Research & Literature

Longitudinal Course of Disease in a Large Cohort of Myositis Patients With Autoantibodies Recognizing the Signal Recognition Particle.

Pinal-Fernandez I, Parks C, Werner JL, et al.

Arthritis care & research 2017; (69(2)):263-270 doi:10.1002/acr.22920.

Clinical features and prognosis in anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR necrotising myopathy.

Watanabe Y, Uruha A, Suzuki S, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2016; (87(10)):1038-44 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-313166.

Chronic Myopathy Associated With Anti-Signal Recognition Particle Antibodies Can Be Misdiagnosed As Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.

Ikeda K, Mori-Yoshimura M, Yamamoto T, et al.

Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease 2016; (17(4)):197-206 doi:10.1097/CND.0000000000000115.

Statin-Induced Anti-HMGCR-Associated Myopathy.

Basharat P, Lahouti AH, Paik JJ, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2016; (68(2)):234-5.

Thigh muscle MRI in immune-mediated necrotising myopathy: extensive oedema, early muscle damage and role of anti-SRP autoantibodies as a marker of severity.

Pinal-Fernandez I, Casal-Dominguez M, Carrino JA, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2017; (76(4)):681-687 doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210198.

Reappraisal of the management of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: sunset glow fundus is no more a fatality.

Herbort CP, Abu El Asrar AM, Yamamoto JH, et al.

International ophthalmology 2017; (37(6)):1383-1395 doi:10.1007/s10792-016-0395-0.

A case of anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase antibody-positive paraneoplastic necrotizing myopathy associated with advanced gastric cancer that responded to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Yamaguchi T, Matsunaga A, Ikawa M, et al.

Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology 2017; (57(3)):118-123 doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000982.

Integrated Diagnosis Project for Inflammatory Myopathies: An association between autoantibodies and muscle pathology.

Suzuki S, Uruha A, Suzuki N, Nishino I

Autoimmunity reviews 2017; (16(7)):693-700 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.003.

Necrosis in anti-SRP+ and anti-HMGCR+myopathies: Role of autoantibodies and complement.

Allenbach Y, Arouche-Delaperche L, Preusse C, et al.

Neurology 2018; (90(6)):e507-e517 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004923.

Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Pinal-Fernandez I, Casal-Dominguez M, Mammen AL

Current rheumatology reports 2018; (20(4)):21 doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0732-6.

Statin-naïve anti-HMGCR antibody-mediated necrotizing myopathy in China.

Jiao Y, Cai S, Lin J, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2018; (57()):13-19 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.010.

Peculiar clinicopathological features of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies.

Allenbach Y, Benveniste O

Current opinion in rheumatology 2018; (30(6)):655-663 doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000547.

Autoimmune Myopathies: Updates on Evaluation and Treatment.

McGrath ER, Doughty CT, Amato AA

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2018; (15(4)):976-994 doi:10.1007/s13311-018-00676-2.

Seronegative patients form a distinctive subgroup of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy.

Lim J, Rietveld A, De Bleecker JL, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2019; (6(1)):e513 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000513.

Whole-body MRI and pathological findings in adult patients with myopathies.

Tomas X, Milisenda JC, Garcia-Diez AI, et al.

Skeletal radiology 2019; (48(5)):653-676 doi:10.1007/s00256-018-3107-1.

Myositis-specific autoantibodies, a cornerstone in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy.

Anquetil C, Boyer O, Wesner N, et al.

Autoimmunity reviews 2019; (18(3)):223-230 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.008.

Physical therapy in adult inflammatory myopathy patients: a systematic review.

Van Thillo A, Vulsteke JB, Van Assche D, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2019; (38(8)):2039-2051 doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04571-9.

Concurrent positive anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase antibody with reducing body myopathy: Possible double trouble.

Tanboon J, Sanmaneechai O, Charuvanij S, et al.

Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2019; (29(7)):543-548 doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2019.05.007.

Anti-signal Recognition Particle Antibody-positive Necrotizing Myopathy with Secondary Cardiomyopathy: The First Myocardial Biopsy- and Multimodal Imaging-proven Case.

Takeguchi-Kikuchi S, Hayasaka T, Katayama T, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019; (58(21)):3189-3194 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.2564-18.

Sequestosome-1 (p62) expression reveals chaperone-assisted selective autophagy in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies.

Fischer N, Preuße C, Radke J, et al.

Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) 2020; (30(2)):261-271 doi:10.1111/bpa.12772.

Statin-induced necrotizing autoimmune myopathy: An uncommon complication of a commonly used medication.

Saleh Y, Herzallah K, Hassanein M, Chang HT

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association 2019; (31(4)):269-272 doi:10.1016/j.jsha.2019.08.001.

Statin-induced anti-HMGCR antibody-related immune-mediated necrotising myositis achieving complete remission with rituximab.

Zhang W, Prince HM, Reardon K

BMJ case reports 2019; (12(11)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-232406.

[Clinical and pathological characteristics of immune mediated necrotizing myopathy].

Yang HX, Tian XL, Jiang W, et al.

Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences 2019; (51(6)):989-995.

Preclinical biomarkers of prion infection and neurodegeneration.

Mok TH, Mead S

Current opinion in neurobiology 2020; (61()):82-88 doi:10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.009.

A Rare Case of Statin-induced Immune-mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Madgula AS, Gadela NV, Singh M, Chen K

Cureus 2020; (12(4)):e7500 doi:10.7759/cureus.7500.

Autoantibody-Negative Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy Responds to Early and Aggressive Treatment: A Case Report.

Marotta DA, Zadourian A, Jabaay MJ, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(4)):e7827 doi:10.7759/cureus.7827.

Anti-Signal Recognition Particle Antibody-Associated Severe Interstitial Lung Disease Requiring Lung Transplantation.

Qureshi A, Brown D, Brent L

Cureus 2020; (12(5)):e7962 doi:10.7759/cureus.7962.

Cardiac and Respiratory Complications of Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy.

Triplett J, Kassardjian CD, Liewluck T, et al.

Mayo Clinic proceedings 2020; (95(10)):2144-2149 doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.032.

Where are we moving in the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies?

Tanboon J, Uruha A, Stenzel W, Nishino I

Current opinion in neurology 2020; (33(5)):590-603 doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000855.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis.

Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Stenzel W, Boyer O

Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2020; (16(12)):689-701 doi:10.1038/s41584-020-00515-9.

Diagnostic modelling and therapeutic monitoring of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: role of electrical myotonia.

Triplett JD, Shelly S, Livne G, et al.

Brain communications 2020; (2(2)):fcaa191 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa191.

Anti-HMGCR myopathy misdiagnosed as motor neuron disease and complicated with COVID-19 infection.

Barp A, Velardo D, Ciscato P, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2021; (42(5)):1679-1682 doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05146-w.

Rituximab in the treatment of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: a review of case reports and case series.

Xiong A, Yang G, Song Z, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2021; (14()):1756286421998918 doi:10.1177/1756286421998918.

An Autopsy Case of Antibody-negative Immune-mediated Necrotizing Myopathy with Severe Cardiac Involvement.

Tamura T, Miyajima K, Watanabe K, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2021; (60(19)):3113-3119 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.6355-20.

Necrotizing myopathy presenting as congestive heart failure and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: a case report.

Lim K, Park JS, Yoon BA, Han SH

European heart journal. Case reports 2021; (5(6)):ytab075 doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab075.

The Clinicopathological Distinction Between Seropositive and Seronegative Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy in China.

Ma X, Xu L, Ji S, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2021; (12()):670784 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.670784.

Anti-HMGCR antibodies and asymptomatic hyperCKemia. A case report.

Torri F, Ali G, Chico L, et al.

Acta myologica : myopathies and cardiomyopathies : official journal of the Mediterranean Society of Myology 2021; (40(2)):105-108 doi:10.36185/2532-1900-050.

Role of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy.

Kocoloski A, Martinez S, Moghadam-Kia S, et al.

Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2022; (28(2)):e517-e520 doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000001786.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: Unusual presentations of a treatable disease.

Nicolau S, Milone M, Tracy JA, et al.

Muscle & nerve 2021; (64(6)):734-739 doi:10.1002/mus.27435.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM): A myopathological challenge.

Merlonghi G, Antonini G, Garibaldi M

Autoimmunity reviews 2022; (21(2)):102993 doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102993.

[Two cases of statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy].

Safi T, Wagner H

Lakartidningen 2021; (118()).

Outcome predictors of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy-a retrospective, multicentre study.

Wang JX, Wilkinson M, Oldmeadow C, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2022; (61(9)):3824-3829 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac014.

A Case of Acute Necrotizing Myopathy in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Jackson N, Babalola T, Betty S, et al.

The American journal of case reports 2022; (23()):e932867 doi:10.12659/AJCR.932867.

Therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of refractory necrotizing autoimmune myopathy.

Kruse RL, Albayda J, Vozniak SO, et al.

Journal of clinical apheresis 2022; (37(3)):253-262 doi:10.1002/jca.21968.

When Statins Get Physical: A Curious Cause of Statin Myopathy.

Patel PP, Jackson CD

Southern medical journal 2022; (115(4)):266-269 doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001379.

Statin-Related Necrotizing Autoimmune Myositis: More Than Myalgia.

Scheuing WJ, Dadhania FB, Bankole AA

Cureus 2022; (14(2)):e22654 doi:10.7759/cureus.22654.

Epidemiological and genetic features of anti-3‑hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase necrotizing myopathy: Single-center experience and literature review.

Prieto-Peña D, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Mazariegos-Cano J, et al.

European journal of internal medicine 2022; (101()):86-92 doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2022.04.017.

Statin-Associated Autoimmune Myopathy: Review of the Literature.

Barrons R

Journal of pharmacy practice 2023; (36(2)):383-393 doi:10.1177/08971900211040291.

Muscle imaging in myositis: MRI, US, and PET.

Albayda J, Demonceau G, Carlier PG

Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2022; (36(2)):101765 doi:10.1016/j.berh.2022.101765.

Becker Muscular Dystrophy Accompanied by Anti-HMGCR Antibody-positive Immune-mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Munekane A, Ohsawa Y, Okubo M, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023; (62(9)):1345-1349 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.0202-22.

Severe Anti-HMG-CoAR Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy Secondary to Statin Use.

Pulipati P, Reddy JK, Husain SA

Case reports in rheumatology 2022; (2022()):6120424 doi:10.1155/2022/6120424.

Challenges in the diagnosis and management of immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM) in a patient on long-term statins.

Khan F, Brady S, Kuttikat A

Rheumatology international 2023; (43(2)):383-390 doi:10.1007/s00296-022-05230-0.

Anti-SRP immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: A critical review of current concepts.

Ma X, Bu BT

Frontiers in immunology 2022; (13()):1019972 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019972.

The Clinicopathological Distinction between Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy and Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R2: Key Points to Prevent Misdiagnosis.

Yang M, Ji S, Xu L, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(21)) doi:10.3390/jcm11216566.

A tough pill to swallow: Two cases of statin-induced necrotizing autoimmune myopathy manifesting as dysphagia and transaminitis.

Chaudhry H, Lin J, Atefi R, et al.

SAGE open medical case reports 2023; (11()):2050313X221150583 doi:10.1177/2050313X221150583.

Predictors of cardiac involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

Bandeira M, Dourado E, Melo AT, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1146817 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146817.

Pediatric immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy.

Wang CH, Liang WC

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1123380 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1123380.

Evidence of Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy (NAM).

Khan OA, Wilches RM, Mehrabi JN, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(8)):e44106 doi:10.7759/cureus.44106.

Unveiling the Rare Complication: Statin-Induced Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Chowdhury FH, Mahneva O, Maharaj M, Marciales W

The American journal of case reports 2023; (24()):e941387 doi:10.12659/AJCR.941387.

Identical twins with statin-associated anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase autoantibody-positive autoimmune myopathy.

Mali M, Pirilä L, Perander L, et al.

Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 2024; (53(1)):81-82 doi:10.1080/03009742.2023.2289729.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated With Anti-Signal Recognition Particle Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Case Report.

Belkhribchia MR, Lobrinus JA, Semlil L, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2024; (12()):23247096241231646 doi:10.1177/23247096241231646.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of using prednisolone, tacrolimus, and intravenous immunoglobulin combination therapy on immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy-A non-randomized, observational research.

Liu M, Liu J, Li K, et al.

International journal of rheumatic diseases 2024; (27(3)):e15124 doi:10.1111/1756-185X.15124.

CD163+ macrophage density in perimysial connective tissue associated with prognosis in IMNM.

Sun H, Wang ZY, Han Y, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2024; (11(5)):1267-1279 doi:10.1002/acn3.52065.

Plasma Exchange in Anti-Signal Recognition Particle Myopathy: A Systematic Review and Combined Analysis of Patient Individual Data.

Martínez-Rodríguez P, Escribano-Iglesias M, Crisolino-Pozas ÁP, et al.

Journal of personalized medicine 2024; (14(5)) doi:10.3390/jpm14050461.

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Complicated with Anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Immune-mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Tokunaga Y, Akiyama M, Nakano K, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2025; (64(4)):589-595 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.3880-24.

Distinct phenotype and prognosis of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy based on clinical-serological-pathological classification.

Yang H, Zhang L, Tian X, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(4)):2252-2264 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae361.

INPATIENT REHABILITATION AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF A CASE OF ANTI-SRP IMMUNE-MEDIATED NECROTIZING MYOPATHY.

Chen N, Yamin Thein K, San Tay S

Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications 2024; (7()):40653 doi:10.2340/jrm-cc.v7.40653.

Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy With Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) Antibodies Following Viral Infection and Without Association With Statin Use: A Case Report.

Ferreira P, Dâmaso F, Anastácio M, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(9)):e70281 doi:10.7759/cureus.70281.

Overlap of Sjögren's Syndrome and Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy With Interstitial Lung Disease: A Case Report.

Tanimura K, Omura S, Egami M, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(9)):e70385 doi:10.7759/cureus.70385.

Treatment of refractory immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy with efgartigimod.

Yang M, Yuan J, Wang Y, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2024; (15()):1447182 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1447182.

Anti-SRP Antibodies and Myocarditis in Systemic Sclerosis Overlap Syndrome with Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myositis (IMNM).

Alexandru C, Donisa A, Bobirca F, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2024; (60(11)) doi:10.3390/medicina60111756.

Paraneoplastic anti-SRP antibody positive immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy in a young female associated with lymphoma.

Heugenhauser J, Pauli FD, Stockhammer G, et al.

Journal of neuromuscular diseases 2025; (12(4)):567-574 doi:10.1177/22143602251327002.

The incidence of anti-HMGCR immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: an Australian and UK retrospective multi-site cohort study.

Khoo T, Tan E, Limaye V, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025; (64(9)):4995-5003 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaf238.

Tuberculosis-Induced Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Challenging Case Scenario in a Non-Endemic Country.

Colpani A, Astorri D, De Vito A, et al.

Reports (MDPI) 2024; (7(4)) doi:10.3390/reports7040082.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: an emerging disorder.

Portela-Sánchez S, Catalina I, López Muñoz S, et al.

Neurologia 2025; (40(8)):729-738 doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2025.09.004.

Clinical Characteristics and Management of Statin-Associated Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Yoon J, Kim SW, Kim SH, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2025; (14(18)) doi:10.3390/jcm14186610.

A case of asymptomatic hyperCKemia for 40 years leading to a diagnosis of treatable immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy.

Ishida R, Eura N, Nishimori Y, et al.

Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 2025; (56-57()):106215 doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2025.106215.

Epidemiology of Dermatomyositis and Other Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Northern Spain.

Corrales-Selaya C, Prieto-Peña D, Martínez-López D, et al.

Biomedicines 2025; (13(10)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines13102537.

Statin-Associated Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy With Dual Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase (Anti-HMGCR) and Anti-OJ Positivity: A Case Report of Fulminant Weakness and Respiratory Failure.

Rahman MA, John D, Khan T, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(11)):e96123 doi:10.7759/cureus.96123.

Genetic Biomarkers for Statin-Induced Myopathy.

Prieto-Peña D, Urriago-Gil JD, Ocejo-Vinyals G, et al.

International journal of molecular sciences 2025; (26(22)) doi:10.3390/ijms262211144.

Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Systematic Review of Antibody-Specific Mechanisms and Treatment Outcomes.

Vaezi Z, Amini A

Cureus 2025; (17(11)):e97933 doi:10.7759/cureus.97933.

The Characteristics of Imaging Patterns on Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Anti-signal Recognition Particle Antibody-positive Immune-mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

Hou YY, Huang WC, Huang CR, et al.

Acta neurologica Taiwanica 2025; (34(4)):216-223 doi:10.4103/ANT.ANT_113_0054.

Muscle RING finger-1 facilitates skeletal muscle regeneration via regulating myoblast proliferation and differentiation.

Yang M, Ji S, Gao H, et al.

Journal of translational medicine 2026; (24(1)).

Phospho-MLKL Upregulation in Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: Implications for Disease Pathophysiology and Diagnosis.

Gao M, Cheng N, Yue D, et al.

Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology 2026; (46(1)):e70046 doi:10.1111/neup.70046.

Increasing recognition of statin-associated anti-HMGCR antibody-positive autoimmune myopathy: a single-center retrospective study.

Mali M, Pirilä L, Jokela M, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2026; (45(6)):3517-3524 doi:10.1007/s10067-026-08136-5.