Research & Literature

The Pathogenesis and Management of Achalasia: Current Status and Future Directions.

Ates F, Vaezi MF

Gut and liver 2015; (9(4)):449-63 doi:10.5009/gnl14446.

Prior treatment does not influence the performance or early outcome of per-oral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia.

Jones EL, Meara MP, Pittman MR, et al.

Surgical endoscopy 2016; (30(4)):1282-6 doi:10.1007/s00464-015-4339-y.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) vs laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) for the treatment of Type III achalasia in 75 patients: a multicenter comparative study.

Kumbhari V, Tieu AH, Onimaru M, et al.

Endoscopy international open 2015; (3(3)):E195-201 doi:10.1055/s-0034-1391668.

Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic: Pseudoachalasia from pancreatic cancer.

García-Alonso FJ, Hernández Tejero M, Castanon-Deprit A

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2015; (30(9)):1336 doi:10.1111/jgh.12961.

Achalasia secondary to cardial tuberculosis caused by AIDS.

Wang AJ, Tu LX, Yu C, et al.

Journal of digestive diseases 2015; (16(12)):752-3 doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12287.

Repeat peroral endoscopic myotomy: a salvage option for persistent/recurrent symptoms.

Li QL, Yao LQ, Xu XY, et al.

Endoscopy 2016; (48(2)):134-40 doi:10.1055/s-0034-1393095.

Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin injection therapy for esophageal achalasia in Japan.

Yamaguchi D, Tsuruoka N, Sakata Y, et al.

Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition 2015; (57(3)):239-43 doi:10.3164/jcbn.15-47.

POEM is a cost-effective procedure: cost-utility analysis of endoscopic and surgical treatment options in the management of achalasia.

Miller HJ, Neupane R, Fayezizadeh M, et al.

Surgical endoscopy 2017; (31(4)):1636-1642 doi:10.1007/s00464-016-5151-z.

Incidence and Prevalence of Achalasia in Central Chicago, 2004-2014, Since the Widespread Use of High-Resolution Manometry.

Samo S, Carlson DA, Gregory DL, et al.

Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2017; (15(3)):366-373 doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.030.

Is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Achalasia Coincident or Not?

Jung DH, Park H

Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility 2017; (23(1)):5-8 doi:10.5056/jnm16121.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Untreated Achalasia.

Jeon HH, Kim JH, Youn YH, et al.

Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility 2017; (23(3)):378-384 doi:10.5056/jnm16177.

An Update on Current Management Strategies for Achalasia and Future Perspectives.

Smith I, Kahaleh M

Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2018; (52(4)):277-286 doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000966.

Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy for Achalasia Technical Aspects.

Schlottmann F, Allaix ME, Patti MG

The American surgeon 2018; (84(4)):477-480.

The Relevance of Spastic Esophageal Disorders as a Diagnostic Category.

Clermont MP, Ahuja NK

Current gastroenterology reports 2018; (20(9)):42 doi:10.1007/s11894-018-0650-9.

The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines.

Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G, et al.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2018; (31(9)) doi:10.1093/dote/doy071.

A Thousand and One Laparoscopic Heller Myotomies for Esophageal Achalasia: a 25-Year Experience at a Single Tertiary Center.

Costantini M, Salvador R, Capovilla G, et al.

Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2019; (23(1)):23-35 doi:10.1007/s11605-018-3956-x.

Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy in the treatment of achalasia: systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.

Bonifácio P, de Moura DTH, Bernardo WM, et al.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2019; (32(2)) doi:10.1093/dote/doy105.

Pseudoachalasia as First Manifestation of a Malignancy.

Fabian E, Eherer AJ, Lackner C, et al.

Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2019; (37(5)):347-354 doi:10.1159/000495758.

Mast cell infiltration associated with loss of interstitial cells of Cajal and neuronal degeneration in achalasia.

Liu ZQ, Chen WF, Wang Y, et al.

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2019; (31(5)):e13565 doi:10.1111/nmo.13565.

Bridging therapy for achalasia in a second trimester pregnant patient.

Neubert ZS, Stickle ET

Journal of family medicine and primary care 2019; (8(1)):289-297 doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_389_18.

Multicenter collaborative retrospective evaluation of peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia: analysis of data from more than 1300 patients at eight facilities in Japan.

Shiwaku H, Inoue H, Onimaru M, et al.

Surgical endoscopy 2020; (34(1)):464-468 doi:10.1007/s00464-019-06833-8.

Pseudoachalasia secondary to metastatic bladder cancer.

Haberstroh W, Shafa S

BMJ open gastroenterology 2019; (6(1)):e000284 doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000284.

Therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopic Heller-Dor surgery for chest pain in patients with achalasia: a single institutional experience.

Tsuboi K, Omura N, Yano F, et al.

Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society 2020; (17(2)):197-207 doi:10.1007/s10388-019-00697-6.

Gastrointestinal Uses of Botulinum Toxin.

Cariati M, Chiarello MM, Cannistra' M, et al.

Handbook of experimental pharmacology 2021; (263()):185-226 doi:10.1007/164_2019_326.

Fair reliability of eckardt scores in achalasia and non-achalasia patients: Psychometric properties of the eckardt spanish version in a multicentric study.

Cisternas D, Monrroy H, Riquelme A, et al.

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2020; (32(6)):e13827 doi:10.1111/nmo.13827.

Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a single-center experience.

Podboy AJ, Hwang JH, Rivas H, et al.

Surgical endoscopy 2021; (35(2)):792-801 doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07450-6.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease after peroral endoscopic myotomy is unpredictable, but responsive to proton pump inhibitor therapy: a large, single-center study.

Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Kotla R, et al.

Endoscopy 2020; (52(8)):643-651 doi:10.1055/a-1133-4354.

Laparoscopic surgery for ventrally located epiphrenic diverticulum with esophageal achalasia.

Ueda Y, Tsunoda S, Hisamori S, et al.

Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2020; (13(4)):491-494 doi:10.1007/s12328-020-01118-3.

EndoFLIP in the Esophagus: Assessing Sphincter Function, Wall Stiffness, and Motility to Guide Treatment.

Donnan EN, Pandolfino JE

Gastroenterology clinics of North America 2020; (49(3)):427-435 doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2020.04.002.

Duration of symptoms and manometric parameters offer clues to diagnosis of pseudoachalasia.

Gergely M, Mello MD, Rengarajan A, Gyawali CP

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2021; (33(1)):e13965 doi:10.1111/nmo.13965.

Type II achalasia is associated with a comparably favorable outcome following per oral endoscopic myotomy.

Tomizawa Y, Mahmud N, Dasher K, et al.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2021; (34(6)) doi:10.1093/dote/doaa107.

Hypercontractile Esophagus From Pathophysiology to Management: Proceedings of the Pisa Symposium.

de Bortoli N, Gyawali PC, Roman S, et al.

The American journal of gastroenterology 2021; (116(2)):263-273 doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001061.

A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Pseudoachalasia Secondary to Oesophageal Deviation Resulting from Mediastinal Shift and Left Atrial Enlargement after Left Lower Lobectomy.

Surmont MMVP, Aerts M, Kunda R, Kindt S

Case reports in gastroenterology 2020; (14(3)):652-657 doi:10.1159/000509951.

Achalasia: A syndrome.

Tustumi F, Tavares G, Tristão LS, et al.

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2021; (33(5)):e14089 doi:10.1111/nmo.14089.

Changes in the Treatment of Primary Esophageal Motility Disorders Imposed by the New Classification for Esophageal Motility Disorders on High Resolution Manometry (Chicago Classification 4.0).

Herbella FAM, Del Grande LM, Schlottmann F, Patti MG

Advances in therapy 2021; (38(5)):2017-2026 doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01714-w.

Chicago Classification update (version 4.0): Technical review on diagnostic criteria for achalasia.

Khan A, Yadlapati R, Gonlachanvit S, et al.

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2021; (33(7)):e14182 doi:10.1111/nmo.14182.

Classifying Esophageal Motility by FLIP Panometry: A Study of 722 Subjects With Manometry.

Carlson DA, Gyawali CP, Khan A, et al.

The American journal of gastroenterology 2021; (116(12)):2357-2366 doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001532.

Achalasia: Diagnosis, Management and Surveillance.

Pomenti S, Blackett JW, Jodorkovsky D

Gastroenterology clinics of North America 2021; (50(4)):721-736 doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2021.07.001.

Dysphagia: Novel and Emerging Diagnostic Modalities.

Krause AJ, Carlson DA

Gastroenterology clinics of North America 2021; (50(4)):769-790 doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2021.07.003.

Perioperative outcomes of inpatient laparoscopic Heller myotomy and per-oral endoscopic myotomy in the United States.

Khoraki J, Campos GM, Alwatari Y, et al.

Surgery 2022; (171(5)):1263-1272 doi:10.1016/j.surg.2021.10.019.

Esophageal achalasia detected by vomiting during induction of general anesthesia: a case report.

Abe K, Kimura T, Niiyama Y

JA clinical reports 2021; (7(1)):84 doi:10.1186/s40981-021-00488-y.

Esophageal Achalasia: Diagnostic Evaluation.

Riccio F, Costantini M, Salvador R

World journal of surgery 2022; (46(7)):1516-1521 doi:10.1007/s00268-022-06483-3.

Esophageal Achalasia: Pros and Cons of the Treatment Options.

Costantini M, Salvador R, Costantini A

World journal of surgery 2022; (46(7)):1554-1560 doi:10.1007/s00268-022-06495-z.

The Relationship Between Achalasia and Esophageal Cancer: The Experience of a Tertiary Center.

Öztürk Ö, Kaplan M, Tenlik İ, et al.

The Eurasian journal of medicine 2022; (54(1)):45-49 doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.21127.

Chicago Classification Version 4.0 and Its Impact on Current Clinical Practice.

Richter JE

Gastroenterology & hepatology 2021; (17(10)):468-475.

Esophageal Dysphagia in Children: State of the Art and Proposal for a Symptom-Based Diagnostic Approach.

Lanzoni G, Sembenini C, Gastaldo S, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2022; (10()):885308 doi:10.3389/fped.2022.885308.

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a potential achalasia trigger.

Ruz Zafra P, García Sánchez CJ, Pérez Ramírez A, et al.

Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2023; (115(4)):203-204 doi:10.17235/reed.2022.8975/2022.

Achalasia: Current therapeutic options.

Rolland S, Paterson W, Bechara R

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2023; (35(1)):e14459 doi:10.1111/nmo.14459.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy versus pneumatic dilation in treatment-naive patients with achalasia: 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.

Kuipers T, Ponds FA, Fockens P, et al.

The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2022; (7(12)):1103-1111 doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00300-4.

Long-term Outcome of Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in Esophageal Motility Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Nabi Z, Mandavdhare H, Akbar W, et al.

Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2023; (57(3)):227-238 doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001776.

Identifying spastic variant of type II achalasia after treatment with high-resolution manometry and FLIP Panometry.

Vespa E, Farina DA, Kahrilas PJ, et al.

Neurogastroenterology and motility 2023; (35(7)):e14552 doi:10.1111/nmo.14552.

Atypical presentations and pitfalls of achalasia.

Müller M, Förschler S, Wehrmann T, et al.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2023; (36(10)) doi:10.1093/dote/doad029.

Altered Esophageal Smooth Muscle Phenotype in Achalasia.

Rodrigues DM, Lourenssen SR, Kataria J, et al.

Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility 2024; (30(2)):166-176 doi:10.5056/jnm23024.

Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Postoperative Outcomes Between Peroral Esophageal Myotomy and Laparoscopic Heller's Myotomy With Fundoplication: A Systematic Review.

Latha Kumar A, Sadagopan A, Mahmoud A, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(9)):e44877 doi:10.7759/cureus.44877.

Surgical and per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of primary esophageal motility disorders: A systematic analysis of current trends in Germany between 2011 and 2019.

Kandler J, Essing T, Schöler D, et al.

PloS one 2024; (19(1)):e0297265 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297265.

Modern insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of pseudoachalasia.

Zanini LYK, Herbella FAM, Velanovich V, Patti MG

Langenbeck's archives of surgery 2024; (409(1)):65 doi:10.1007/s00423-024-03259-2.

Diagnostic delay in achalasia.

Pasta A, Calabrese F, Ghezzi A, et al.

Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2024; (56(11)):1839-1844 doi:10.1016/j.dld.2024.05.001.

Factors associated with peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Shou Y, Wang X, Liu D

Surgical endoscopy 2024; (38(7)):3503-3519 doi:10.1007/s00464-024-10862-3.

Correlation of Balloon Pressure Used for Pneumatic Dilatation in Achalasia with Manometric Findings and Factors Associated With the Need for Repeat Procedure.

Furrukh M, Akhter TS, Rahman F, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(7)):e65623 doi:10.7759/cureus.65623.

Esophageal achalasia presenting as recurrent pneumonia in children: A case series.

Asseri AA, Shati AA, Al-Benhassan I, et al.

Medicine 2024; (103(44)):e40402 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040402.

A Case of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Detected After Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in a Patient With Achalasia.

Kamio T, Hirata S, Hamada K, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(10)):e71604 doi:10.7759/cureus.71604.

State-of-the-Art Surgery in Achalasia.

Plum PS, Niebisch S, Gockel I

Visceral medicine 2024; (40(6)):293-298 doi:10.1159/000541928.

Efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy for improving sleep problems in patients with achalasia.

Ohmiya T, Shiwaku H, Okada H, et al.

DEN open 2025; (5(1)):e70064 doi:10.1002/deo2.70064.

Per-oral endoscopic myotomy versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy plus Dor fundoplication in patients with idiopathic achalasia: 5-year follow-up of a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

Hugova K, Mares J, Hakanson B, et al.

The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2025; (10(5)):431-441 doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00012-3.

2024 Update to SAGES guidelines for the use of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in the treatment of achalasia.

Calabrese EC, Kindel T, Slater BJ, et al.

Surgical endoscopy 2025; (39(7)):4027-4037 doi:10.1007/s00464-025-11789-z.

Esophageal Cancer Secondary to Achalasia: A Case Series Study.

Xu W, Long Y, Li B, et al.

Case reports in gastroenterology 2025; (19(1)):711-717 doi:10.1159/000548622.

Durability and reflux outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy compared to laparoscopic heller myotomy in achalasia: a meta-analysis of long-term studies.

Abosheisha M, Nasr E, Kandeel M, et al.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2025; (38(6)) doi:10.1093/dote/doaf111.

Development of a novel patient-oriented tool to assess achalasia symptoms and response to treatment (I-PASS, International Patient-oriented tool for Achalasia Symptom Score).

Zaninotto G, Markar SR, Sweiss R, et al.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus 2025; (38(6)) doi:10.1093/dote/doaf114.

Pseudoachalasia due to Distal Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Elderly Patient: Clinical Insights.

Flores CS, Pineda I, Parikh N, et al.

Clinical case reports 2026; (14(2)):e71991 doi:10.1002/ccr3.71991.

Achalasia and Risk of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma in a Multinational Study.

Leijonmarck W, Santoni G, Holmberg D, et al.

Gastroenterology 2026; doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2026.03.024.

Comparative long-term outcomes of Heller myotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy.

Semaan S, Kassab C, Naselsky WC, et al.

Surgical endoscopy 2026; (40(5)):4427-4433 doi:10.1007/s00464-026-12837-y.