Research & Literature

Long-term risk of recurrence, morbidity and mortality in giant cell myocarditis.

Maleszewski JJ, Orellana VM, Hodge DO, et al.

The American journal of cardiology 2015; (115(12)):1733-8.

Usefulness of Rabbit Anti-thymocyte Globulin in Patients With Giant Cell Myocarditis.

Suarez-Barrientos A, Wong J, Bell A, et al.

The American journal of cardiology 2015; (116(3)):447-51.

Giant Cell Myocarditis: Not Always a Presentation of Cardiogenic Shock.

Tompkins R, Cole WJ, Rosenzweig BP, et al.

Case reports in cardiology 2015; (2015()):173826 doi:10.1155/2015/173826.

[Endomyocardial biopsy should be performed in selected patients with suspected myocarditis].

Ammirati E, Cipriani M, Bonacina E, et al.

Giornale italiano di cardiologia (2006) 2015; (16(10)):539-43 doi:10.1714/2028.22034.

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias in Giant Cell Myocarditis.

Ekström K, Lehtonen J, Kandolin R, et al.

Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2016; (9(12)).

Heart Transplantation in Giant Cell Myocarditis: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry.

Elamm CA, Al-Kindi SG, Bianco CM, et al.

Journal of cardiac failure 2017; (23(7)):566-569 doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.04.015.

Treatment of Fulminant Giant Cell Myocarditis Associated with Polymyositis Using a Left Ventricular Assist Device and Subsequent Corticosteroid and Immunosuppressive Therapy Leading to Remission.

Ooka J, Tanaka H, Hatani Y, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2017; (56(16)):2155-2158 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8639-16.

Fulminant giant-cell myocarditis on mechanical circulatory support: Management and outcomes of a French multicentre cohort.

Montero S, Aissaoui N, Tadié JM, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2018; (253()):105-112 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.053.

Successful Triple Combination Immunosuppressive Therapy with Prednisolone, Cyclosporine, and Mycophenolate Mofetil to Treat Recurrent Giant Cell Myocarditis.

Akita T, Mori S, Onishi A, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019; (58(14)):2035-2039 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.2471-18.

Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia as a Presentation of Giant Cell Myocarditis.

Chiu MH, Trpkov C, Rezazedeh S, Chew DS

Case reports in cardiology 2019; (2019()):7276516 doi:10.1155/2019/7276516.

Mechanical Circulatory Support Combined With Immunosuppression for the Treatment of Giant Cell Myocarditis　- A Single-Center Experience in Japan.

Nakajima-Doi S, Mochizuki H, Iwasaki K, et al.

Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2020; (84(5)):815-819 doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0847.

Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis or cardiac sarcoidosis? A retrospective audit of a nationwide case series.

Ekström K, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Lehtonen J, et al.

ESC heart failure 2020; (7(3)):1362-1370 doi:10.1002/ehf2.12725.

Management of a patient presenting with giant cell myocarditis - A case report.

Patel N, Nooli N, Sundt L

Journal of cardiology cases 2020; (21(5)):186-188 doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2020.01.007.

[ANMCO/SIC Consensus document on the management of myocarditis].

Cipriani M, Merlo M, Gabrielli D, et al.

Giornale italiano di cardiologia (2006) 2020; (21(12)):969-989 doi:10.1714/3472.34551.

Outcomes of Mechanical Circulatory Support for Giant Cell Myocarditis: A Systematic Review.

Patel PM, Saxena A, Wood CT, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2020; (9(12)) doi:10.3390/jcm9123905.

Heart Transplantation for Giant Cell Myocarditis: A Case Series.

Vaidya GN, Czer LSC, Luthringer D, et al.

Transplantation proceedings 2021; (53(1)):348-352 doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.10.047.

Giant cell myositis and myocarditis revisited.

Oflazer P

Acta myologica : myopathies and cardiomyopathies : official journal of the Mediterranean Society of Myology 2020; (39(4)):302-306 doi:10.36185/2532-1900-033.

Management of Patients With Giant Cell Myocarditis: JACC Review Topic of the Week.

Bang V, Ganatra S, Shah SP, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2021; (77(8)):1122-1134 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.074.

Manifestations and Outcome of Cardiac Sarcoidosis and Idiopathic Giant Cell Myocarditis by 25-Year Nationwide Cohorts.

Nordenswan HK, Lehtonen J, Ekström K, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2021; (10(6)):e019415 doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019415.

Fulminant cardiac sarcoidosis resembling giant cell myocarditis: a case report.

Jiang GY, Cai Q, Grandin EW, Sabe MA

European heart journal. Case reports 2021; (5(3)):ytab042 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab042.

Giant cell myocarditis.

Gadela NV, Krishnan AM, Mukarram O, Sthalekar N

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 2021; (34(3)):401-402 doi:10.1080/08998280.2021.1874775.

The State of the Heart Biopsy: A Clinical Review.

Kiamanesh O, Toma M

CJC open 2021; (3(4)):524-531 doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.11.017.

Short- and long-term outcomes after heart transplantation in cardiac sarcoidosis and giant-cell myocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bobbio E, Björkenstam M, Nwaru BI, et al.

Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2022; (111(2)):125-140 doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01920-0.

Histology of Cardiac Sarcoidosis with Novel Considerations Arranged upon a Pathologic Basis.

Kato S, Sakai Y, Okabe A, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(1)) doi:10.3390/jcm11010251.

State-of-the-Art of Endomyocardial Biopsy on Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy.

Ammirati E, Buono A, Moroni F, et al.

Current cardiology reports 2022; (24(5)):597-609 doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01680-x.

Recurrent giant cell myocarditis after heart transplant: a case report.

Frankel ES, Hajduczok AG, Rajapreyar IN, Brailovsky Y

European heart journal. Case reports 2022; (6(9)):ytac362 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytac362.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Myocarditis: A Review.

Ammirati E, Moslehi JJ

JAMA 2023; (329(13)):1098-1113 doi:10.1001/jama.2023.3371.

Phenotyping of giant cell myocarditis versus cardiac sarcoidosis using cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

Bobbio E, Bollano E, Oldfors A, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2023; (387()):131143 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131143.

Recurrent Cardiac Sarcoidosis and Giant Cell Myocarditis After Heart Transplant: A Case Report and Systematic Literature Review.

Stein AP, Stewart BD, Patel DC, et al.

The American journal of cardiology 2023; (207()):271-279 doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.08.005.

Fulminant myocarditis proven by early biopsy and outcomes.

Huang F, Ammirati E, Ponnaiah M, et al.

European heart journal 2023; (44(48)):5110-5124 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad707.

Recurrent giant cell myocarditis following orthotopic heart transplant resulting in urgent redo orthotopic heart transplantation: a case report.

AlJohani A, Solomon J, Joury A, et al.

European heart journal. Case reports 2023; (7(12)):ytad602 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytad602.

A case report of giant cell myocarditis complicated by severe heart failure: the value of early endomyocardial biopsy and mechanical circulatory support.

Lunde T, Gude E, Myrmel GMS, et al.

Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy 2023; (13(6)):1136-1146 doi:10.21037/cdt-23-265.

Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy, from Acute Inflammation to Chronic Inflammatory Damage: An Update on Pathophysiology and Diagnosis.

Uccello G, Bonacchi G, Rossi VA, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (13(1)) doi:10.3390/jcm13010150.

Two case reports of fulminant giant cell myocarditis treated with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin.

Bartz-Overman C, Li S, Puligandla B, et al.

European heart journal. Case reports 2024; (8(4)):ytae128 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytae128.

Complete remission of giant cell myocarditis by prednisolone monotherapy: A case with mild inflammation demonstrated by mismatch between T2-high intensity areas and late gadolinium enhancement.

Soma T, Kinjo T, Goto S, et al.

Journal of cardiology cases 2024; (29(4)):182-185 doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2023.12.007.

Giant cell myocarditis attributable to myositis: therapeutic management under the guidance of serial endomyocardial biopsy-a case report.

Arai M, Kataoka Y, Tsukamoto Y, Ohta-Ogo K

European heart journal. Case reports 2024; (8(7)):ytae326 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytae326.

Post SARS-CoV-2 Myocarditis: Giant Cell or MIS-A? A Misdiagnosis Leading to a Heart Transplantation.

Shangguan S, Desai PS, Singh S, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2025; (30(12)):103514 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.103514.

Fulminant lymphocytic myocarditis with unusual giant cell detection: a case report.

Sato T, Ikeda Y, Seguchi O, et al.

European heart journal. Case reports 2025; (9(6)):ytaf248 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytaf248.

Characteristics of histologically proven fulminant myocarditis managed with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A post-hoc analysis of a Japanese nationwide study.

Sawada K, Ogata S, Kanaoka K, et al.

Journal of cardiology 2026; (87(4)):332-339 doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2025.08.009.

Fulminant myocarditis: outcome predictors in an international cohort study.

Majunke N, Haertel F, Binzenhöfer L, et al.

European heart journal 2025; doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf671.

Early Recognition of Giant Cell Myocarditis in a Patient With Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia.

Sacher AC, Ahmed R, Kung A, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2025; (30(31)):105333 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.105333.

Giant Cell Myocarditis: An Updated Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Modern Management Approaches.

Elattar S, Hassid Y, Cheikhali R, et al.

Cardiology in review 2025; doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000001123.

A Tale of Two Myocarditides: Giant Cell Myocarditis and Sarcoidosis-A Pathologist's Review.

Maleszewski JJ

Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2025; (150(1)):44-49 doi:10.5858/arpa.2025-0287-RA.

Temporary mechanical support in fulminant myocarditis: prognostic factors and clinical implications from the FULLMOON study.

Schmidt M, Ponnaiah M, Huang F, et al.

Intensive care medicine 2026; (52(2)):240-251 doi:10.1007/s00134-025-08268-3.

Impact of Early Diagnosis and Immunosuppressive Therapy on Giant Cell Myocarditis Outcomes: A Review.

Kundnani NR, Kumar A, Sharma A, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (16(4)) doi:10.3390/life16040575.

Giant cell myocarditis treated with long-term multi-modal care with multiple mechanical circulatory support: case report.

Shingu M, Tatsuya N, Oga Y, et al.

Oxford medical case reports 2026; (2026(7)):omag110 doi:10.1093/omcr/omag110.

Giant cell myocarditis: from immune pathogenesis to contemporary management.

Vosko I, Wallner M

Heart failure reviews 2026; (31(1)).