Research & Literature

Relationship between pituitary stalk (PS) visibility and the severity of hormone deficiencies: PS interruption syndrome revisited.

Wang W, Wang S, Jiang Y, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2015; (83(3)):369-76 doi:10.1111/cen.12788.

Median-lower normal levels of serum thyroxine are associated with low triiodothyronine levels and body temperature in patients with central hypothyroidism.

Hirata Y, Fukuoka H, Iguchi G, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2015; (173(2)):247-56 doi:10.1530/EJE-15-0130.

Management of nonfunctioning pituitary incidentaloma.

Galland F, Vantyghem MC, Cazabat L, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2015; (76(3)):191-200.

Pituitary apoplexy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.

Glezer A, Bronstein MD

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2015; (59(3)):259-64.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(2)):364-89 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypopituitarism.

Kim SY

Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) 2015; (30(4)):443-55 doi:10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.443.

Revised GH and cortisol cut-points for the glucagon stimulation test in the evaluation of GH and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in adults: results from a prospective randomized multicenter study.

Hamrahian AH, Yuen KC, Gordon MB, et al.

Pituitary 2016; (19(3)):332-41 doi:10.1007/s11102-016-0712-7.

Hypopituitarism.

Higham CE, Johannsson G, Shalet SM

Lancet (London, England) 2016; (388(10058)):2403-2415 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30053-8.

How should we interrogate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with suspected hypopituitarism?

Garrahy A, Agha A

BMC endocrine disorders 2016; (16(1)):36 doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0117-7.

Neuroendocrine disorders: pituitary imaging.

Faje A, Tritos NA, Swearingen B, Klibanski A

Handbook of clinical neurology 2016; (136()):873-85.

Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(11)):3888-3921 doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2118.

Sheehan syndrome.

Karaca Z, Laway BA, Dokmetas HS, et al.

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2016; (2()):16092 doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.92.

Presenting Symptoms of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Pyrgelis ES, Mavridis I, Meliou M

Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2018; (79(1)):52-59 doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599051.

Adrenal insufficiency - recognition and management.

Pazderska A, Pearce SH

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2017; (17(3)):258-262 doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-3-258.

Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas: Pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

Mercado M, Melgar V, Salame L, Cuenca D

Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion 2017; (64(7)):384-395 doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2017.05.009.

Group 2: Adrenal insufficiency: screening methods and confirmation of diagnosis.

Chanson P, Guignat L, Goichot B, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2017; (78(6)):495-511 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.005.

SFE/SFEDP adrenal insufficiency French consensus: Introduction and handbook.

Reznik Y, Barat P, Bertherat J, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2018; (79(1)):1-22 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.12.001.

Epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of non-functioning pituitary adenomas.

Ntali G, Wass JA

Pituitary 2018; (21(2)):111-118 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0869-3.

Pituitary Apoplexy Presenting as Ophthalmoplegia and Altered Level of Consciousness without Headache.

Salehi N, Firek A, Munir I

Case reports in endocrinology 2018; (2018()):7124364 doi:10.1155/2018/7124364.

Factors impacting on the action of glucocorticoids in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy.

Dineen R, Stewart PM, Sherlock M

Clinical endocrinology 2019; (90(1)):3-14 doi:10.1111/cen.13837.

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients presenting with pituitary apoplexy.

Abbara A, Clarke S, Eng PC, et al.

Endocrine connections 2018; (7(10)):1058-1066 doi:10.1530/EC-18-0255.

Interactions between hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis and other pituitary dysfunctions.

Feldt-Rasmussen U, Klose M, Benvenga S

Endocrine 2018; (62(3)):519-527 doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1738-6.

Central adrenal insufficiency: open issues regarding diagnosis and glucocorticoid treatment.

Ceccato F, Scaroni C

Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2019; (57(8)):1125-1135.

Physicians' awareness of gadolinium retention and MRI timing practices in the longitudinal management of pituitary tumors: a "Pituitary Society" survey.

Nachtigall LB, Karavitaki N, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, et al.

Pituitary 2019; (22(1)):37-45 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0924-0.

[Differential diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas].

Hlaváč M, Sommer F, Karpel-Massler G, et al.

HNO 2019; (67(4)):307-318 doi:10.1007/s00106-019-0629-3.

Diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism.

Yeliosof O, Gangat M

Current opinion in pediatrics 2019; (31(4)):531-536 doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000779.

Prevalence of Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction Twelve Months or More following Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Emelifeonwu JA, Flower H, Loan JJ, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2020; (37(2)):217-226 doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6349.

Adrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients.

Dineen R, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M

Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism 2019; (10()):2042018819848218 doi:10.1177/2042018819848218.

Presentation and Management of Headache in Pituitary Apoplexy.

Suri H, Dougherty C

Current pain and headache reports 2019; (23(9)):61 doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0798-5.

Hypopituitarism after Gamma Knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: a multicenter, international study.

Cordeiro D, Xu Z, Mehta GU, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2019; (131(4)):1188-1196 doi:10.3171/2018.5.JNS18509.

Pituitary gland recovery following fully endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: results of a prospective multicenter study.

Little AS, Gardner PA, Fernandez-Miranda JC, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2020; (133(6)):1732-1738 doi:10.3171/2019.8.JNS191012.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS AND PATIENTS TRANSITIONING FROM PEDIATRIC TO ADULT CARE.

Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2019; (25(11)):1191-1232 doi:10.4158/GL-2019-0405.

Management of Hypopituitarism.

Alexandraki KI, Grossman A

Journal of clinical medicine 2019; (8(12)) doi:10.3390/jcm8122153.

Imaging findings in hypophysitis: a review.

Caranci F, Leone G, Ponsiglione A, et al.

La Radiologia medica 2020; (125(3)):319-328 doi:10.1007/s11547-019-01120-x.

Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK.

Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, et al.

Anaesthesia 2020; (75(5)):654-663 doi:10.1111/anae.14963.

Autoimmune Addison's disease.

Saverino S, Falorni A

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2020; (34(1)):101379 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379.

Prevention of Adrenal Crisis: Cortisol Responses to Major Stress Compared to Stress Dose Hydrocortisone Delivery.

Prete A, Taylor AE, Bancos I, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; (105(7)) doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa133.

Postoperative management of patients with pituitary tumors submitted to pituitary surgery. Experience of a Spanish Pituitary Tumor Center of Excellence.

Araujo-Castro M, Pascual-Corrales E, Martínez San Millan JS, et al.

Endocrine 2020; (69(1)):5-17 doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02247-y.

Treatment of the adult growth hormone deficiency syndrome with growth hormone: What are the implications for other hormone replacement therapies for hypopituitarism?

Fierro G, Hoffman AR

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society 2020; (52()):101316 doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101316.

Axis-specific analysis and predictors of endocrine recovery and deficits for non-functioning pituitary adenomas undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

Hwang JY, Aum DJ, Chicoine MR, et al.

Pituitary 2020; (23(4)):389-399 doi:10.1007/s11102-020-01045-z.

Current concepts of the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency.

Tritos NA, Biller BMK

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2021; (22(1)):109-116 doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09594-1.

Managing Ipilimumab-Induced Hypophysitis: Challenges and Current Therapeutic Strategies.

Tsoli M, Kaltsas G, Angelousi A, et al.

Cancer management and research 2020; (12()):9551-9561 doi:10.2147/CMAR.S224791.

Insights into non-classic and emerging causes of hypopituitarism.

Prodam F, Caputo M, Mele C, et al.

Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2021; (17(2)):114-129 doi:10.1038/s41574-020-00437-2.

Sensitivity and specificity of the macimorelin test for diagnosis of AGHD.

Garcia JM, Biller BMK, Korbonits M, et al.

Endocrine connections 2021; (10(1)):76-83.

Morning Serum Cortisol Level Predicts Central Adrenal Insufficiency Diagnosed by Insulin Tolerance Test.

Gasco V, Bima C, Geranzani A, et al.

Neuroendocrinology 2021; (111(12)):1238-1248 doi:10.1159/000514216.

L-T4 Therapy in the Presence of Pharmacological Interferents.

Benvenga S

Frontiers in endocrinology 2020; (11()):607446 doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.607446.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

From Pituitary Stem Cell Differentiation to Regenerative Medicine.

Camilletti MA, Martinez Mayer J, Vishnopolska SA, Perez-Millan MI

Frontiers in endocrinology 2020; (11()):614999 doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.614999.

Congenital Hypopituitarism During the Neonatal Period: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Options, and Outcome.

Bosch I Ara L, Katugampola H, Dattani MT

Frontiers in pediatrics 2020; (8()):600962 doi:10.3389/fped.2020.600962.

Lessons of the month: A challenging presentation of hypopituitarism secondary to an intracerebral aneurysm.

Mullarkey EM, Iyer A, Ihuoma A

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2021; (21(2)):e228-e230 doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-1017.

New Cutoffs for the Biochemical Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency after ACTH Stimulation using Specific Cortisol Assays.

Javorsky BR, Raff H, Carroll TB, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2021; (5(4)):bvab022 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab022.

Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency and Growth Hormone Deficiency in Patients with Fibromyalgia.

Gruber LM, Nanda S, Nippoldt T, et al.

Journal of pain research 2021; (14()):1323-1329 doi:10.2147/JPR.S302291.

Panhypopituitarism in acute myocardial infarction.

Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Roy D, et al.

Annals of African medicine 2021; (20(2)):145-149 doi:10.4103/aam.aam_66_19.

Antibodies against the pituitary and hypothalamus in boxers.

Kelestimur F

Handbook of clinical neurology 2021; (181()):187-191 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820683-6.00014-2.

Biochemical transition during triphasic postpartum thyroiditis: confusion with central hypothyroidism.

Oyibo SO, Green OS, Laliwala NM, Sagi SV

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2021; (2021(21-0069)).

Hypophysitis, the Growing Spectrum of a Rare Pituitary Disease.

Langlois F, Varlamov EV, Fleseriu M

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022; (107(1)):10-28 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab672.

Idiopathic combined adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone deficiency mimicking chronic fatigue syndrome.

Tokumasu K, Ochi K, Otsuka F

BMJ case reports 2021; (14(10)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-244861.

Pituitary incidentaloma.

Constantinescu SM, Maiter D

Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 2021; (50(4)):104081 doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104081.

Approach to the Pediatric Patient: Central Diabetes Insipidus.

Patti G, Napoli F, Fava D, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022; (107(5)):1407-1416 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab930.

Pituitary Metastasis Presenting With Central Diabetes Insipidus and Panhypopituitarism.

Parthasarathy S, Lee DH, Levitt AH, Manavalan A

AACE clinical case reports 2022; (8(1)):15-18 doi:10.1016/j.aace.2021.06.006.

[Emergency card, emergency medication, and information leaflet for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis (Addison crisis): an Austrian consensus document].

Pilz S, Krebs M, Bonfig W, et al.

Journal fur klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel 2022; (15(1)):5-27 doi:10.1007/s41969-022-00155-2.

Preoperative Workup for Patients with Pituitary Lesions.

White A, Junior de Andrade E, Kshettry VR, et al.

Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2022; (55(2)):233-246 doi:10.1016/j.otc.2021.12.001.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis and Patterns of Loss of Pituitary Function.

Jessel S, Weiss SA, Austin M, et al.

Frontiers in oncology 2022; (12()):836859 doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.836859.

Daily Glucocorticoid Replacement Dose in Adrenal Insufficiency, a Mini Review.

Caetano CM, Malchoff CD

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):897211 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.897211.

Isolated anterior pituitary dysfunction in adulthood.

Prencipe N, Marinelli L, Varaldo E, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2023; (14()):1100007 doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1100007.

Diagnosis and testing for growth hormone deficiency across the ages: a global view of the accuracy, caveats, and cut-offs for diagnosis.

Yuen KCJ, Johannsson G, Ho KKY, et al.

Endocrine connections 2023; (12(7)).

Optical coherence tomography detects early optic nerve damage before visual field defect in patients with pituitary tumors.

Sasagawa Y, Nakahara M, Takemoto D, Nakada M

Neurosurgical review 2023; (46(1)):85 doi:10.1007/s10143-023-01990-w.

Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.

Tritos NA, Miller KK

JAMA 2023; (329(16)):1386-1398 doi:10.1001/jama.2023.5444.

Neonatal screening for primary and central congenital hypothyroidism: is it time to go Dutch?

Boelen A, Zwaveling-Soonawala N, Heijboer AC, van Trotsenburg ASP

European thyroid journal 2023; (12(4)).

Pituitary function at presentation and following therapy in patients with non-functional pituitary macroadenomas: a single centre retrospective cohort study.

Hussein Z, Marcus HJ, Grieve J, et al.

Endocrine 2023; (82(1)):143-151 doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03434-3.

Pituitary function before and after surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas-data from the Swedish Pituitary Register.

Al-Shamkhi N, Berinder K, Borg H, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2023; (189(2)):217-224 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad104.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for nonfunctioning pituitary tumor: A multicenter study of new pituitary hormone deficiency.

Dumot C, Mantziaris G, Dayawansa S, et al.

Neuro-oncology 2024; (26(4)):715-723 doi:10.1093/neuonc/noad215.

Diagnosis and management of congenital hypopituitarism in children.

Castets S, Thomas-Teinturier C, Villanueva C, et al.

Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 2024; (31(3)):165-171 doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2024.01.003.

Hypopituitarism.

Fleseriu M, Christ-Crain M, Langlois F, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2024; (403(10444)):2632-2648 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00342-8.

Sheehan Syndrome Unmasked by Adrenal Crisis Secondary to Severe Dengue Fever.

Mishra AK, Mateen S, Jabeen F, et al.

Ochsner journal 2024; (24(3)):219-224 doi:10.31486/toj.24.0019.

Protective Strategies for Pituitary Function During Endoscopic Transnasal Pituitary Adenoma Surgery: A Single-center Experience.

Yang J, Zhang F, Chen S, et al.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2025; (36(4)):1207-1211 doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000010850.

Central Adrenal Insufficiency: Etiology and Diagnostic Approach

Yıldız M, Yıldırım R, Baş F

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):72-79 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-7-2-S.

Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family Education

Çamtosun E, Sangün Ö

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):80-92 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-12-S.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: A Case and Literature Review.

Choure A, Shahla L

AACE clinical case reports 2025; (11(1)):29-31 doi:10.1016/j.aace.2024.09.007.

Newborn screening for central congenital hypothyroidism: past, present and future.

Garrelfs MR, Mooij CF, Boelen A, et al.

European thyroid journal 2025; (14(1)).

Central Hypothyroidism: Advances in Etiology, Diagnostic Challenges, Therapeutic Targets, and Associated Risks.

Iglesias P

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2025; (31(5)):650-659 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.02.004.

Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults: A Review.

Vaidya A, Findling J, Bancos I

JAMA 2025; (334(8)):714-725 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5485.

Pituitary incidentaloma: a Pituitary Society international consensus guideline statement.

Fleseriu M, Gurnell M, McCormack A, et al.

Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2025; (21(10)):638-655 doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01134-8.

High-risk pregnancy complicated by craniopharyngioma: diagnosis in the context of visual impairment and tumor resection during pregnancy following IVF.

Tsujimoto Y, Yamashiro K, Watanabe Y, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2025; (2025(3)).

Lifting the Veil: Delayed Diagnosis of Sheehan Syndrome Unmasked by Adrenal Crisis.

Alkhafaji A, Govil D, Shaya F, Ather A

JCEM case reports 2025; (3(10)):luaf190 doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luaf190.

Primary Empty Sella Presenting With Anterior Hypopituitarism: Reframing a Benign Radiologic Finding Through Its Endocrine Consequences.

Ngo EMT

AACE endocrinology and diabetes 2025; (12(4)):271-275 doi:10.1016/j.aed.2025.08.013.

Adrenal Crisis Induced by Zoledronic Acid in Two Patients With Hypopituitarism: A Case Report and Literature Review.

AlFaifi AM, AlMistehi WM

Case reports in endocrinology 2026; (2026()):8854575 doi:10.1155/crie/8854575.

Management of endocrine disease: update on the management of pituitary apoplexy.

Biagetti B, Marques P, Ntali G, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2026; (194(2)):R49-R66 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvag034.

Delayed-onset central adrenal insufficiency following adjuvant pembrolizumab therapy for renal cell carcinoma.

Eisa N

BMJ case reports 2026; (19(4)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2025-271276.

Loss of pituitary hormone function after stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: mechanisms and management.

Faraj CA, McCutcheon IE

Journal of neuro-oncology 2026; (178(2)).

Effects of switching from somatropin to somapacitan on thyroid hormone levels in adult growth hormone deficiency: A pilot study.

Tsujimoto Y, Yamashiro K, Suzuki Y, et al.

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society 2026; (85()):101720 doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2026.101720.

Update on adrenal crisis.

Götz H, Amrein K

Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology 2026; (40(1)):100-107 doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2026.04.002.

Two Decades of Endocrine Silence: Severe Hyponatremia Presenting as Late-Onset Sheehan Syndrome.

Sanjuanelo Fontalvo AJ, Clarete de la Rosa SM, Quintero Arrieta JF, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(7)):e113377 doi:10.7759/cureus.113377.

Not All Shocks Are Created Equal: Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Unmasking Panhypopituitarism Following Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Subramanian SD, Chai SY, Kang HY, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2026; 110221 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2026.110221.