Research & Literature

Neurological Manifestations in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-Infected Individuals Without HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Tanajura D, Castro N, Oliveira P, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2015; (61(1)):49-56 doi:10.1093/cid/civ229.

Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a tool for analysis of the effect of physical therapy on spasticity in HAM/TSP patients.

dosRodrigues LR, Glória LM, Santos Mdo S, et al.

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2015; (48(2)):202-5.

Triple Therapy with Prednisolone, Pegylated Interferon and Sodium Valproate Improves Clinical Outcome and Reduces Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Proviral Load, Tax and HBZ mRNA Expression in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis.

Boostani R, Vakili R, Hosseiny SS, et al.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2015; (12(4)):887-95 doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0369-3.

Molecular Studies of HTLV-1 Replication: An Update.

Martin JL, Maldonado JO, Mueller JD, et al.

Viruses 2016; (8(2)).

Effect of Pulsed Methylprednisolone on Pain, in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy.

Buell KG, Puri A, Demontis MA, et al.

PloS one 2016; (11(4)):e0152557 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152557.

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Bangham CR, Araujo A, Yamano Y, Taylor GP

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2015; (1()):15012 doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.12.

Nation-wide epidemiological study of Japanese patients with rare viral myelopathy using novel registration system (HAM-net).

Coler-Reilly AL, Yagishita N, Suzuki H, et al.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2016; (11(1)):69 doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0451-x.

HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells that produces an inflammatory positive feedback loop via astrocytes in HAM/TSP.

Yamano Y, Coler-Reilly A

Journal of neuroimmunology 2017; (304()):51-55 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.012.

Long-term follow-up of HTLV-1 proviral load in asymptomatic carriers and in incident cases of HAM/TSP: what is its relevance as a prognostic marker for neurologic disease?

Martins ML, Guimarães JC, Ribas JG, et al.

Journal of neurovirology 2017; (23(1)):125-133 doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0484-x.

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP): A comparative study to identify factors that influence disease progression.

Matsuura E, Nozuma S, Tashiro Y, et al.

Journal of the neurological sciences 2016; (371()):112-116 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.030.

Association of Tuberculosis Status with Neurologic Disease and Immune Response in HTLV-1 Infection.

Souza A, Carvalho N, Neves Y, et al.

AIDS research and human retroviruses 2017; (33(11)):1126-1133 doi:10.1089/AID.2015.0340.

Early Onset of HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL): Systematic Search and Review.

Oliveira PD, Kachimarek AC, Bittencourt AL

Journal of tropical pediatrics 2018; (64(2)):151-161 doi:10.1093/tropej/fmx039.

HTLV-1 intrafamilial transmission among Japanese immigrants in Brazil.

Bandeira LM, Uehara SNO, Puga MAM, et al.

Journal of medical virology 2018; (90(2)):351-357 doi:10.1002/jmv.24938.

Spinal cord anteroposterior atrophy in HAM/TSP: Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathological analyses.

Taniguchi A, Mochizuki H, Yamashita A, et al.

Journal of the neurological sciences 2017; (381()):135-140 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3243.

Multiple spotty lesions of the spinal cord in a Chinese patient with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Gao H, Ye X, Cai R, et al.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2018; (68()):1-3 doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.12.022.

Role of Integrin Signaling Activation on the Development of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Its Relationship to HTLV-1-Infected CD4+ T Cell Transmigrating Activity into the Tissues.

Nakamura T, Satoh K, Nakamura H, et al.

AIDS research and human retroviruses 2018; (34(4)):331-336 doi:10.1089/AID.2017.0261.

Mogamulizumab (Anti-CCR4) in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy.

Sato T, Coler-Reilly ALG, Yagishita N, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2018; (378(6)):529-538 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1704827.

Immunophenotypic characterization of CSF B cells in virus-associated neuroinflammatory diseases.

Enose-Akahata Y, Azodi S, Smith BR, et al.

PLoS pathogens 2018; (14(4)):e1007042 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007042.

Early Juvenile Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Study of 25 Patients.

Varandas CMN, da Silva JLS, Primo JRL, et al.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2018; (67(9)):1427-1433 doi:10.1093/cid/ciy289.

Neuroimmunology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis.

Nozuma S, Jacobson S

Frontiers in microbiology 2019; (10()):885 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00885.

Association Between HTLV-1 Genotypes and Risk of HAM/TSP.

Saito M

Frontiers in microbiology 2019; (10()):1101 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01101.

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America.

Eusebio-Ponce E, Candel FJ, Anguita E

Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH 2019; (24(8)):934-953 doi:10.1111/tmi.13278.

Balance Impairments in Patients with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection.

Vasconcelos BHB, Callegari B, Costa KHA, et al.

Scientific reports 2019; (9(1)):11456 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47920-z.

Real-world clinical course of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Japan.

Tsutsumi S, Sato T, Yagishita N, et al.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2019; (14(1)):227 doi:10.1186/s13023-019-1212-4.

Immunovirological markers in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP).

Enose-Akahata Y, Jacobson S

Retrovirology 2019; (16(1)):35 doi:10.1186/s12977-019-0499-5.

Immunophenotypic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid reveals concurrent development of ATL in the CNS of a HAM/TSP patient.

Takeda R, Ishigaki T, Ohno N, et al.

International journal of hematology 2020; (111(6)):891-896 doi:10.1007/s12185-019-02815-7.

Mortality and risk of progression to adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Nagasaka M, Yamagishi M, Yagishita N, et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2020; (117(21)):11685-11691 doi:10.1073/pnas.1920346117.

Early-Onset HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis.

Schwalb A, Pérez-Muto V, Cachay R, et al.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2020; (9(6)) doi:10.3390/pathogens9060450.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and cellular immune response in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Nozuma S, Kubota R, Jacobson S

Journal of neurovirology 2020; (26(5)):652-663 doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00881-w.

Pilates exercise improves the clinical and immunological profiles of patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 associated myelopathy: A pilot study.

Klautau AV, da Silva Pinto D, Santana BB, et al.

Journal of bodywork and movement therapies 2020; (24(3)):1-8 doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.02.012.

An update on human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) focusing on clinical and laboratory biomarkers.

Yamauchi J, Araya N, Yagishita N, et al.

Pharmacology & therapeutics 2021; (218()):107669 doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107669.

Health state utility values in people living with HTLV-1 and in patients with HAM/TSP: The impact of a neglected disease on the quality of life.

Rosadas C, Assone T, Yamashita M, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(10)):e0008761 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008761.

Pain, psychoaffective symptoms, and quality of life in human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): a cross-sectional study.

Dos Santos DN, Sá KN, Queirós FC, et al.

Journal of neurovirology 2021; (27(6)):838-848 doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00914-4.

Immunopathogenesis and Cellular Interactions in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis.

Aghajanian S, Teymoori-Rad M, Molaverdi G, Mozhgani SH

Frontiers in microbiology 2020; (11()):614940 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.614940.

Management of HAM/TSP: Systematic Review and Consensus-based Recommendations 2019.

Araujo A, Bangham CRM, Casseb J, et al.

Neurology. Clinical practice 2021; (11(1)):49-56 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000832.

Neurofilament Light in CSF and Plasma Is a Marker of Neuronal Damage in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy and Correlates With Neuroinflammation.

Rosadas C, Zetterberg H, Heslegrave A, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2021; (8(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001090.

A refractory human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patient with lymphoma-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature.

Tamaki K, Mera H, Takeshita S, et al.

Medicine 2021; (100(40)):e27450 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000027450.

Following the Clues: Usefulness of Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in the Investigation of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy Progression.

Souza FDS, Freitas NL, Gomes YCP, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2021; (12()):737941 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.737941.

Cerebral and spinal cord changes observed through magnetic resonance imaging in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: a systematic review.

Bastos Ferreira AP, do Nascimento ADFS, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA

Journal of neurovirology 2022; (28(1)):1-16 doi:10.1007/s13365-021-01043-2.

Nanomicellar Curcumin Supplementation Improves the Clinical Manifestations of HAM/TSP Patients.

Mohammadi A, Yazdi SZ, Poursina Z, et al.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2021; (1328()):347-359 doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_22.

Regulation of HTLV-1 transformation.

Ernzen KJ, Panfil AR

Bioscience reports 2022; (42(3)) doi:10.1042/BSR20211921.

Clinical and Public Health Implications of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection.

Legrand N, McGregor S, Bull R, et al.

Clinical microbiology reviews 2022; (35(2)):e0007821 doi:10.1128/cmr.00078-21.

The Past, Present, and Future of a Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Vaccine.

Tu JJ, Maksimova V, Ratner L, Panfil AR

Frontiers in microbiology 2022; (13()):897346 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.897346.

T cell receptor repertoire analysis in HTLV-1-associated diseases.

Clauze A, Enose-Akahata Y, Jacobson S

Frontiers in immunology 2022; (13()):984274 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.984274.

Particularities of Neurological Manifestations in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: Need for a Multidisciplinary Approach-A Narrative Review.

Iordan I, Onisâi M, Vlădăreanu AM, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2022; (58(11)) doi:10.3390/medicina58111553.

Long-term safety and efficacy of mogamulizumab (anti-CCR4) for treating virus-associated myelopathy.

Sato T, Yamauchi J, Yagishita N, et al.

Brain : a journal of neurology 2023; (146(8)):3181-3191 doi:10.1093/brain/awad139.

Advances in the treatment of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I associated myelopathy.

Mashkani B, Jalili Nik M, Rezaee SA, Boostani R

Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2023; (23(12)):1233-1248 doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2272639.

HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase homology model provides structural basis for sensitivity to existing nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Tardiota N, Jaberolansar N, Lackenby JA, et al.

Virology journal 2024; (21(1)):14 doi:10.1186/s12985-024-02288-z.

Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of mogamulizumab with open-label extension study in a minimum number of patients with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-associated myelopathy.

Sato T, Nagai M, Watanabe O, et al.

Journal of neurology 2024; (271(6)):3471-3485 doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12239-x.

HTLV-1 Proviral Load Absolute RT-qPCR Development for Assessing on Clinical Outcomes in HAM/TSP Patients.

Ariaee N, Abbasnia S, Sabet F, et al.

Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology 2023; (12(3)):393-402 doi:10.61186/rbmb.12.3.393.

Lived Experience of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type-1 -Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP): A Phenomenology Study.

Davoudi M, Boostani R, Manzari ZS

Iranian journal of medical sciences 2024; (49(5)):294-301 doi:10.30476/IJMS.2023.97867.2973.

Urodynamic findings and vibegron effects on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Kumekawa T, Akaihata H, Natsuya H, et al.

IJU case reports 2024; (7(6)):438-441 doi:10.1002/iju5.12773.

Trends of changes in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 epidemiology in Japan and globally.

Yoshida N, Hida A, Sakata R

Leukemia research 2025; (150()):107654 doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2025.107654.

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, Genetic, Pathogenesis, and Future Challenges.

Branda F, Romano C, Pavia G, et al.

Viruses 2025; (17(5)) doi:10.3390/v17050664.

Expanding the neurological spectrum of HTLV-1 beyond HAM/TSP: a contemporary perspective.

Araujo AQC, Silva MTT

Lancet regional health. Americas 2026; (55()):101347 doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101347.

Self-management of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in Japan: A qualitative study.

Yamaguchi S, Yatsushiro R

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2026; (20(3)):e0014055 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014055.

HTLV-1 infection in patients with neurological manifestations in Northeast Brazil.

da Silva AFS, da Silva Bastos YC, Oikawa JT, et al.

Journal of neurovirology 2026; (32(4)).

Targeted Interventions in HAM/TSP: Emerging Therapies and Future Directions - A Narrative Review.

Rezaei MM, Nia MK, Rouzbahani KA, et al.

Health science reports 2026; (9(8)):e72863 doi:10.1002/hsr2.72863.