Research & Literature

Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of scleritis and episcleritis.

Shoughy SS, Jaroudi MO, Kozak I, Tabbara KF

American journal of ophthalmology 2015; (159(6)):1045-1049.e1.

Nodular syphilitic scleritis masquerading as an ocular tumor.

Shaikh SI, Biswas J, Rishi P

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2015; (5()):8 doi:10.1186/s12348-015-0040-5.

Posterior Scleritis: Analysis of Epidemiology, Clinical Factors, and Risk of Recurrence in a Cohort of 114 Patients.

Lavric A, Gonzalez-Lopez JJ, Majumder PD, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2016; (24(1)):6-15 doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1005240.

[Diagnosis and treatment approach for necrotizing scleritis (NS): A clinical case].

Hernández-Camarena JC, Rodríguez-García A, Valdez-García J

Gaceta medica de Mexico 2015; (151(4)):525-8.

NODULAR POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: Clinico-Sonographic Characteristics and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria.

Agrawal R, Lavric A, Restori M, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2016; (36(2)):392-401 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000699.

Scleritis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener).

Cocho L, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, Molina-Prat N, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2016; (100(8)):1062-5 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307460.

Anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of patients with anterior scleritis.

Levison AL, Lowder CY, Baynes KM, et al.

International ophthalmology 2016; (36(4)):499-508 doi:10.1007/s10792-015-0153-8.

Rituximab in the Treatment of Refractory Noninfectious Scleritis.

Cao JH, Oray M, Cocho L, Foster CS

American journal of ophthalmology 2016; (164()):22-8.

Scleritis associated with relapsing polychondritis.

Sainz-de-la-Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2016; (100(9)):1290-4 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306902.

Treatment and management of scleral disorders.

Daniel Diaz J, Sobol EK, Gritz DC

Survey of ophthalmology 2016; (61(6)):702-717 doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.06.002.

Morphological features in anterior scleral inflammation using swept-source optical coherence tomography with multiple B-scan averaging.

Kuroda Y, Uji A, Morooka S, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2017; (101(4)):411-417 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308561.

[Diagnosis and treatment of episcleritis and scleritis].

Tappeiner C, Walscheid K, Heiligenhaus A

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2016; (113(9)):797-810 doi:10.1007/s00347-016-0344-3.

Clinical Profile of Patients with Necrotizing Scleritis in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Southern India.

Dutta Majumder P, Ghose A, Chidambaram M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2018; (26(3)):412-416 doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1223857.

Association of Low Vitamin D Levels With Noninfectious Anterior Uveitis.

Grotting LA, Davoudi S, Palenzuela D, et al.

JAMA ophthalmology 2017; (135(2)):150-153 doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4888.

Occult Fungal Scleritis.

Jeang LJ, Davis A, Madow B, et al.

Ocular oncology and pathology 2017; (3(1)):41-44 doi:10.1159/000449103.

Ocular Pharmacology for Scleritis: Review of Treatment and a Practical Perspective.

Stem MS, Todorich B, Faia LJ

Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2017; (33(4)):240-246 doi:10.1089/jop.2016.0127.

Experience of scleritis and episcleritis at a tertiary center in Southern Taiwan.

Chen YW, Poon YC, Yu HJ, et al.

Taiwan journal of ophthalmology 2015; (5(1)):19-22 doi:10.1016/j.tjo.2014.10.004.

[Scleritis and systemic diseases: What should know the internist?]

Bielefeld P, Saadoun D, Héron E, et al.

La Revue de medecine interne 2018; (39(9)):711-720 doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2018.02.001.

Scleral Patch Graft With a Suture Reinforcement Technique in Surgical Management of Necrotizing Scleritis With Ectasia.

Wen JC, Lam J, Banitt MR

Cornea 2018; (37(7)):933-935 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001598.

Clinical characteristics and ocular complications of patients with scleritis in Japanese.

Tanaka R, Kaburaki T, Ohtomo K, et al.

Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2018; (62(4)):517-524 doi:10.1007/s10384-018-0600-y.

Clinical profile of patients with posterior scleritis: A report from Eastern India.

Kumar A, Ghose A, Biswas J, Majumder PD

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2018; (66(8)):1109-1112 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_121_18.

Methotrexate for the treatment of noninfectious scleritis.

Sands DS, Chan SCY, Gottlieb CC

Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2018; (53(4)):349-353 doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.11.009.

Presumed Tuberculous Sclerokeratitis Presenting with Hypopyon.

Dutta Majumder P

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2019; (27(7)):1121-1123 doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1511812.

Pattern of Scleritis in an Egyptian Cohort.

Abd El Latif E, Seleet MM, El Hennawi H, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2019; (27(6)):890-896 doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1544372.

The clinical features of posterior scleritis with serous retinal detachment: a retrospective clinical analysis.

Dong ZZ, Gan YF, Zhang YN, et al.

International journal of ophthalmology 2019; (12(7)):1151-1157 doi:10.18240/ijo.2019.07.16.

Ocular complications and mortality in peripheral ulcerative keratitis and necrotising scleritis: The role of systemic immunosuppression.

Ogra S, Sims JL, McGhee CNJ, Niederer RL

Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2020; (48(4)):434-441 doi:10.1111/ceo.13709.

Noninfectious Autoimmune Scleritis: Recognition, Systemic Associations, and Therapy.

Nevares A, Raut R, Libman B, Hajj-Ali R

Current rheumatology reports 2020; (22(4)):11 doi:10.1007/s11926-020-0885-y.

Epidemiology of episcleritis and scleritis in urban Australia.

Thong LP, Rogers SL, Hart CT, et al.

Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2020; (48(6)):757-766 doi:10.1111/ceo.13761.

New Potential Weapons for Refractory Scleritis in the Era of Targeted Therapy.

Fabiani C, Sota J, Sainz-de-la-Maza M, et al.

Mediators of inflammation 2020; (2020()):8294560 doi:10.1155/2020/8294560.

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Episcleritis and Scleritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Xu TT, Reynolds MM, Hodge DO, Smith WM

American journal of ophthalmology 2020; (217()):317-324 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.04.043.

Cataract Surgery in the Setting of Scleritis.

Palkar A, Sudharshan S, George AE, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2021; (29(7-8)):1540-1543 doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1754434.

Current insights in the pathogenesis of scleritis.

Vergouwen DPC, Rothova A, Berge JCT, et al.

Experimental eye research 2020; (197()):108078 doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.108078.

Presumed tuberculous sclerokeratouveitis in immunocompetent South African patients.

Mathew D, Smit D

Eye (London, England) 2021; (35(5)):1377-1383 doi:10.1038/s41433-020-1046-2.

Case report-immune recovery posterior scleritis in a HIV positive patient.

Che X, Jiang J, Qian Y, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2020; (20(1)):262 doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01529-3.

Exudative Retinal Detachment in Ocular Inflammatory Diseases: Risk and Predictive Factors.

Shah DN, Al-Moujahed A, Newcomb CW, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2020; (218()):279-287 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.06.019.

Scleritis: Differentiating infectious from non-infectious entities.

Murthy SI, Sabhapandit S, Balamurugan S, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2020; (68(9)):1818-1828 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2032_20.

Clinical profile of patients with anterior nodular scleritis in India.

Patnaik G, Sudharshan S, George AE, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2020; (68(9)):1925-1928 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2154_19.

Clinical characteristics and efficacy of methotrexate in Japanese patients with noninfectious scleritis.

Hiyama T, Harada Y, Kiuchi Y

Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2021; (65(1)):97-106 doi:10.1007/s10384-020-00778-5.

Monocular posterior scleritis presenting as acute conjunctivitis: A case report.

Li YZ, Qin XH, Lu JM, Wang YP

World journal of clinical cases 2020; (8(20)):5030-5035 doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i20.5030.

Current Approach for the Diagnosis and Management of Noninfective Scleritis.

Dutta Majumder P, Agrawal R, McCluskey P, Biswas J

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020; (10(2)):212-223 doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000341.

Nodular anterior scleritis associated with Berger's disease.

Constancio EG, Alves DLS, Mello LGM, et al.

Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2021; (84(1)):74-77 doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20210011.

Scleraxis expressing scleral cells respond to inflammatory stimulation.

Atta G, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, et al.

Histochemistry and cell biology 2021; (156(2)):123-132 doi:10.1007/s00418-021-01985-y.

Scleritis and sclerokeratitis associated with IgA vasculitis: A case series.

Hernanz I, Larque AB, Quintana LF, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2021; (22()):101100 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101100.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives.

Promelle V, Goeb V, Gueudry J

Journal of clinical medicine 2021; (10(10)) doi:10.3390/jcm10102118.

Infectious Scleritis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Yu J, Syed ZA, Rapuano CJ

Eye & contact lens 2021; (47(8)):434-441 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000813.

Clinical Relevance of Autoantibodies and Inflammatory Parameters in Non-infectious Scleritis.

Vergouwen DPC, Ten Berge JC, Boukhrissi S, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(7-8)):1859-1865 doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1966050.

Biologic Therapies and Small Molecules for the Management of Non-Infectious Scleritis: A Narrative Review.

Sota J, Girolamo MM, Frediani B, et al.

Ophthalmology and therapy 2021; (10(4)):777-813 doi:10.1007/s40123-021-00393-8.

A novel technique of full-thickness scleral debridement in fulminant necrotising infectious scleritis and its outcomes-a consecutive case series.

Karkhur S, Soni D, Sharma B

International ophthalmology 2022; (42(2)):581-592 doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02030-6.

Choroidal involvement in non-infectious posterior scleritis.

Vermeirsch S, Testi I, Pavesio C

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2021; (11(1)):41 doi:10.1186/s12348-021-00269-9.

Natural and iatrogenic ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.

Dammacco R, Guerriero S, Alessio G, Dammacco F

International ophthalmology 2022; (42(2)):689-711 doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02058-8.

Management of noninfectious scleritis.

Abdel-Aty A, Gupta A, Del Priore L, Kombo N

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology 2022; (14()):25158414211070879 doi:10.1177/25158414211070879.

Clinical profile, treatment, and visual outcome of scleritis: A single ophthalmologist experience.

Magesan K, Patnaik G, Majumder PD, Biswas J

Oman journal of ophthalmology 2022; (15(2)):153-158 doi:10.4103/ojo.ojo_168_21.

[Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Episcleritis and Scleritis].

Turgut F, Dingerkus V, Tappeiner C, Becker M

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2023; (240(5)):725-738 doi:10.1055/a-2022-0689.

Systemic Disease Associations in a Cohort of Hispanic Patients with Scleritis.

Arruza C, Requejo Figueroa GA, Colón J, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (12(5)) doi:10.3390/jcm12051969.

Scleral Proteome in Noninfectious Scleritis Unravels Upregulation of Filaggrin-2 and Signs of Neovascularization.

Vergouwen DPC, Ten Berge JC, Guzel C, et al.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2023; (64(3)):27 doi:10.1167/iovs.64.3.27.

Identifying TNF and IL6 as potential hub genes and targeted drugs associated with scleritis: A bio-informative report.

Yan F, Liu Y, Zhang T, Shen Y

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1098140 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098140.

ANCA-associated scleritis: impact of ANCA on presentation, response to therapy and outcome.

Perray L, Nguyen Y, Clavel Refregiers G, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2024; (63(2)):329-337 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead252.

Necrotizing Scleritis: A Review.

Dutta Majumder P, Agarwal S, Shah M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(7)):1405-1419 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2206898.

Clinical Features, Treatment, and Visual Outcomes of Posterior Scleritis from Tertiary Eye Care Center.

Tellioğlu A, Yargı Özkoçak B, Kemer Atik B, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(7)):1323-1329 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2241556.

Etanercept-associated episcleritis: a pediatric case report of a paradoxical adverse reaction and review of the literature.

Küçükali B, Gezgin Yıldırım D, Esmeray Şenol P, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2024; (43(2)):799-808 doi:10.1007/s10067-023-06793-4.

Potential Biomarkers for Noninfectious Scleritis Identified by Serum and Tear Fluid Proteomics.

Vergouwen DPC, Kolijn PM, de Hoog J, et al.

Ophthalmology science 2024; (4(1)):100407 doi:10.1016/j.xops.2023.100407.

Scleritis and Development of Immune-Mediated Disease: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Morrison T, Gottman M, Do T, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2024; (51(8)):825-830 doi:10.3899/jrheum.2023-0788.

Morphometric Assessment of Sclera and Ciliary Body in Patients with Noninfectious Anterior Scleritis: A Quantitative Study Using Ultrasound Biomicroscopy.

Liu T, Ma G, Xu W, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(9)):2000-2007 doi:10.1080/09273948.2024.2315189.

Syphilitic scleritis and episcleritis: A review.

Shields MK, Furtado JM, Lake SR, Smith JR

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024; (13(3)):100073 doi:10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100073.

Autologous Pericranium Graft for Necrotizing Scleritis.

Copete S, Fagúndez-Vargas MA, López-Martínez F, et al.

Cornea 2024; (43(12)):1567-1569 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003643.

Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Posterior Scleritis in Children.

Katzir A, Amer R

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025; (33(7)):1235-1242 doi:10.1080/09273948.2025.2455963.

The Global Epidemiology of Scleritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Cifuentes-González C, Mejía-Salgado G, Rojas-Carabali W, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (273()):13-32 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.01.019.

Infectious scleritis: a review of etiologies, clinical features, and management strategies.

Sharma S, Sheth JU, Murthy SI

Frontiers in ophthalmology 2025; (5()):1493831 doi:10.3389/fopht.2025.1493831.

Insights into scleral violaceous hue in anterior scleritis: anterior segment optical coherence tomography evaluation.

Sutra P, Pothikamjorn T, Lopez S, et al.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2025; (263(7)):1997-2004 doi:10.1007/s00417-025-06788-8.

Isolated ANCA-associated scleritis successfully treated with systemic rituximab; a case report and review of literature.

Tahavvori M, Fekri S, Hassanpour K, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2025; (25(1)):176 doi:10.1186/s12886-025-04027-6.

Infectious scleritis: a comprehensive narrative review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management strategies.

Ghanbari H, Rahimi M, Momeni A, et al.

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology 2025; (17()):25158414251357776 doi:10.1177/25158414251357776.

Idiopathic Posterior Scleritis Complicated by Optic Perineuritis and Ocular Motility Disorder Successfully Controlled with Adalimumab: A Case Report.

Numaga Y, Aoyama Y, Tanaka R

Case reports in ophthalmology 2025; (16(1)):916-925 doi:10.1159/000549539.

Scleritis and associated systemic diseases: contribution of systemic examination, follow-up, and additional investigations.

Soubrier M, Vasseneix C, Jacquot R, et al.

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2025; (16(1)):7 doi:10.1186/s12348-025-00566-7.

Sequential ocular surgeries and multimodal immunosuppression for bilateral, medically refractory seronegative scleritis with severe peripheral corneal stromal thinning: a case report.

Fidan DG, Butler NJ, Kohanim S, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2026; (26(1)).

Atypical Cogan's Syndrome Presenting as Anterior Scleritis: Case Report.

Mendes J, Mendes F, Valente Fortunato D, et al.

Case reports in ophthalmology 2026; (17(1)):371-379 doi:10.1159/000551227.