Research & Literature

Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: usefulness in adult patients and laboratory insights into mechanisms of action via direct action on the kidney podocyte.

Jiang L, Dasgupta I, Hurcombe JA, et al.

Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2015; (128(12)):883-93 doi:10.1042/CS20140749.

Spectrum of steroid-resistant and congenital nephrotic syndrome in children: the PodoNet registry cohort.

Trautmann A, Bodria M, Ozaltin F, et al.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2015; (10(4)):592-600 doi:10.2215/CJN.06260614.

KANK deficiency leads to podocyte dysfunction and nephrotic syndrome.

Gee HY, Zhang F, Ashraf S, et al.

The Journal of clinical investigation 2015; (125(6)):2375-84.

Variability in phenotype induced by the podocin variant R229Q plus a single pathogenic mutation.

Phelan PJ, Hall G, Wigfall D, et al.

Clinical kidney journal 2015; (8(5)):538-42 doi:10.1093/ckj/sfv063.

Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management of Edema in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome.

Ellis D

Frontiers in pediatrics 2015; (3()):111 doi:10.3389/fped.2015.00111.

Pathology of Podocytopathies Causing Nephrotic Syndrome in Children.

Ranganathan S

Frontiers in pediatrics 2016; (4()):32 doi:10.3389/fped.2016.00032.

Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Onset Nephrotic Syndrome.

Hjorten R, Anwar Z, Reidy KJ

Frontiers in pediatrics 2016; (4()):53 doi:10.3389/fped.2016.00053.

Genotype-phenotype analysis of pediatric patients with WT1 glomerulopathy.

Ahn YH, Park EJ, Kang HG, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2017; (32(1)):81-89 doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3395-4.

FSGS: Diagnosis and Diagnostic Work-Up.

Sprangers B, Meijers B, Appel G

BioMed research international 2016; (2016()):4632768 doi:10.1155/2016/4632768.

Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome-Genetic Consideration.

Tasic V, Gucev Z, Polenakovic M

Prilozi (Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. Oddelenie za medicinski nauki) 2015; (36(3)):5-12.

The role of plasma exchange in treating post-transplant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 77 case-reports and case-series.

Kashgary A, Sontrop JM, Li L, et al.

BMC nephrology 2016; (17(1)):104 doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0322-7.

The relatively poor correlation between random and 24-hour urine protein excretion in patients with biopsy-proven glomerular diseases.

Hogan MC, Reich HN, Nelson PJ, et al.

Kidney international 2016; (90(5)):1080-1089 doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.020.

Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children.

Hodson EM, Wong SC, Willis NS, Craig JC

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016; (10()):CD003594 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003594.pub5.

Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults.

Kaddourah A, Basu RK, Bagshaw SM, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2017; (376(1)):11-20 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611391.

Comparative differential proteomic analysis of minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Pérez V, López D, Boixadera E, et al.

BMC nephrology 2017; (18(1)):49 doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0452-6.

Mycophenolate mofetil is inferior to tacrolimus in sustaining remission in children with idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Sinha A, Gupta A, Kalaivani M, et al.

Kidney international 2017; (92(1)):248-257 doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.01.019.

Successful treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone for proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits in multiple myeloma: a case report.

Noto R, Kamiura N, Ono Y, et al.

BMC nephrology 2017; (18(1)):127 doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0524-7.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and medullary nephrocalcinosis in children with ADCK4 mutations.

Park E, Kang HG, Choi YH, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2017; (32(9)):1547-1554 doi:10.1007/s00467-017-3657-9.

Optimal management of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults.

Beaudreuil S, Lorenzo HK, Elias M, et al.

International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease 2017; (10()):97-107 doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S126844.

Long-Term Outcome of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children.

Trautmann A, Schnaidt S, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS, et al.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 2017; (28(10)):3055-3065 doi:10.1681/ASN.2016101121.

Neurotoxicity of cyclosporine A in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: is cytotoxic edema really an unfavorable predictor of permanent neurological damage?

Batinić D, Milošević D, Filipović-Grčić B, et al.

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2017; (129(15-16)):579-582 doi:10.1007/s00508-017-1221-z.

Nephrotic syndrome in infants and children: pathophysiology and management.

Downie ML, Gallibois C, Parekh RS, Noone DG

Paediatrics and international child health 2017; (37(4)):248-258 doi:10.1080/20469047.2017.1374003.

Diagnosis and management of nephrotic syndrome.

McCloskey O, Maxwell AP

The Practitioner 2017; (261(1801)):11-5.

Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive medications for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Li S, Yang H, Guo P, et al.

Oncotarget 2017; (8(42)):73050-73062 doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20377.

Whole Exome Sequencing of Patients with Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome.

Warejko JK, Tan W, Daga A, et al.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2018; (13(1)):53-62 doi:10.2215/CJN.04120417.

Genetic testing in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: why, who, when and how?

Preston R, Stuart HM, Lennon R

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2019; (34(2)):195-210 doi:10.1007/s00467-017-3838-6.

Efficacy and Safety of Cyclosporine versus Tacrolimus in Steroid and Cyclophosphamide Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: A Prospective Study.

Prasad N, Manjunath R, Rangaswamy D, et al.

Indian journal of nephrology 2018; (28(1)):46-52 doi:10.4103/ijn.IJN_240_16.

Indications and results of renal biopsy in children: a 36-year experience.

Santangelo L, Netti GS, Giordano P, et al.

World journal of pediatrics : WJP 2018; (14(2)):127-133 doi:10.1007/s12519-018-0147-5.

Acute kidney injury complicating nephrotic syndrome of minimal change disease.

Meyrier A, Niaudet P

Kidney international 2018; (94(5)):861-869 doi:10.1016/j.kint.2018.04.024.

Nephrotic syndrome with acute pulmonary embolism in young adults: Two case reports.

Song Z, Wu H, Cao H, et al.

Medicine 2018; (97(29)):e11495 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011495.

Management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents.

Tullus K, Webb H, Bagga A

The Lancet. Child & adolescent health 2018; (2(12)):880-890 doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30283-9.

Oliguria and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children: Implications for Diagnosis and Outcomes.

Kaddourah A, Basu RK, Goldstein SL, et al.

Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2019; (20(4)):332-339 doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000001866.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis among adult patients with ascites attending Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital.

Duah A, Nkrumah KN

Ghana medical journal 2019; (53(1)):37-43 doi:10.4314/gmj.v53i1.6.

Incidence and risk factors for major infections in hospitalized children with nephrotic syndrome.

Kumar M, Ghunawat J, Saikia D, Manchanda V

Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia 2019; (41(4)):526-533 doi:10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2019-0001.

Post-transplant recurrence of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: the Italian experience.

Morello W, Puvinathan S, Puccio G, et al.

Journal of nephrology 2020; (33(4)):849-857 doi:10.1007/s40620-019-00660-9.

Molecular stratification of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

Saleem MA

Nature reviews. Nephrology 2019; (15(12)):750-765 doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0217-5.

Correlation of urine protein/creatinine ratios to 24-h urinary protein for quantitating proteinuria in children.

Huang Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2020; (35(3)):463-468 doi:10.1007/s00467-019-04405-5.

Current understandings in treating children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Lee JM, Kronbichler A, Shin JI, Oh J

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2021; (36(4)):747-761 doi:10.1007/s00467-020-04476-9.

Genetic tests in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Cheong HI

Kidney research and clinical practice 2020; (39(1)):7-16 doi:10.23876/j.krcp.20.001.

Response to First Course of Intensified Immunosuppression in Genetically Stratified Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome.

Mason AE, Sen ES, Bierzynska A, et al.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2020; (15(7)):983-994 doi:10.2215/CJN.13371019.

IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Trautmann A, Vivarelli M, Samuel S, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2020; (35(8)):1529-1561 doi:10.1007/s00467-020-04519-1.

Podocytopathies.

Kopp JB, Anders HJ, Susztak K, et al.

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2020; (6(1)):68 doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0196-7.

Identification of disease-causing variants by comprehensive genetic testing with exome sequencing in adults with suspicion of hereditary FSGS.

Braunisch MC, Riedhammer KM, Herr PM, et al.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2021; (29(2)):262-270 doi:10.1038/s41431-020-00719-3.

Consensus Guidelines on Management of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome.

Vasudevan A, Thergaonkar R, Mantan M, et al.

Indian pediatrics 2021; (58(7)):650-666.

Pulmonary Embolism in Children: A Case Series.

Agrawal S, Shrivastava Y, Bolia R, et al.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine 2020; (24(12)):1272-1275 doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23682.

Seroprotection for Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus and Measles in Children With Nephrotic Syndrome.

Ajay M, Mantan M, Dabas A, et al.

Indian pediatrics 2021; (58(3)):233-236.

Next-Generation Sequencing for Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study from India.

Joshi A, Sinha A, Sharma A, et al.

Indian pediatrics 2021; (58(5)):445-451.

A critical re-analysis of cases of post-transplantation recurrence in genetic nephrotic syndrome.

Mason AE, Saleem MA, Bierzynska A

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2021; (36(11)):3757-3769 doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05134-4.

UK experience of ofatumumab in recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis post-kidney transplant.

Reynolds BC, Lamb A, Jones CA, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2022; (37(1)):199-207 doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05248-9.

Liposorber® LA-15 system for LDL apheresis in resistant nephrotic syndrome patients.

Al-Mousily M, Nicoara O, Selewski DT, Twombley K

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2022; (37(3)):585-592 doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05211-8.

Therapeutic Response and Long-Term Renal Outcomes in Childhood Idiopathic Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: A Single-Center Study.

Jung J, Lee JH, Park YS

Nephron 2022; (146(4)):327-334 doi:10.1159/000520362.

Risk of Arterial Thromboembolism, Venous Thromboembolism, and Bleeding in Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Vestergaard SV, Birn H, Darvalics B, et al.

The American journal of medicine 2022; (135(5)):615-625.e9 doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.11.018.

Rituximab Use for the Treatment of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome by Canadian Pediatric Nephrologists: A National Survey.

Meeuwisse C, Morgan CJ, Samuel S, et al.

Canadian journal of kidney health and disease 2022; (9()):20543581221079959 doi:10.1177/20543581221079959.

Pathological and Evolutive Correlations in Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children.

Starcea IM, Bogos RA, Scurtu G, et al.

International journal of general medicine 2022; (15()):4187-4193 doi:10.2147/IJGM.S348346.

Variation of the clinical spectrum and genotype-phenotype associations in Coenzyme Q10 deficiency associated glomerulopathy.

Drovandi S, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS, Ozaltin F, et al.

Kidney international 2022; (102(3)):592-603 doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.040.

A critical role of the podocyte cytoskeleton in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria and autoimmune podocytopathies.

Ye Q, Lan B, Liu H, et al.

Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) 2022; (235(4)):e13850 doi:10.1111/apha.13850.

Perceived family impact and coping mechanisms of caregivers of children with nephrotic syndrome.

Cocorpus J, Jun J, Basalely A, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2023; (38(4)):1177-1185 doi:10.1007/s00467-022-05619-w.

Childhood Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: Long-term Outcomes from a Tertiary Care Center.

Agrwal S, Mantan M, Dabas A, Batra VV

Indian journal of nephrology 2022; (32(4)):320-326 doi:10.4103/ijn.ijn_258_21.

Whole-exome sequencing of a multicenter cohort identifies genetic changes associated with clinical phenotypes in pediatric nephrotic syndrome.

Jiao J, Wang L, Ni F, et al.

Genes & diseases 2022; (9(6)):1662-1673 doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.023.

Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a case report.

Guernsey D, Arun A, Agha R, Kupferman JC

Journal of medical case reports 2022; (16(1)):403 doi:10.1186/s13256-022-03648-5.

Multiple Venous and Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis as the Presenting Features of Spontaneously Reversible Nephrotic Syndrome after Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Virus (Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2) Vaccination.

Thammathiwat T, Banjongjit A, Chumnumsiriwath P, et al.

Vaccines 2022; (10(11)) doi:10.3390/vaccines10111888.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Rate and Risk Factors for Post-transplant Disease Recurrence in Children With Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome.

Morello W, Proverbio E, Puccio G, Montini G

Kidney international reports 2023; (8(2)):254-264 doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.030.

Key pathological features characterize minimal change disease-like IgA nephropathy.

Wang TY, Chang FP, Yang AH, et al.

PloS one 2023; (18(7)):e0288384 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288384.

Childhood nephrotic syndrome.

Vivarelli M, Gibson K, Sinha A, Boyer O

Lancet (London, England) 2023; (402(10404)):809-824 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01051-6.

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children with nephrotic syndrome: systematic review and one new case.

Konopásek P, Piteková B, Krejčová V, Zieg J

Frontiers in pediatrics 2023; (11()):1207871 doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1207871.

Diagnostic value of serum CRP, PCT and IL-6 in children with nephrotic syndrome complicated by infection: a single center retrospective study.

Jia W, Dou W, Zeng H, et al.

Pediatric research 2024; (95(3)):722-728 doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02830-9.

Current approaches to overcome recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation.

Ahmad SB, Peleg Y, Ahn W

Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2024; (33(1)):61-66 doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000946.

Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy in children with calcineurin inhibitor-resistant steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in a resource-limited setting.

Saiteja P, Deepthi B, Krishnasamy S, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2024; (39(4)):1149-1160 doi:10.1007/s00467-023-06187-3.

Drug-induced glomerular diseases.

Garnier AS, Laubacher H, Briet M

Therapie 2024; (79(2)):271-281 doi:10.1016/j.therap.2023.10.010.

Efficacy of combined rituximab and daratumumab treatment in posttransplant recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Angeletti A, Bin S, Magnasco A, et al.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2024; (24(4)):688-692 doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2023.12.010.

Cyclophosphamide Toxicity in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Patil S, Patil MV, Bagalkotkar A, Wali S

Current drug safety 2024; (19(4)):489-496 doi:10.2174/0115748863281214231213075642.

Nephrotic Syndrome in a Child With NPHS2 Mutation.

Tollaksen R, Craver RD, Yosypiv IV

Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 2024; (27(4)):359-363 doi:10.1177/10935266231223274.

Risk factors and renal outcomes of AKI in children with secondary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Yu N, Ouyang X, Li J, et al.

Renal failure 2024; (46(1)):2314637 doi:10.1080/0886022X.2024.2314637.

Comparison of different genetic testing modalities applied in paediatric patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Cheng X, Chen J, Yang X, et al.

Italian journal of pediatrics 2024; (50(1)):85 doi:10.1186/s13052-024-01655-4.

A Review of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Classification With a Focus on Genetic Associations.

Bonilla M, Efe O, Selvaskandan H, et al.

Kidney medicine 2024; (6(6)):100826 doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2024.100826.

Autoantibodies Targeting Nephrin in Podocytopathies.

Hengel FE, Dehde S, Lassé M, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2024; (391(5)):422-433 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2314471.

IPNA consensus definitions for clinical trial outcomes in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Hari P, Khandelwal P, Boyer O, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2025; (40(3)):865-872 doi:10.1007/s00467-024-06543-x.

An international, multi-center study evaluated rituximab therapy in childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Chan EY, Sinha A, Yu ELM, et al.

Kidney international 2024; (106(6)):1146-1157 doi:10.1016/j.kint.2024.09.011.

Management and long-term outcome of recurrent idiopathic FSGS in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.

Plonsky-Toder M, Pollack S, Tibi R, et al.

Scientific reports 2024; (14(1)):25493 doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74184-z.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Hypertension among Children with Nephrotic Syndrome.

Robinson C, Wagner S, Aman N, et al.

The Journal of pediatrics 2025; (284()):114443 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114443.

Outcomes and prognostic factors in childhood-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a retrospective single-center study.

Zerkowitz E, Gellermann J, Beckus J, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2025; (40(7)):2239-2252 doi:10.1007/s00467-025-06705-5.

Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children.

Liu ID, Willis NS, Craig JC, Hodson EM

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025; (5()):CD003594 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003594.pub7.

Whole genome sequencing identifies monogenic disease in 56.1% of families with early-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Soliman NA, Elmonem MA, El-Sayed AF, et al.

Human genetics 2025; (144(7)):727-740 doi:10.1007/s00439-025-02752-y.

Success of Coenzyme Q10 in Treating Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Jordan: A Case Series.

Frehat MQ, Alhadidi A, Almhairat A, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(4)):e83231 doi:10.7759/cureus.83231.

Structural and functional insights of the podocyte slit diaphragm complex.

Qadri AH, Prajapati J, Praghna D, et al.

Tissue barriers 2026; (14(2)):2575198 doi:10.1080/21688370.2025.2575198.

Lupus podocytopathy as a first renal manifestation in long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.

Togashi T, Fujisawa Y, Yano Y, et al.

Modern rheumatology case reports 2025; (9(2)) doi:10.1093/mrcr/rxaf072.

Managing concurrent nephrotic syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and herpes zoster in an immunocompromised child: Diagnostic difficulties and treatment outcomes.

Adrizain R, Modjaningrat I, Winyarti , et al.

IDCases 2026; (43()):e02489 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2026.e02489.

KDOQI US Commentary on the KDIGO 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Children.

Wang CS, Gbadegesin R

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2026; (87(2)):141-152 doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.10.006.

Nephrotic Syndrome: Current Management.

Vasudevan A, V H

Indian journal of pediatrics 2026; (93(5)):507-514 doi:10.1007/s12098-026-06132-w.

Monogenic variants drive low recurrence risk in pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome after kidney transplantation: a high-consanguinity cohort.

ALQattan F, Azzam A, Alkanani H, et al.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2026; (41(11)):4127-4139 doi:10.1007/s00467-026-07430-3.

Cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Renal Edema Across Kidney Disease and the Intensive Care Unit: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Challenges.

Caragea ME, Caragea DC, Novac MB, et al.

International journal of molecular sciences 2026; (27(13)) doi:10.3390/ijms27136038.