones 2019; (109()):285-302 doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.10.006.

Adverse Effects of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Administration.

Kallistratos MS, Pittaras A, Theodoulidis I, et al.

Current pharmaceutical design 2018; (24(46)):5537-5541 doi:10.2174/1381612825666190222144359.

Eplerenone Versus Spironolactone in Resistant Hypertension: an Efficacy and/or Cost or Just a Men's Issue?

Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Melita H, Manolis AS

Current hypertension reports 2019; (21(3)):22 doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0924-0.

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Primary Aldosteronism.

Stavropoulos K, Papadopoulos C, Koutsampasopoulos K, et al.

Current pharmaceutical design 2018; (24(46)):5508-5516 doi:10.2174/1381612825666190311130138.

Pathogenesis of Familial Hyperaldosteronism Type II: New Concepts Involving Anion Channels.

Stowasser M, Wolley M, Wu A, et al.

Current hypertension reports 2019; (21(4)):31 doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0934-y.

Association Between Acute Fall in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate After Treatment for Primary Aldosteronism and Long-Term Decline in Renal Function.

Kobayashi H, Abe M, Nakamura Y, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2019; (74(3)):630-638 doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13131.

Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Monticone S, Sconfienza E, D'Ascenzo F, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2020; (38(1)):3-12 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002216.

Molecular mechanisms in primary aldosteronism

De Sousa K, Abdellatif AB, El Zein RM, Zennaro MC

Journal of molecular endocrinology 2019; (242(3)):R67-R79 doi:10.1530/JOE-19-0193.

Timeline of Advances in Genetics of Primary Aldosteronism.

Meyer LS, Reincke M, Williams TA

Experientia supplementum (2012) 2019; (111()):213-243 doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_11.

Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism.

Göppner C, Orozco IJ, Hoegg-Beiler MB, et al.

Nature communications 2019; (10(1)):4678 doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12113-9.

Elevated aldosterone and blood pressure in a mouse model of familial hyperaldosteronism with ClC-2 mutation.

Schewe J, Seidel E, Forslund S, et al.

Nature communications 2019; (10(1)):5155 doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13033-4.

Primary aldosteronism diagnostics: KCNJ5 mutations and hybrid steroid synthesis in aldosterone-producing adenomas.

Rege J, Turcu AF, Rainey WE

Gland surgery 2020; (9(1)):3-13 doi:10.21037/gs.2019.10.22.

Hypokalemia and the Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism.

Gruber S, Beuschlein F

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2020; (52(6)):347-356 doi:10.1055/a-1134-4980.

Normotensive hypokalemic primary hyperaldosteronism mimicking clinical features of anorexia nervosa in a young patient: A case report.

Huang YC, Tsai MH, Fang YW, Tu ML

Medicine 2020; (99(29)):e20826 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000020826.

Confounders of the aldosterone-to-renin ratio when used as a screening test in hypertensive patients: A critical analysis of the literature.

Veldhuizen GP, Alnazer RM, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW

Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2021; (23(2)):201-207 doi:10.1111/jch.14117.

[Hyperaldosteronism].

Scholl UI

Der Internist 2021; (62(3)):245-251 doi:10.1007/s00108-021-00972-8.

Taiwan mini-frontier of primary aldosteronism: Updating treatment and comorbidities detection.

Chan CK, Chang YY, Tsai YC, et al.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2021; (120(10)):1811-1820 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2021.03.032.

Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism for cardiovascular and renal disorders - New perspectives for combination therapy.

Kolkhof P, Joseph A, Kintscher U

Pharmacological research 2021; (172()):105859 doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105859.

Autonomous Aldosterone Secretion as a Subclinical Form of Primary Aldosteronism: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance.

Kmieć P, Sworczak K

Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2022; (130(1)):7-16 doi:10.1055/a-1556-7784.

Adrenal venous sampling in the diagnostic workup of primary aldosteronism.

Betz MJ, Zech CJ

The British journal of radiology 2022; (95(1129)):20210311 doi:10.1259/bjr.20210311.

Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism.

Reincke M, Bancos I, Mulatero P, et al.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2021; (9(12)):876-892 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00210-2.

Increased Dosage of MRA Improves BP and Urinary Albumin Excretion in Primary Aldosteronism With Suppressed Plasma Renin.

Saiki A, Otsuki M, Tamada D, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2022; (6(1)):bvab174 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab174.

Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients in Primary Care.

Asbach E, Kellnar A, Bekeran M, et al.

Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2022; (130(12)):801-805 doi:10.1055/a-1938-4242.

Long-term effects of primary aldosteronism treatment on patients with primary aldosteronism and chronic kidney disease.

Nakano Y, Murakami M, Hara K, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2023; (98(3)):323-331 doi:10.1111/cen.14849.

Markers of Kidney Tubular Function Deteriorate While Those of Kidney Tubule Health Improve in Primary Aldosteronism After Targeted Treatments.

Wu VC, Chan CK, Chueh JS, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2023; (12(4)):e028146 doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.028146.

The role of confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.

Huang CW, Tu KH, Fan KC, et al.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024; (123 Suppl 2()):S104-S113 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2023.04.022.

How should anti-hypertensive medications be adjusted before screening for primary aldosteronism?

Lu JY, Chang YY, Lee TW, et al.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2024; (123 Suppl 2()):S91-S97 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2023.05.021.

Biomarkers to Guide Medical Therapy in Primary Aldosteronism.

Hundemer GL, Leung AA, Kline GA, et al.

Endocrine reviews 2024; (45(1)):69-94 doi:10.1210/endrev/bnad024.

Association of Reversal of Renin Suppression With Long-Term Renal Outcome in Medically Treated Primary Aldosteronism.

Katsuragawa S, Goto A, Shinoda S, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2023; (80(9)):1909-1920 doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21096.

Should we suspect primary aldosteronism in patients with hypokalaemic rhabdomyolysis? A systematic review.

Díaz-López EJ, Villar-Taibo R, Rodriguez-Carnero G, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2023; (14()):1257078 doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1257078.

Lethal Arrhythmia Induced by Severe Hypokalemia with Primary Aldosteronism: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hirose R, Tsurutani Y, Nakatsue T, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024; (63(10)):1405-1413 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.1931-23.

Diagnostic consistency between computed tomography and adrenal vein sampling of primary aldosteronism: leading to successful curative outcome after adrenalectomy; a retrospective study.

Kim BC, Yoon HK, Park KJ, et al.

International journal of surgery (London, England) 2024; (110(2)):839-846 doi:10.1097/JS9.0000000000000850.

Captopril challenge test: an underutilized test in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.

Jahan S, Yang J, Hu J, et al.

Endocrine connections 2024; (13(3)).

What We Know about and What Is New in Primary Aldosteronism.

Ekman N, Grossman AB, Dworakowska D

International journal of molecular sciences 2024; (25(2)) doi:10.3390/ijms25020900.

Differences in the clinical and hormonal presentation of patients with familial and sporadic primary aldosteronism.

Araujo-Castro M, Parra P, Martín Rojas-Marcos P, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2024; (15()):1336306 doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1336306.

Familial hyperaldosteronism: an European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions clinical practice guideline.

Mulatero P, Scholl UI, Fardella CE, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2024; (190(4)):G1-G14 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae041.

Primary aldosteronism with hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis: a case report and review of the literature.

Shi P, Wang C, Lyu Y

Journal of medical case reports 2024; (18(1)):362 doi:10.1186/s13256-024-04708-8.

Global and regional prevalence and cardiovascular risk of primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Huang M, Li J, Zhao X, et al.

Current problems in cardiology 2024; (49(10)):102791 doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102791.

Respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis caused by severe hypokalemia in a young female with hypertension: a rare critical condition in primary aldosteronism.

Bazroodi H, Kamran H, Haghpanah A, et al.

BMC urology 2024; (24(1)):225 doi:10.1186/s12894-024-01619-0.

Concurrent Adrenal Adenoma, Unilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia, and Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis in a 61-Year-Old Man.

Mrabet S, Jaziri A, Zellama D, et al.

American journal of men's health 2024; (18(6)):15579883241309769 doi:10.1177/15579883241309769.

Primary Aldosteronism in a Hispanic Cohort: Responses to Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism and Remission in a Case.

Tapia-Castillo A, Vecchiola A, Quiñones P, et al.

American journal of hypertension 2025; (38(6)):354-360 doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaf020.

Primary aldosteronism diagnosis in the intensive care unit: resistant alkalosis and hypokalemia during severe sepsis with hyperlactatemia: a case report.

Garg Y, Vaishnav MS, Harsha R, et al.

Journal of medical case reports 2025; (19(1)):192 doi:10.1186/s13256-025-05112-6.

Screening for primary aldosteronism in 1,181 Swedish primary care patients with hypertension.

Makhnov N, Skov J, Åkerström T, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2025; (16()):1555572 doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1555572.

Primary Aldosteronism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Adler GK, Stowasser M, Correa RR, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2025; (110(9)):2453-2495 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf284.

Aldosterone and Cardiovascular Risk Across the Lifespan.

Ananda RA, Mori TA, Yang J

Metabolites 2025; (15(8)) doi:10.3390/metabo15080553.

Primary aldosteronism complicated by early-onset heart failure in a young male with a coexisting DMD variant: A case report and literature review.

Song X, Qian S, Jia M, et al.

Medicine 2025; (104(45)):e45443 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000045443.

Amiloride: revisiting an old drug for resistant hypertension.

Lee CJ, Park S

Clinical hypertension 2025; (31()):e42 doi:10.5646/ch.2025.31.e42.

Impact of autonomous cortisol secretion on adrenal venous sampling with and without ACTH stimulation in patients with primary aldosteronism.

Wada N, Miyoshi A, Yamamoto K, et al.

Endocrine journal 2026; (73(5)):637-647 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0049.

Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: Confirmatory test.

Garcia Cano AM, Caja Guayerbas L, Rosillo Coronado M

Vitamins and hormones 2026; (130()):141-150 doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2025.06.001.

Aldosterone Levels Post-IV Saline Suppression Using Commercial Reference Laboratory Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay.

Chen Cardenas SM, Vadini V, Sokoll L, et al.

AACE endocrinology and diabetes 2026; (13(1)):10-16 doi:10.1016/j.aed.2025.08.016.

Malignant Hypertension and Torsades De Pointes as Initial Presentations of Primary Aldosteronism.

Li Y

JACC. Case reports 2026; (31(11)):106868 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2026.106868.

Subclinical Primary Aldosteronism and eGFR Decline Over Time.

Hundemer GL, Desbiens LC, Agharazii M, et al.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 2026; (37(8)):1754-1763 doi:10.1681/ASN.0000001039.

Looking Beyond Blood Pressure: A Case-Based Approach to Primary Aldosteronism.

Alipuria P, Alipuria A

Cureus 2026; (18(2)):e102946 doi:10.7759/cureus.102946.

Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism.

Parisien-La Salle S, Hundemer GL, Nehs MA, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2026; (83(5)):e26238 doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.126.26238.

Familial Hyperaldosteronism Type IV (FH-IV)-Clinical Phenotypes, Genetics and Management of CACNA1H-Related Primary Aldosteronism: A Systematic Review.

Michalski W, Jaszczyszyn I, Bielska W, Stolarczyk A

Journal of clinical medicine 2026; (15(10)) doi:10.3390/jcm15103693.

Primary aldosteronism.

Vaidya A, Kline GA, Mulatero P, et al.

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2026; (12(1)).

Impact of the 2025 Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism for the clinical laboratory.

Sawyer NK, Glendenning P, Schlaich MP, et al.

Pathology 2026; (58(5)):501-506 doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2026.04.003.

Inappropriately normal aldosterone levels as the norm for hyperaldosteronism: Use of a modified aldosterone-to-renin ratio to enhance primary aldosteronism detection.

Bauzon J, Romero-Velez G, Perez-Soto R, et al.

Surgery 2026; (198()):110473 doi:10.1016/j.surg.2026.110473.

Evaluation of Current Screening Thresholds for the Detection of Primary Aldosteronism.

Voorhies KR, Bi C, Adeyemo MA, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2026; doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.126.27634.