Research & Literature

Incidence of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Smans LC, Van der Valk ES, Hermus AR, Zelissen PM

Clinical endocrinology 2016; (84(1)):17-22 doi:10.1111/cen.12865.

Usefulness of Time-Point Serum Cortisol and ACTH Measurements for the Adjustment of Glucocorticoid Replacement in Adrenal Insufficiency.

Rousseau E, Joubert M, Trzepla G, et al.

PloS one 2015; (10(8)):e0135975 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135975.

ACTH Stimulation Tests for the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ospina NS, Al Nofal A, Bancos I, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(2)):427-34 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1700.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(2)):364-89 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710.

Reduction in daily hydrocortisone dose improves bone health in primary adrenal insufficiency.

Schulz J, Frey KR, Cooper MS, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2016; (174(4)):531-8 doi:10.1530/EJE-15-1096.

Hypopituitarism.

Higham CE, Johannsson G, Shalet SM

Lancet (London, England) 2016; (388(10058)):2403-2415 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30053-8.

Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone or Thyrotropin Deficiency Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Three Cases with Long-Term Follow-Up.

Baek CO, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Park JH

Korean journal of neurotrauma 2015; (11(2)):139-43 doi:10.13004/kjnt.2015.11.2.139.

How should we interrogate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with suspected hypopituitarism?

Garrahy A, Agha A

BMC endocrine disorders 2016; (16(1)):36 doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0117-7.

Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency including adrenal crisis: a Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline [Opinion].

Yanase T, Tajima T, Katabami T, et al.

Endocrine journal 2016; (63(9)):765-784 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ16-0242.

Effects of Hydrocortisone on the Regulation of Blood Pressure: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Werumeus Buning J, van Faassen M, Brummelman P, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(10)):3691-3699 doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2216.

Is physiological glucocorticoid replacement important in children?

Porter J, Blair J, Ross RJ

Archives of disease in childhood 2017; (102(2)):199-205 doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-309538.

Management of glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency shows notable heterogeneity - data from the EU-AIR.

Murray RD, Ekman B, Uddin S, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2017; (86(3)):340-346 doi:10.1111/cen.13267.

Conduct protocol in emergency: Acute adrenal insufficiency.

Fares AB, Santos RA

Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 2016; (62(8)):728-734 doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.08.728.

Adrenal crises: perspectives and research directions.

Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H

Endocrine 2017; (55(2)):336-345 doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1204-2.

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF BASAL CORTISOL LEVEL TO PREDICT ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN COSYNTROPIN TESTING: RESULTS FROM AN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY WITH 804 PATIENTS.

Struja T, Briner L, Meier A, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2017; (23(8)):949-961 doi:10.4158/EP171861.OR.

Central adrenal insufficiency following traumatic brain injury: a missed diagnosis in the critically injured.

Fan E, Skippen PW, Sargent MA, et al.

Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2017; (33(12)):2205-2207 doi:10.1007/s00381-017-3536-5.

Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency Following Nivolumab Therapy in a Patient with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Seki T, Yasuda A, Oki M, et al.

The Tokai journal of experimental and clinical medicine 2017; (42(3)):115-120.

Incidence of Endocrine Dysfunction Following the Use of Different Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Regimens: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Barroso-Sousa R, Barry WT, Garrido-Castro AC, et al.

JAMA oncology 2018; (4(2)):173-182 doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3064.

Primary hypothyroidism and isolated ACTH deficiency induced by nivolumab therapy: Case report and review.

Zeng MF, Chen LL, Ye HY, et al.

Medicine 2017; (96(44)):e8426 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008426.

Acute-Onset Panhypopituitarism Nearly Missed by Initial Cosyntropin Testing.

Blum CA, Schneeberger D, Lang M, et al.

Case reports in critical care 2017; (2017()):7931438 doi:10.1155/2017/7931438.

Group 2: Adrenal insufficiency: screening methods and confirmation of diagnosis.

Chanson P, Guignat L, Goichot B, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2017; (78(6)):495-511 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.005.

Group 1. Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: Prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality.

Chabre O, Goichot B, Zenaty D, Bertherat J

Annales d'endocrinologie 2017; (78(6)):490-494 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.010.

Recovery of steroid induced adrenal insufficiency.

Younes AK, Younes NK

Translational pediatrics 2017; (6(4)):269-273 doi:10.21037/tp.2017.10.01.

Effect of once-daily, modified-release hydrocortisone versus standard glucocorticoid therapy on metabolism and innate immunity in patients with adrenal insufficiency (DREAM): a single-blind, randomised controlled trial.

Isidori AM, Venneri MA, Graziadio C, et al.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2018; (6(3)):173-185 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30398-4.

Clinical features and autoimmune associations in patients presenting with Idiopathic Isolated ACTH deficiency.

Hannon AM, Hunter S, Smith D, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2018; (88(3)):491-497 doi:10.1111/cen.13536.

SFE/SFEDP adrenal insufficiency French consensus: Introduction and handbook.

Reznik Y, Barat P, Bertherat J, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2018; (79(1)):1-22 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.12.001.

[Addisonian Crisis - Risk Assessment and Appropriate Treatment].

Meyer G, Badenhoop K

Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2018; (143(6)):392-396 doi:10.1055/s-0043-111729.

Usage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for detecting an unrecognized hypoglycemia and management of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in adult patients with central hypoadrenalism.

Watanabe T, Ozawa A, Ishii S, et al.

Endocrine journal 2018; (65(5)):547-556 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ16-0387.

Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency as a form of paraneoplastic syndrome.

Bando H, Iguchi G, Kanie K, et al.

Pituitary 2018; (21(5)):480-489 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0901-7.

Primary adrenal insufficiency in children: Diagnosis and management.

Kirkgoz T, Guran T

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2018; (32(4)):397-424 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2018.05.010.

Factors impacting on the action of glucocorticoids in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy.

Dineen R, Stewart PM, Sherlock M

Clinical endocrinology 2019; (90(1)):3-14 doi:10.1111/cen.13837.

Glycometabolic Alterations in Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: Does Replacement Therapy Play a Role?

Graziadio C, Hasenmajer V, Venneri MA, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2018; (9()):434 doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00434.

Endocrine Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Immune Checkpoints.

Chang LS, Barroso-Sousa R, Tolaney SM, et al.

Endocrine reviews 2019; (40(1)):17-65 doi:10.1210/er.2018-00006.

Central adrenal insufficiency: open issues regarding diagnosis and glucocorticoid treatment.

Ceccato F, Scaroni C

Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2019; (57(8)):1125-1135.

Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in children: advocating for treatment options in outpatient and field settings.

Miller BS, Spencer SP, Geffner ME, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2020; (68(1)):16-25 doi:10.1136/jim-2019-000999.

Pituitary pathology in traumatic brain injury: a review.

Sav A, Rotondo F, Syro LV, et al.

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):201-211 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00958-8.

Clinical picture and the treatment of TBI-induced hypopituitarism.

Caputo M, Mele C, Prodam F, et al.

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):261-269 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00956-w.

The incidence of adrenal crisis in the postoperative period of HPA axis insufficiency after surgical treatment for Cushing's syndrome.

Broersen LHA, van Haalen FM, Kienitz T, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2019; (181(2)):201-210.

Adrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients.

Dineen R, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M

Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism 2019; (10()):2042018819848218 doi:10.1177/2042018819848218.

Autoimmune Pituitary Disease: New Concepts With Clinical Implications.

Yamamoto M, Iguchi G, Bando H, et al.

Endocrine reviews 2020; (41(2)) doi:10.1210/endrev/bnz003.

Nuclear Receptors as Regulators of Pituitary Corticotroph Pro-Opiomelanocortin Transcription.

Zhang D, Heaney AP

Cells 2020; (9(4)) doi:10.3390/cells9040900.

ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency.

Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, Simpson HL

European journal of endocrinology 2020; (183(1)):G25-G32.

Guidance for the prevention and emergency management of adult patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Simpson H, Tomlinson J, Wass J, et al.

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2020; (20(4)):371-378 doi:10.7861/clinmed.2019-0324.

Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: prevalence and screening strategies.

Ntali G, Tsagarakis S

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism 2020; (15(5)):341-354 doi:10.1080/17446651.2020.1810561.

Clinical features and thyroid dysfunction in adverse events involving the pituitary gland during PD-1 blockade therapy.

Yamauchi I, Taura D, Hakata T, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2021; (94(2)):258-268 doi:10.1111/cen.14349.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

Cardiometabolic and psychological effects of dual-release hydrocortisone: a cross-over study.

Dineen R, Martin-Grace J, Ahmed KMS, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2021; (184(2)):253-265.

Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency and the Role of Comorbidities.

Ngaosuwan K, Johnston DG, Godsland IF, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (106(5)):1284-1293 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab063.

Prednisolone Replacement Therapy Mimics the Circadian Rhythm More Closely Than Other Glucocorticoids.

Williams EL, Choudhury S, Tan T, Meeran K

The journal of applied laboratory medicine 2016; (1(2)):152-161 doi:10.1373/jalm.2016.020206.

Clinical Heterogeneity of Acquired Idiopathic Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency.

Fujita Y, Bando H, Iguchi G, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2021; (12()):578802 doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.578802.

New Cutoffs for the Biochemical Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency after ACTH Stimulation using Specific Cortisol Assays.

Javorsky BR, Raff H, Carroll TB, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2021; (5(4)):bvab022 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab022.

Rate of fracture in patients with glucocorticoid replacement therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Li L, Bensing S, Falhammar H

Endocrine 2021; (74(1)):29-37 doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02723-z.

Mortality Risk in Patients With Adrenal Insufficiency Using Prednisolone or Hydrocortisone: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Ngaosuwan K, Johnston DG, Godsland IF, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (106(8)):2242-2251 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab347.

Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency Associated with Severe Hyperkalemia During Pembrolizumab Therapy in a Patient with Ureteral Cancer and an Ileal Conduit: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hinata Y, Ohara N, Sakurai Y, et al.

The American journal of case reports 2021; (22()):e931639 doi:10.12659/AJCR.931639.

Clinical Unmet Needs in the Treatment of Adrenal Crisis: Importance of the Patient's Perspective.

Claessen KMJA, Andela CD, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM

Frontiers in endocrinology 2021; (12()):701365 doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.701365.

Latent Adrenal Insufficiency: From Concept to Diagnosis.

Younes N, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Frontiers in endocrinology 2021; (12()):720769 doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.720769.

Immunotherapy-induced isolated ACTH deficiency in cancer therapy.

Iglesias P, Peiró I, Biagetti B, et al.

Endocrine-related cancer 2021; (28(12)):783-792.

[Emergency card, emergency medication, and information leaflet for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis (Addison crisis): an Austrian consensus document].

Pilz S, Krebs M, Bonfig W, et al.

Journal fur klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel 2022; (15(1)):5-27 doi:10.1007/s41969-022-00155-2.

Management of Acute Adrenal Insufficiency-Related Adverse Events in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Results of an International Survey of Specialist Centres.

Ali SR, Bryce J, Krone NP, et al.

Hormone research in paediatrics 2022; (95(4)):363-373 doi:10.1159/000525075.

Long-term outcomes of conventional and novel steroid replacement therapy on bone health in primary adrenal insufficiency.

Guarnotta V, Di Stefano C, Giordano C

Scientific reports 2022; (12(1)):13280 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13506-5.

Rare clinical problem - isolated ACTH deficiency associated with chronic alcohol abuse.

Skowrońska-Jóźwiak E, Orzechowski S, Piętak W, Lewiński A

Endokrynologia Polska 2022; (73(4)):778-783 doi:10.5603/EP.a2022.0056.

Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency and Adrenal Crisis in the Emergency Department.

Lentz S, Collier KC, Willis G, Long B

The Journal of emergency medicine 2022; (63(2)):212-220 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.06.005.

Evaluation of plasma ACTH in the metyrapone test is insufficient for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency.

Papierska L, Rabijewski M, Migda B, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2022; (13()):1004129 doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1004129.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Associated Pituitary Dysfunctions: A Mini-Review.

Fukuda I

Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi 2023; (90(2)):149-156 doi:10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2023_90-215.

Hypophysitis and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Diagnostic Challenges and Link With Survival.

Johnson J, Goldner W, Abdallah D, et al.

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN 2023; (21(3)):281-287 doi:10.6004/jnccn.2022.7098.

Isolated anterior pituitary dysfunction in adulthood.

Prencipe N, Marinelli L, Varaldo E, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2023; (14()):1100007 doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1100007.

ACTH Stimulation Test for the Diagnosis of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: Light and Shadow.

Birtolo MF, Antonini S, Saladino A, et al.

Biomedicines 2023; (11(3)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030904.

Adrenal Failure: An Evidence-Based Diagnostic Approach.

Shaikh S, Nagendra L, Shaikh S, Pappachan JM

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(10)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics13101812.

Potential pitfalls in diagnosis of immunotherapy-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis abnormalities: a clinical case.

Bi Y, Adam S, Chatzimavridou V, et al.

Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England) 2022; (2(1)):K5-K9 doi:10.1530/EO-21-0023.

Idiopathic Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Yang C, Li X, Ma X

Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2023; (131(10)):523-531 doi:10.1055/a-2135-7708.

Use of overnight metyrapone test in suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency: A retrospective single centre-study.

Saini J, Garcia RG, Herndon J, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2024; (100(3)):203-211 doi:10.1111/cen.14989.

Paraneoplastic isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency revealed after immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy: new insights into anti-corticotroph antibody.

Urai S, Watanabe M, Bando H, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2023; (14()):1284301 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284301.

Effects of Dual-Release Hydrocortisone on Bone Metabolism in Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: A 6-Year Study.

Hasenmajer V, Ferrari D, De Alcubierre D, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2023; (8(1)):bvad151 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvad151.

Idiopathic isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review of a heterogeneous and underreported disease.

Van Mieghem E, De Block C, De Herdt C

Pituitary 2024; (27(1)):23-32 doi:10.1007/s11102-023-01366-9.

Novel agents to treat adrenal insufficiency: findings of preclinical and early clinical trials.

Peel A, Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ

Expert opinion on investigational drugs 2024; (33(2)):115-126 doi:10.1080/13543784.2024.2311207.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review.

Wang F, Shi X, Yu X, Yang Y

Frontiers in endocrinology 2024; (15()):1326684 doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1326684.

Diagnosis and management of secondary adrenal crisis.

Martel-Duguech L, Poirier J, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2024; (25(3)):619-637 doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09877-x.

Pituitary-related immune adverse events induced by programmed death Protein-1 inhibitors differ clinically from hypophysitis.

Yang L, Zhang Y, Chen X, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2024; (101(2)):130-139 doi:10.1111/cen.15075.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced hypophysitis: a specific disease of corticotrophs?

Patel N, Hirwa K, Gardner G, et al.

Endocrine connections 2024; (13(11)).

Combined PD-1 and CTLA-4 Blockade Increases the Risks of Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency and Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Deficiency: A Prospective Study.

Iwama S, Kobayashi T, Izuchi T, et al.

Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) 2025; (40(3)):459-468 doi:10.3803/EnM.2024.2180.

Severe reversible cardiomyopathy associated with adrenal crisis caused by isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency: a case report.

Wang L, Bu F, He L, Yao G

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2025; (12()):1451635 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1451635.

People With Adrenal Insufficiency Who Are in Adrenal Crisis Are Frequently Unable to Self-Administer Rescue Injections.

Hover WJ, Krein AD, Kallet J, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2025; (31(5)):625-630 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.02.017.

Factors influencing self-management of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a qualitative study.

Chua A, Yoeli H, Till D, et al.

Endocrine connections 2025; (14(5)).

Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults: A Review.

Vaidya A, Findling J, Bancos I

JAMA 2025; (334(8)):714-725 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5485.

One Case of Sudden Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Deficiency Diagnosed Based on Repeated Hypoglycemic Attacks.

Sato T

Cureus 2025; (17(6)):e86185 doi:10.7759/cureus.86185.

Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Study.

Kan C

Advanced emergency nursing journal 2025; (47(3)):186-192 doi:10.1097/TME.0000000000000575.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of hypophysitis in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Angelousi A, Asimakopoulou S, Bourgioti C, et al.

Journal of neuroendocrinology 2026; (38(1)):e70116 doi:10.1111/jne.70116.

Cardiovascular risk profile of low-dose prednisolone and its effect on the quality of life in patients with adrenal insufficiency: the HYPER-AID observational study.

Ssemmondo E, Lazarus K, Newham M, et al.

Endocrine connections 2026; (15(2)).

Determinants of Quality of Life in Patients with Immune-Checkpoint-Inhibitor Induced Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency.

Herndon J, Hleibiehova Y, Achenbach SJ, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2026; doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag219.

11-deoxycortisol, other hormones and pituitary function characteristics in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in the overnight oral metyrapone test.

Krawzow A, Peitzsch M, Bastian M, et al.

Endocrine connections 2026; (15(8)) doi:10.1530/EC-26-0261.

Pharmacokinetics of inhaled prednisolone for adrenal crisis: an exploratory study.

Berends JME, Vulto A, van den Wijngaard PA, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2026; (195(2)):312-319 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvag143.

Update on adrenal crisis.

Götz H, Amrein K

Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology 2026; (40(1)):100-107 doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2026.04.002.