Research & Literature

Comparison of Clinical Features, Virulence, and Relapse among Mycobacterium avium Complex Species.

Boyle DP, Zembower TR, Reddy S, Qi C

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2015; (191(11)):1310-7 doi:10.1164/rccm.201501-0067OC.

Semiquantitative Culture Analysis during Therapy for Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.

Griffith DE, Adjemian J, Brown-Elliott BA, et al.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2015; (192(6)):754-60 doi:10.1164/rccm.201503-0444OC.

Incidence of toxic optic neuropathy with low-dose ethambutol.

Yang HK, Park MJ, Lee JH, et al.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2016; (20(2)):261-4 doi:10.5588/ijtld.15.0275.

Limited value of transbronchial lung biopsy for diagnosing Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.

Sekine A, Saito T, Satoh H, et al.

The clinical respiratory journal 2017; (11(6)):1018-1023 doi:10.1111/crj.12459.

Update on pulmonary disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Stout JE, Koh WJ, Yew WW

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2016; (45()):123-34.

Peak Plasma Concentration of Azithromycin and Treatment Responses in Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.

Jeong BH, Jeon K, Park HY, et al.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2016; (60(10)):6076-83 doi:10.1128/AAC.00770-16.

Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Outcomes, and Resistance Mutations Associated with Macrolide-Resistant Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.

Moon SM, Park HY, Kim SY, et al.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2016; (60(11)):6758-6765 doi:10.1128/AAC.01240-16.

Relapse versus Reinfection of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease. Patient Characteristics and Macrolide Susceptibility.

Boyle DP, Zembower TR, Qi C

Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2016; (13(11)):1956-1961 doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201605-344BC.

Mycobacterium avium-Intracellulare Complex (MAC) Producing a Periportal Pseudotumor in a Patient With HIV and a Normal CD4 Count.

Johnson J, Driscoll M, Cohen M, Adler DG

ACG case reports journal 2016; (3(4)):e92 doi:10.14309/crj.2016.65.

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: Opening Pandora's Box.

Meireles M, Souto Moura C, França M

Case reports in infectious diseases 2017; (2017()):5409254 doi:10.1155/2017/5409254.

Natural history of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in untreated patients with stable course.

Hwang JA, Kim S, Jo KW, Shim TS

The European respiratory journal 2017; (49(3)) doi:10.1183/13993003.00537-2016.

Infection Sources of a Common Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pathogen, Mycobacterium avium Complex.

Nishiuchi Y, Iwamoto T, Maruyama F

Frontiers in medicine 2017; (4()):27 doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00027.

Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease.

Daley CL

Microbiology spectrum 2017; (5(2)) doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0045-2017.

The characteristics of patients with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease diagnosed by bronchial lavage culture compared to those diagnosed by sputum culture.

Maekawa K, Naka M, Shuto S, et al.

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2017; (23(9)):604-608 doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2017.05.008.

Outcomes of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease based on clinical phenotype.

Koh WJ, Moon SM, Kim SY, et al.

The European respiratory journal 2017; (50(3)) doi:10.1183/13993003.02503-2016.

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-Intracellulare Complex Infection Presenting With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in an AIDS Patient.

Ayoade F, Cotelingam J, Joel Chandranesan AS

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2017; (5(4)):2324709617740904 doi:10.1177/2324709617740904.

Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteriosis.

Adjemian J, Daniel-Wayman S, Ricotta E, Prevots DR

Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 2018; (39(3)):325-335 doi:10.1055/s-0038-1651491.

Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC).

Griffith DE

Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 2018; (39(3)):351-361 doi:10.1055/s-0038-1660472.

Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension for Treatment-Refractory Lung Disease Caused by Mycobacterium avium Complex (CONVERT). A Prospective, Open-Label, Randomized Study.

Griffith DE, Eagle G, Thomson R, et al.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2018; (198(12)):1559-1569 doi:10.1164/rccm.201807-1318OC.

Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection-Related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Mimicking Lymphoma in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient.

Sohn S, Shi HJ, Wang SH, et al.

Infection & chemotherapy 2018; (50(4)):350-356 doi:10.3947/ic.2018.50.4.350.

Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension: A Review in Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.

Shirley M

Drugs 2019; (79(5)):555-562 doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01095-z.

The natural history of non-cavitary nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.

Kwon BS, Lee JH, Koh Y, et al.

Respiratory medicine 2019; (150()):45-50 doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2019.02.007.

Retrospective evaluation of natural course in mild cases of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Kimizuka Y, Hoshino Y, Nishimura T, et al.

PloS one 2019; (14(4)):e0216034 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216034.

Sitafloxacin-Containing Regimen for the Treatment of Refractory Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.

Asakura T, Suzuki S, Fukano H, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2019; (6(4)):ofz108 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz108.

Safety and effectiveness of low-dose amikacin in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease treated in Toronto, Canada.

Aznar ML, Marras TK, Elshal AS, et al.

BMC pharmacology & toxicology 2019; (20(1)):37 doi:10.1186/s40360-019-0302-1.

Mycobacterium avium complex: Adherence as a way of life.

Falkinham JO

AIMS microbiology 2018; (4(3)):428-438 doi:10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.428.

Large abscess formed in the abdominal wall by Mycobacterium avium complex: A case of unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Yanagisawa N, Takeuchi S, Nakamura M, et al.

IDCases 2019; (18()):e00609 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00609.

Showering is associated with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: An observational study in Japanese women.

Uwamino Y, Nishimura T, Sato Y, et al.

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2020; (26(3)):211-214 doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2019.09.003.

Prognostic factors associated with long-term mortality in 1445 patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a 15-year follow-up study.

Jhun BW, Moon SM, Jeon K, et al.

The European respiratory journal 2020; (55(1)) doi:10.1183/13993003.00798-2019.

Non-traumatic perforation of the jejunum in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: A case report.

Lee YC, Chiou CC, Wang JT, et al.

Medicine 2019; (98(49)):e18163 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000018163.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Park Y, Lee EH, Jung I, et al.

Respiratory research 2019; (20(1)):286 doi:10.1186/s12931-019-1258-9.

A Rare Case of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Presenting as Proctitis.

Chime C, Bhandari P, Niazi M, Patel H

Case reports in gastrointestinal medicine 2019; (2019()):8129597 doi:10.1155/2019/8129597.

Long-Term Treatment Outcome of Progressive Mycobacterium Avium Complex Pulmonary Disease.

Fukushima K, Kitada S, Abe Y, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2020; (9(5)) doi:10.3390/jcm9051315.

Treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.

Pan SW, Shu CC, Feng JY, Su WJ

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2020; (119 Suppl 1()):S67-S75 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.006.

Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline.

Daley CL, Iaccarino JM, Lange C, et al.

The European respiratory journal 2020; (56(1)) doi:10.1183/13993003.00535-2020.

[Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease - The new ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Guideline].

Wagner D, Lange C

Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2020; (145(16)):1145-1151 doi:10.1055/s-0043-124159.

Mycobacterium avium Complex: Addressing Gaps in Diagnosis and Management.

Daley CL, Winthrop KL

The Journal of infectious diseases 2020; (222(Suppl 4)):S199-S211 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa354.

Clinical and Immunologic Predictors of Mycobacterium avium Complex Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Contemporary Cohort of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Breglio KF, Vinhaes CL, Arriaga MB, et al.

The Journal of infectious diseases 2021; (223(12)):2124-2135 doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa669.

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection as a differential diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV patients.

Chiang CH, Lee GH, Chiang TH, et al.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2020; (24(9)):922-927 doi:10.5588/ijtld.19.0602.

Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension for Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease: A 12-Month Open-Label Extension Clinical Trial.

Winthrop KL, Flume PA, Thomson R, et al.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2021; (18(7)):1147-1157 doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202008-925OC.

Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension for Refractory Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease: Sustainability and Durability of Culture Conversion and Safety of Long-term Exposure.

Griffith DE, Thomson R, Flume PA, et al.

Chest 2021; (160(3)):831-842 doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.070.

Treatment Dilemmas in Disseminated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections With Interferon-gamma Autoantibodies.

King EM, Weaver VK, Kestler MH

Open forum infectious diseases 2021; (8(7)):ofab253 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab253.

Lower dose of ethambutol may reduce ocular toxicity without radiological deterioration for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Ando T, Kage H, Matsumoto Y, et al.

Respiratory investigation 2021; (59(6)):777-782 doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2021.06.010.

Long-term good outcome of the fibrocavitary form of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease with concomitant abatacept monotherapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

Banno S, Yamaguchi E, Iwagaitsu S, et al.

Modern rheumatology case reports 2022; (6(1)):1-5 doi:10.1093/mrcr/rxab002.

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a woman with anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies.

Dahl VN, Nielsen BU, Wejse CM, et al.

IDCases 2021; (26()):e01300 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01300.

Varying clinical presentations of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease : Similar to but different from tuberculosis.

Shinohara T, Morizumi S, Sumitomo K

The journal of medical investigation : JMI 2021; (68(3.4)):220-227 doi:10.2152/jmi.68.220.

Pharmacotherapy for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease.

Velagapudi M, Sanley MJ, Ased S, et al.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2022; (79(6)):437-445 doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab422.

Protein-losing enteropathy caused by disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient receiving antiretroviral therapy: an autopsy case report.

Konishi K, Nakagawa H, Nakahira A, et al.

AIDS research and therapy 2021; (18(1)):90 doi:10.1186/s12981-021-00417-0.

Time-to-positivity of Mycobacterium avium complex in broth culture associates with culture conversion.

Mingora CM, Garcia BA, Mange KC, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2022; (22(1)):246 doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07250-4.

The Mycobacterium avium complex - an underestimated threat to humans and animals.

Kaczmarkowska A, Didkowska A, Kwiecień E, et al.

Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM 2022; (29(1)):22-27 doi:10.26444/aaem/136398.

Impact of chronic co-infection in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease after treatment initiation.

Urabe N, Sakamoto S, Shimanuki Y, et al.

BMC pulmonary medicine 2022; (22(1)):157 doi:10.1186/s12890-022-01947-7.

Risk Factors for the Development of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Pulmonary Disease during Long-Term Follow-Up after Lung Cancer Surgery.

Kim BG, Choi YS, Shin SH, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (12(5)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics12051086.

Pleurisy with pneumothorax due to CAM-resistant MAC lung disease.

Nukui Y, Kawahara T, Hanzawa S

Respirology case reports 2022; (10(7)):e0993 doi:10.1002/rcr2.993.

Treatment strategies with alternative treatment options for patients with Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Ito M, Koga Y, Hachisu Y, et al.

Respiratory investigation 2022; (60(5)):613-624 doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2022.05.006.

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Lung Disease (NTM-LD): Current Recommendations on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Patient Management.

Pathak K, Hart S, Lande L

International journal of general medicine 2022; (15()):7619-7629 doi:10.2147/IJGM.S272690.

Ancillary treatment of patients with lung disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria: a narrative review.

Youssefnia A, Pierre A, Hoder JM, et al.

Journal of thoracic disease 2022; (14(9)):3575-3597 doi:10.21037/jtd-22-410.

Vanadium in groundwater aquifers increases the risk of MAC pulmonary infection in O'ahu, Hawai'i.

Lipner EM, French JP, Nelson S, et al.

Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2022; (6(5)):e220 doi:10.1097/EE9.0000000000000220.

Recognizing Non-vertebral Manifestation of Mycobacterium avium Complex Osteomyelitis in a Patient With HIV.

Shah DA, Kerkelis M, Asbury K, Sall D

Cureus 2022; (14(10)):e30199 doi:10.7759/cureus.30199.

Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease Complicated With Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease: A Case Report.

Hirota S, Komiya K, Takeno Y, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(12)):e32192 doi:10.7759/cureus.32192.

Prevalence of systemic and local risk factors for pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease in Japan: a single-institution study.

Kamei R, Sawahata M, Nakayama M, et al.

Journal of rural medicine : JRM 2023; (18(3)):168-174 doi:10.2185/jrm.2023-001.

Detection of Mycobacterial DNA in Human Bone Marrow.

González-Escalada A, Rebollo MJ, Barrios Payan J, et al.

Microorganisms 2023; (11(7)) doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071788.

What do the clinical features of positive nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates from patients with HIV/AIDS in China reveal? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Yuan J, Wang Y, Wang L, et al.

Journal of global health 2023; (13()):04093 doi:10.7189/jogh.13.04093.

Lady Windermere syndrome with haemoptysis: suspected pulmonary aspergilloma and MAC pulmonary disease.

Nazarenko N, Borkowski P, Berges MM, Varrias D

BMJ case reports 2023; (16(9)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-256349.

Post-treatment Radiographic Severity and Mortality in Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease.

Kim JY, Lee S, Park H, et al.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2024; (21(2)):235-242 doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202305-407OC.

Host Susceptibility to Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease.

Namkoong H, Holland SM

Clinics in chest medicine 2023; (44(4)):723-730 doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2023.07.002.

Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease: When Should I Treat and What Therapy Should I Start?

Nguyen MH, Daley CL

Clinics in chest medicine 2023; (44(4)):771-783 doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2023.06.009.

Medications and Monitoring in Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease.

Sawka A, Burke A

Clinics in chest medicine 2023; (44(4)):815-828 doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2023.06.012.

Variables associated with antibiotic treatment tolerance in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.

Marmor M, Sharifi H, Jacobs S, et al.

Respiratory research 2024; (25(1)):123 doi:10.1186/s12931-024-02752-y.

Nonpharmacological Treatment for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease.

Kim HJ

Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases 2024; (87(4)):451-457 doi:10.4046/trd.2024.0033.

How do I manage disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in people with HIV?

Matucci T, Pozza G, Raccagni AR, et al.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2024; (30(12)):1529-1536 doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2024.08.022.

Effectiveness of Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension for refractory Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease at 6 months post initiation.

Urabe N, Sakamoto S, Tokita N, et al.

BMC pulmonary medicine 2024; (24(1)):442 doi:10.1186/s12890-024-03261-w.

Safety profile of drugs used in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a narrative review.

Upadhyay H, Aliberti S, Husband A, et al.

Therapeutic advances in drug safety 2024; (15()):20420986241279213 doi:10.1177/20420986241279213.

Two-drug versus three-drug regimens for treating Mycobacterium avium complex infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Nguyen VD, Duong H, Lee MC, et al.

Journal of infection and public health 2025; (18(5)):102711 doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102711.

Relationship between culture conversion and clinical outcomes in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: Narrative review.

Winthrop KL, Mingora CM, Varley CD, et al.

Respiratory medicine 2025; (241()):108052 doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108052.

Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis in Adults: A Review.

Barker AF, Karamooz E

JAMA 2025; (334(3)):253-264 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.2680.

Phenotyping Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease: Comparative Analysis of Clinical and Imaging Features in a TB-Endemic Setting.

Feng Y, Guo J, Luo S, Zhang Z

Infection and drug resistance 2025; (18()):3527-3534 doi:10.2147/IDR.S529466.

Challenges and Efficacy of Amikacin Liposome Inhalation in Real-World Refractory Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease.

Yanagihara T, Osaki Y, Ikeda T, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(10)):e95192 doi:10.7759/cureus.95192.

Disseminated mycobacteriosis and activation of latent opportunistic infections in the course of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a patient with AIDS: A case report.

Lisek-Kubacka K, Cholewińska G, Mazurek L, et al.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny 2025; (79(3)):319-332 doi:10.32394/pe/211175.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and COPD: a multicentre prospective study.

Tabernero E, Aramburu A, Sanchez R, et al.

BMJ open respiratory research 2025; (12(1)) doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2025-003691.

Unmasking Mycobacterium avium: two case reports of cutaneous lesions in HIV patients after initiation of an integrase inhibitor-based regimen.

Camero L, Soto LM, Flora-Noda DM, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2026; (26(1)):362 doi:10.1186/s12879-026-12588-0.

Association Between Low-Dose Ethambutol Therapy and Optic Neuropathy in Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Propensity Score Analysis.

Morimoto Y, Matsui H, Ikeda M, et al.

Open forum infectious diseases 2026; (13(3)):ofag127 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofag127.

A Rare Case of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease in a Patient Living With HIV Presenting With Endobronchial Lesions.

Motojima-Muto M, Nanjo Y, Fujioka R, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e105589 doi:10.7759/cureus.105589.

Sex differences in clinical and radiographic features of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in a Chinese population.

Wu L, Xu J, Qiao J, et al.

Expert review of respiratory medicine 2026; 1-8 doi:10.1080/17476348.2026.2675633.

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in an HIV Patient with a History of Talaromyces marneffei: Diagnostic Value of Blind Subculture and Suspected Management Challenges of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.

Niu X, Yu Q, Gu J, et al.

Infection and drug resistance 2026; (19()):606947 doi:10.2147/IDR.S606947.

Lady Windermere Syndrome Presenting As Prolonged Febrile Illness in an Immunocompetent Woman.

Romero Merino P, Lerzundi Mamani ML, Cipion-Bueno E, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(6)):e110224 doi:10.7759/cureus.110224.