Research & Literature

Noncompaction cardiomyopathy: a substrate for a thromboembolic event.

Tavares de Melo MD, de Araújo Filho JA, Parga Filho JR, et al.

BMC cardiovascular disorders 2015; (15()):7 doi:10.1186/1471-2261-15-7.

Comparison of cardiovascular magnetic resonance characteristics and clinical consequences in children and adolescents with isolated left ventricular non-compaction with and without late gadolinium enhancement.

Cheng H, Lu M, Hou C, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2015; (17()):44 doi:10.1186/s12968-015-0148-7.

Loss of Function Mutations in NNT Are Associated With Left Ventricular Noncompaction.

Bainbridge MN, Davis EE, Choi WY, et al.

Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics 2015; (8(4)):544-52 doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001026.

Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes and Outcomes for Children With Left Ventricular Myocardial Noncompaction: Results From the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry.

Jefferies JL, Wilkinson JD, Sleeper LA, et al.

Journal of cardiac failure 2015; (21(11)):877-84.

Distribution of Ventricular Fibrosis Associated With Life-Threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients With Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Chimura M, Kiuchi K, Okajima K, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2015; (26(11)):1239-1246 doi:10.1111/jce.12767.

Medical Therapy Leads to Favorable Remodeling in Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy: Dilated Phenotype.

Parent JJ, Towbin JA, Jefferies JL

Pediatric cardiology 2016; (37(4)):674-7 doi:10.1007/s00246-015-1330-2.

Left Ventricular Non-Compaction in Athletes: To Play or Not to Play.

Coris EE, Moran BK, De Cuba R, et al.

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2016; (46(9)):1249-59 doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0512-2.

Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition as a Paradigm for All?

Vaduganathan M, Desai AS

Current cardiology reports 2016; (18(11)):115 doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0784-z.

Reduced Risk of Hyperkalemia During Treatment of Heart Failure With Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists by Use of Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared With Enalapril: A Secondary Analysis of the PARADIGM-HF Trial.

Desai AS, Vardeny O, Claggett B, et al.

JAMA cardiology 2017; (2(1)):79-85 doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4733.

Left Ventricular Noncompaction: Anatomical Phenotype or Distinct Cardiomyopathy?

Weir-McCall JR, Yeap PM, Papagiorcopulo C, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2016; (68(20)):2157-2165 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.054.

Long-Term Prognostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Left Ventricle Noncompaction: A Prospective Multicenter Study.

Andreini D, Pontone G, Bogaert J, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2016; (68(20)):2166-2181 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.053.

Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: cardiac, neuromuscular, and genetic factors.

Finsterer J, Stöllberger C, Towbin JA

Nature reviews. Cardiology 2017; (14(4)):224-237 doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.207.

Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Left Ventricular Noncompaction in Patients Referred for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Ivanov A, Dabiesingh DS, Bhumireddy GP, et al.

Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging 2017; (10(9)) doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006174.

Genetic Testing in Pediatric Left Ventricular Noncompaction.

Miller EM, Hinton RB, Czosek R, et al.

Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics 2017; (10(6)) doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.117.001735.

Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy: Results From a National Population-Based Study.

Shi WY, Moreno-Betancur M, Nugent AW, et al.

Circulation 2018; (138(4)):367-376 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032262.

Anticoagulation Therapy in Specific Cardiomyopathies: Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

Kido K, Guglin M

Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics 2019; (24(1)):31-36 doi:10.1177/1074248418783745.

Left ventricular noncompaction, morphological, and clinical features for an integrated diagnosis.

Negri F, De Luca A, Fabris E, et al.

Heart failure reviews 2019; (24(3)):315-323 doi:10.1007/s10741-018-9763-3.

Meta-Analysis of the Prognostic Role of Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Global Systolic Impairment in Left Ventricular Noncompaction.

Grigoratos C, Barison A, Ivanov A, et al.

JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2019; (12(11 Pt 1)):2141-2151 doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.12.029.

Cardiac Phenotypes, Genetics, and Risks in Familial Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy.

van Waning JI, Caliskan K, Michels M, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2019; (73(13)):1601-1611 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.085.

Change in renal function associated with drug treatment in heart failure: national guidance.

Clark AL, Kalra PR, Petrie MC, et al.

Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2019; (105(12)):904-910 doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314158.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of left ventricular non-compaction in adults.

Ross SB, Jones K, Blanch B, et al.

European heart journal 2020; (41(14)):1428-1436 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz317.

Acute declines in estimated glomerular filtration rate on enalapril and mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

McCallum W, Tighiouart H, Ku E, et al.

Kidney international 2019; (96(5)):1185-1194 doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.019.

Sudden cardiac arrest as the initial presentation for left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy.

Jakkoju A, Jakkoju R, Kuchana V, et al.

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 2019; (32(4)):564-566 doi:10.1080/08998280.2019.1627781.

Bridging the gap between hypertrabeculation phenotype, noncompaction phenotype and left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy.

Vergani V, Lazzeroni D, Peretto G

Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2020; (21(3)):192-199 doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000924.

Prognostic Significance of Left Ventricular Noncompaction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

Aung N, Doimo S, Ricci F, et al.

Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging 2020; (13(1)):e009712 doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009712.

The Role of Antithrombotic Therapy in Heart Failure.

Chrysohoou C, Magkas N, Antoniou CK, et al.

Current pharmaceutical design 2020; (26(23)):2735-2761 doi:10.2174/1381612826666200531151823.

Left Ventricular Noncompaction Syndrome: Genetic Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Finsterer J, Stöllberger C

Current cardiology reports 2020; (22(9)):84 doi:10.1007/s11886-020-01339-5.

Practical management of worsening renal function in outpatients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: Statement from a panel of multidisciplinary experts and the Heart Failure Working Group of the French Society of Cardiology.

Mewton N, Girerd N, Boffa JJ, et al.

Archives of cardiovascular diseases 2020; (113(10)):660-670 doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2020.03.018.

The use of novel oral anticoagulants compared to vitamin K antagonists (warfarin) in patients with left ventricular thrombus after acute myocardial infarction.

Jones DA, Wright P, Alizadeh MA, et al.

European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy 2021; (7(5)):398-404 doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa096.

Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Review.

Murphy SP, Ibrahim NE, Januzzi JL

JAMA 2020; (324(5)):488-504 doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10262.

Left Ventricular Noncompaction Detected by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Screening: A Reexamination of Diagnostic Criteria.

Masso AH, Uribe C, Willerson JT, et al.

Texas Heart Institute journal 2020; (47(3)):183-193 doi:10.14503/THIJ-19-7157.

Long term clinical outcomes associated with CMR quantified isolated left ventricular non-compaction in adults.

Femia G, Zhu D, Choudhary P, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2021; (328()):235-240 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.12.017.

Long-Term Survival of Patients With Left Ventricular Noncompaction.

Vaidya VR, Lyle M, Miranda WR, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2021; (10(2)):e015563 doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.015563.

Cardiomyopathies and Genetic Testing in Heart Failure: Role in Defining Phenotype-Targeted Approaches and Management.

Yogasundaram H, Alhumaid W, Dzwiniel T, et al.

The Canadian journal of cardiology 2021; (37(4)):547-559 doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.01.016.

Systematic large-scale assessment of the genetic architecture of left ventricular noncompaction reveals diverse etiologies.

Mazzarotto F, Hawley MH, Beltrami M, et al.

Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2021; (23(5)):856-864 doi:10.1038/s41436-020-01049-x.

The Optimal Timing of Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Referral in the Rapidly Changing Medical Landscape.

Wong JA, Roberts JD, Healey JS

The Canadian journal of cardiology 2021; (37(4)):644-654 doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.01.024.

The prognostic role of CMR using global planimetric criteria in patients with excessive left ventricular trabeculation.

Macaione F, Meloni A, Positano V, et al.

European radiology 2021; (31(10)):7553-7565 doi:10.1007/s00330-021-07875-0.

Management of left ventricular thrombus: a narrative review.

Cruz Rodriguez JB, Okajima K, Greenberg BH

Annals of translational medicine 2021; (9(6)):520 doi:10.21037/atm-20-7839.

Left ventricular noncompaction-a rare cause of triad: heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, and systemic embolic events: a case report.

Toader D, Paraschiv A, Tudorașcu P, et al.

Journal of medical case reports 2021; (15(1)):316 doi:10.1186/s13256-021-02862-x.

Clinical Risk Prediction in Patients With Left Ventricular Myocardial Noncompaction.

Casas G, Limeres J, Oristrell G, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2021; (78(7)):643-662 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.016.

Reduced Systolic Function and Not Genetic Variants Determine Outcome in Pediatric and Adult Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy.

Schultze-Berndt A, Kühnisch J, Herbst C, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2021; (9()):722926 doi:10.3389/fped.2021.722926.

Is transesophageal echocardiography necessary before electrical cardioversion in patients treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants? Current evidence and practical approach.

Gorczyca I, Uziębło-Życzkowska B, Krzesiński P, et al.

Cardiology journal 2023; (30(4)):646-653 doi:10.5603/CJ.a2021.0129.

A proposed strategy for anticoagulation therapy in noncompaction cardiomyopathy.

Chimenti C, Lavalle C, Magnocavallo M, et al.

ESC heart failure 2022; (9(1)):241-250 doi:10.1002/ehf2.13694.

Comparison of cardiovascular magnetic resonance characteristics and clinical prognosis in left ventricular noncompaction patients with and without arrhythmia.

Zhou ZQ, He WC, Li X, et al.

BMC cardiovascular disorders 2022; (22(1)):25 doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02470-7.

Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy: Left Ventricular Dilation and Dysfunction at Baseline Portend the Risk of Death or Heart Transplantation.

Cardoso B, Jeewa A, Minn S, et al.

The Canadian journal of cardiology 2022; (38(6)):754-762 doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.030.

Evidence-Based Medical Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Chronic Kidney Disease.

Beldhuis IE, Lam CSP, Testani JM, et al.

Circulation 2022; (145(9)):693-712 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.052792.

Imaging Features of Pediatric Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy in Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

Paszkowska A, Sarnecki J, Mirecka-Rola A, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2022; (9(3)) doi:10.3390/jcdd9030077.

MYH7 variants cause complex congenital heart disease.

Ritter A, Leonard J, Gray C, et al.

American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2022; (188(9)):2772-2776 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.62766.

Prognosis of Adults With Isolated Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: Results of a Prospective Multicentric Study.

Gerard H, Iline N, Martel H, et al.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2022; (9()):856160 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.856160.

Clinical outcomes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in noncompaction cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tukker M, Schinkel AFL, Dereci A, Caliskan K

Heart failure reviews 2023; (28(1)):241-248 doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10250-w.

Prevention of sudden death in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: do we still need an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention?

Abdelhamid M, Rosano G, Metra M, et al.

European journal of heart failure 2022; (24(9)):1460-1466 doi:10.1002/ejhf.2594.

Predictors of fatal arrhythmic events in patients with non-compaction cardiomyopathy: a systematic review.

Bazoukis G, Tyrovolas K, Letsas KP, et al.

Heart failure reviews 2022; (27(6)):2067-2076 doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10257-3.

Left Ventricular Noncompaction in Children: The Role of Genetics, Morphology, and Function for Outcome.

Klaassen S, Kühnisch J, Schultze-Berndt A, Seidel F

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2022; (9(7)) doi:10.3390/jcdd9070206.

Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure and preserved, mildly reduced, and reduced ejection fraction: A systemic review and meta-analysis.

Wulamiding K, Xu Z, Chen Y, et al.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2022; (9()):949726 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.949726.

Different Phenotypes of Sarcomeric MyBPC3-Cardiomyopathy in the Same Family: Hypertrophic, Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Restrictive Phenotypes (in Association with Sarcoidosis).

Blagova O, Pavlenko E, Sedov V, et al.

Genes 2022; (13(8)) doi:10.3390/genes13081344.

Managing Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Based Approach and Contemporary Review.

Barry AR

CJC open 2022; (4(9)):802-809 doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2022.06.007.

Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction Presenting With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Intrahospital Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Gonçalves FMF, Batista M, Campos AL, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(10)):e30559 doi:10.7759/cureus.30559.

Reduced-Dose Apixaban in the Treatment of Left Ventricular Thrombus: A Report of 2 Cases.

Bundrick AE, Bowers RD, Perkins SL, Baker CN

Journal of pharmacy practice 2024; (37(2)):517-521 doi:10.1177/08971900221145051.

Diuretics in the management of chronic heart failure: when and how.

Magdy JS, McVeigh J, Indraratna P

Australian prescriber 2022; (45(6)):200-204 doi:10.18773/austprescr.2022.069.

Three-dimensional Whole-Heart Cardiac MRI Sequence for Measuring Trabeculation in Left Ventricular Noncompaction.

Polacin M, Károlyi M, Wilzeck V, et al.

Radiology. Cardiothoracic imaging 2022; (4(6)):e220109 doi:10.1148/ryct.220109.

Improving the management of left ventricular thrombus in a tertiary cardiology centre: a quality improvement project.

Rahunathan N, Hurdus B, Straw S, et al.

BMJ open quality 2023; (12(1)) doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2022-002111.

Emerging concepts in heart failure management and treatment: focus on current guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Ospina González OE, Llanos Mejía DC, Kaplinsky E, et al.

Drugs in context 2023; (12()) doi:10.7573/dic.2022-6-4.

Management of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Rashid AM, Khan MS, Fudim M, et al.

Current problems in cardiology 2023; (48(5)):101596 doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101596.

The Relevance of Preventive Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs) in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy in the Presence of Effective Quadruple Therapy for Heart Failure: A Review of Contemporary Medical Literature.

Obi MF, Namireddy V, Reinberg Palmar MA, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(4)):e38268 doi:10.7759/cureus.38268.

Guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF: sequencing strategies and barriers for life-saving drug therapy.

Malgie J, Clephas PRD, Brunner-La Rocca HP, et al.

Heart failure reviews 2023; (28(5)):1221-1234 doi:10.1007/s10741-023-10325-2.

Genetic landscape in Russian patients with familial left ventricular noncompaction.

Meshkov AN, Myasnikov RP, Kiseleva AV, et al.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2023; (10()):1205787 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1205787.

Long-Term Prognosis of Different Subtypes of Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Patients: A Retrospective Study in China.

Gao S, Zhang S, Wang Z, et al.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2023; (10(9)) doi:10.3390/jcdd10090369.

Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Elkattawy S, Romero J, Shah K, et al.

Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives 2023; (13(3)):69-71 doi:10.55729/2000-9666.1168.

When Direct Oral Anticoagulants Should Not Be Standard Treatment: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Bejjani A, Khairani CD, Assi A, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2024; (83(3)):444-465 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.10.038.

What happened to the left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy? to be or not to be: This is the question.

Di Lisi D, Macaione F, Damiani F, et al.

Current problems in cardiology 2024; (49(11)):102787 doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102787.

Looking for the ideal medication for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a narrative review.

Pascual-Figal D, Bayes-Genis A

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2024; (11()):1439696 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1439696.

Left Ventricular Non-Compaction: Evolving Concepts.

Pittorru R, De Lazzari M, Migliore F, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(19)) doi:10.3390/jcm13195674.

Guidelines for treating heart failure.

Kittleson MM

Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2025; (35(3)):141-150 doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2024.10.002.

Inherited Hypertrabeculation? Genetic and Clinical Insights in Blood Relatives of Genetically Affected Left Ventricular Excessive Trabeculation Patients.

Mester B, Lipták Z, Farkas-Sütő KA, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(2)) doi:10.3390/life15020150.

The Dilemma in the Management of Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction, Sinus Rhythm and Left Ventricular Spontaneous Echo Contrast: A Narrative Review.

Alimi H, Tajik A

Current cardiology reviews 2026; (22(1)):e1573403X363285 doi:10.2174/011573403X363285250519064030.

Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin K Antagonists for Left Ventricular Thrombus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Khan M, Patel K, Edim GE, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(5)):e84941 doi:10.7759/cureus.84941.

Improving the Management of Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Clinical Practice: The Case for Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor.

Iacoviello M, Maria Sarullo F, Bilato C, et al.

Cardiac failure review 2025; (11()):e16 doi:10.15420/cfr.2024.39.

Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Genetics, and Clinical Management.

Martínez-Tittonel LE, Ciorba FR, Bayona-Huguet X, Kaplinsky E

Journal of personalized medicine 2025; (15(10)) doi:10.3390/jpm15100484.

Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with a left ventricular thrombus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Costa TA, Chagas GCL, Tavares de Sousa LM, et al.

Open heart 2025; (12(2)) doi:10.1136/openhrt-2025-003542.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Cannata A, Crespo-Leiro MG, Bromage DI, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2026; (407(10527)):529-542 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01851-3.

Predictors of life-threatening events in adult patients with left ventricular noncompaction.

Blagova OV, Varionchik NV, Pavlenko EV, et al.

World journal of cardiology 2025; (17(12)):112126 doi:10.4330/wjc.v17.i12.112126.

Left Ventricular Noncompaction Syndrome.

Strubchevska K, Strubchevska O, Kozyk M, et al.

Cardiology in review 2026; doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000001206.

The spongy heart paradox: balancing bleeding and clotting risk in left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy.

Nduka TC, Ndakotsu A, Udoh K, et al.

Heart failure reviews 2026; (31(1)).

European Journal of Heart Failure International Expert Position Paper-Utilization, optimization, and clinical benefits of steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction.

Böhm M, Abdullakutty J, Bauersachs J, et al.

European journal of heart failure 2026; (28(3)):513-534 doi:10.1093/ejhf/xuag106.

Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation and Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Alfieri M, Principi S, Barbarossa A, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2026; (15(9)) doi:10.3390/jcm15093464.

Rethinking Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Excessive Left Ventricular Trabeculation: Development, Genetics, and a Proposed Conceptual Framework.

Hirono K

Journal of clinical medicine 2026; (15(18)) doi:10.3390/jcm15187175.