Research & Literature

Malignant hypertension: clinical manifestations of 7 cases.

Steinegger K, Bergin C, Guex-Crosier Y

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2015; (232(4)):590-2 doi:10.1055/s-0034-1396333.

[Hypertensive urgency and emergency].

Henny-Fullin K, Buess D, Handschin A, et al.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique 2015; (72(6)):405-11 doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000693.

[Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies].

Phan DG, Dreyfuss-Tubiana C, Blacher J

Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) 2015; (44(7-8)):737-44.

From malignant hypertension to hypertension-MOD: a modern definition for an old but still dangerous emergency.

Cremer A, Amraoui F, Lip GY, et al.

Journal of human hypertension 2016; (30(8)):463-6 doi:10.1038/jhh.2015.112.

[Treatment of hypertension crises].

Tanabe A

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine 2015; (73(11)):1921-4.

The endothelium as the common denominator in malignant hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathy.

Mathew RO, Nayer A, Asif A

Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH 2016; (10(4)):352-9.

Severe Asymptomatic Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment.

Gauer R

American family physician 2017; (95(8)):492-500.

Hydralazine vs nifedipine for acute hypertensive emergency in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.

Sharma C, Soni A, Gupta A, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2017; (217(6)):687.e1-687.e6 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.018.

Multimodal imaging of hypertensive chorioretinopathy by swept-source optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography: Case report.

Rotsos T, Andreanos K, Blounas S, et al.

Medicine 2017; (96(39)):e8110 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008110.

Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause.

Charles L, Triscott J, Dobbs B

American family physician 2017; (96(7)):453-461.

[Hypertensive crisis and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)].

Eberhardt O

Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 2018; (86(5)):290-300 doi:10.1055/s-0043-122600.

Hypertension Update: Hypertensive Emergency and Asymptomatic Severe Hypertension.

Viera AJ

FP essentials 2018; (469()):16-19.

Focused Update on Pharmacologic Management of Hypertensive Emergencies.

Watson K, Broscious R, Devabhakthuni S, Noel ZR

Current hypertension reports 2018; (20(7)):56 doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0854-2.

Malignant hypertension: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis with experience from the Bordeaux cohort.

Rubin S, Cremer A, Boulestreau R, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2019; (37(2)):316-324 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001913.

ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies.

van den Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, et al.

European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy 2019; (5(1)):37-46 doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvy032.

The Vascular-Renal Connection in Patients Hospitalized With Hypertensive Crisis: A Population-Based Study.

Wan SH, Slusser JP, Hodge DO, Chen HH

Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes 2018; (2(2)):148-154 doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.01.003.

Drug nonadherence is a common but often overlooked cause of hypertensive urgency and emergency at the emergency department.

Overgaauw N, Alsma J, Brink A, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2019; (37(5)):1048-1057 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002005.

Thirty-Day Readmissions After Hospitalization for Hypertensive Emergency.

Kumar N, Simek S, Garg N, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2019; (73(1)):60-67 doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11691.

Hypertensive emergency presenting with acute spontaneous subdural hematoma.

Haddadin F, Munoz Estrella A, Herzog E

Journal of cardiology cases 2019; (19(1)):25-28 doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2018.09.001.

Secondary Hypertension: Novel Insights.

Tziomalos K

Current hypertension reviews 2020; (16(1)):11 doi:10.2174/1573402115666190416161116.

Hypertensive crisis: clinical characteristics of patients with hypertensive urgency, emergency and pseudocrisis at a public emergency department.

Pierin AMG, Flórido CF, Santos JD

Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2019; (17(4)):eAO4685 doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2019AO4685.

Renovascular Hypertension.

Herrmann SM, Textor SC

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2019; (48(4)):765-778 doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.007.

Diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies among Italian emergency and intensive care departments. Results from an Italian survey: Progetto GEAR (Gestione dell'Emergenza e urgenza in ARea critica).

Saladini F, Mancusi C, Bertacchini F, et al.

European journal of internal medicine 2020; (71()):50-56 doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2019.10.004.

Renovascular hypertension from the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor ponatinib.

Amin SO, Ruzicka M, Burns KD, et al.

Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2020; (22(4)):678-682 doi:10.1111/jch.13843.

Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies in emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Astarita A, Covella M, Vallelonga F, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2020; (38(7)):1203-1210 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002372.

Concurrent analogous organ damage in the brain, eyes, and kidneys in malignant hypertension: reversible encephalopathy, serous retinal detachment, and proteinuria.

Mishima E, Funayama Y, Suzuki T, et al.

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2021; (44(1)):88-97 doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0521-2.

Resistant Hypertension: Where are We Now and Where Do We Go from Here?

Pathan MK, Cohen DL

Integrated blood pressure control 2020; (13()):83-93 doi:10.2147/IBPC.S223334.

[The hypertensive emergency situation : Recommendations for initial drug therapy management].

Strauss M, Leischik R, Jehn U, et al.

Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 2022; (117(1)):41-48 doi:10.1007/s00063-020-00728-6.

Risk factors for hypertensive crisis in adult patients: a systematic review.

Benenson I, Waldron FA, Jadotte YT, et al.

JBI evidence synthesis 2021; (19(6)):1292-1327 doi:10.11124/JBIES-20-00243.

Hypertensive Emergencies in the Ambulance: Characteristics, Clinical Presentations and Complications - A Prospective Cohort Study.

Alhasan D, Yaseen A

Open access emergency medicine : OAEM 2021; (13()):75-81 doi:10.2147/OAEM.S293413.

Ambulatory blood pressure using 60 rather than 20-min intervals may better reflect the resting blood pressure.

Dabrowski KM, Nyvad J, Thomsen MB, et al.

Blood pressure 2021; (30(6)):341-347 doi:10.1080/08037051.2021.1953372.

Clinical characteristics, practice patterns, and outcomes of patients with acute severe hypertension visiting the emergency department.

Kim BS, Kim HJ, Lyu M, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2021; (39(12)):2506-2513 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002960.

Relation of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Readmission With Type 1 Myocardial Infarction in Hypertensive Crises (from a Nationwide Analysis).

Maraey A, Elzanaty AM, Salem M, et al.

The American journal of cardiology 2021; (161()):56-62 doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.08.060.

Clinical implications of cardiac troponin-I in patients with hypertensive crisis visiting the emergency department.

Kim W, Kim BS, Kim HJ, et al.

Annals of medicine 2022; (54(1)):507-515 doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2034934.

Evaluation and Management of Secondary Hypertension.

Sarathy H, Salman LA, Lee C, Cohen JB

The Medical clinics of North America 2022; (106(2)):269-283 doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.11.004.

The Management of Hypertensive Emergencies-Is There a "Magical" Prescription for All?

Balahura AM, Moroi ȘI, Scafa-Udrişte A, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(11)) doi:10.3390/jcm11113138.

Association of Dipstick Proteinuria with Long-Term Mortality among Patients with Hypertensive Crisis in the Emergency Department.

Kim BS, Yu MY, Park JK, et al.

Journal of personalized medicine 2022; (12(6)) doi:10.3390/jpm12060971.

Thirty-Day Readmission Rate Among Patients With Hypertensive Crisis: A Nationwide Analysis.

Ashraf M, Zlochiver V, Bolton A, et al.

American journal of hypertension 2022; (35(10)):852-857 doi:10.1093/ajh/hpac088.

Cardiac Complications of Hypertensive Emergency: Classification, Diagnosis and Management Challenges.

Talle MA, Ngarande E, Doubell AF, Herbst PG

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2022; (9(8)) doi:10.3390/jcdd9080276.

Association of Depression and Anxiety With Hypertensive Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Hospital Setting in Karachi, Pakistan.

Yousuf FS, Arif A, Bibi R, Almas A

Cureus 2022; (14(9)):e29792 doi:10.7759/cureus.29792.

Prevalence of neurological complaints among emergency department patients with severe hypertension.

Liberman AL, Kamel H, Lappin R, et al.

The American journal of emergency medicine 2023; (64()):90-95 doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.11.033.

Case report: Area of focus in a case of malignant hypertension.

Bosisio FG, Mingardi D, Moretti E, et al.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 2022; (9()):1108666 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1108666.

Hypertensive Emergencies: Common Presentations and Pharmacological Interventions.

El Hussein MT, Dolynny A

Critical care nursing quarterly 2023; (46(2)):145-156 doi:10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000447.

Medication Adherence in Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension & Hypertensive Crisis Presenting to a Hospital Setting in Karachi, Pakistan.

Yousuf FS, Khan MAA, Bibi R, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(1)):e33995 doi:10.7759/cureus.33995.

The Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Hypertensive Emergency.

Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PS, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(9)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics13091605.

Management of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies: narrative review.

Jolly H, Freel EM, Isles C

Postgraduate medical journal 2023; (99(1169)):119-126 doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140899.

Secondary hypertension as a cause of treatment resistance.

Sudano I, Suter P, Beuschlein F

Blood pressure 2023; (32(1)):2224898 doi:10.1080/08037051.2023.2224898.

Clinical Outcomes in Hypertensive Emergency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Siddiqi TJ, Usman MS, Rashid AM, et al.

Journal of the American Heart Association 2023; (12(14)):e029355 doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.029355.

Persistently elevated sFlt-1 and recovery of reduced ADAMTS13 activity in malignant hypertension.

Ma H, Wang C, Jiang M, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2024; (42(3)):410-419 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003601.

Clinical Profile of Patients with Hypertensive Emergency Referred to a Tertiary Hospital in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

Talle MA, Doubell AF, Robbertse PS, et al.

Current hypertension reviews 2023; (19(3)):194-205 doi:10.2174/0115734021266958231101094556.

Management of Inpatient Elevated Blood Pressures : A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Wilson LM, Herzig SJ, Steinman MA, et al.

Annals of internal medicine 2024; (177(4)):497-506 doi:10.7326/M23-3251.

Malignant Hypertension:A Systemic Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week.

Boulestreau R, Śpiewak M, Januszewicz A, et al.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2024; (83(17)):1688-1701 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.037.

Blood pressure cut-offs to diagnose impending hypertensive emergency depend on previous hypertension-mediated organ damage and comorbid conditions.

Koracevic G, Stojanovic M, Lovic D, et al.

The National medical journal of India 2023; (36(4)):257-262.

Plasma Biomarkers for Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage Detection: A Narrative Review.

Liu X, Yang M, Lip GYH, McDowell G

Biomedicines 2024; (12(5)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines12051071.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Nicardipine Versus Clevidipine for Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Crisis.

Storey C, Pouliot J

The Journal of emergency medicine 2024; (67(4)):e368-e374 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.04.006.

Management Strategies for Hypertensive Crisis: A Systematic Review.

Khan NN, Zurayyir EJ, Alghamdi AM, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(8)):e66694 doi:10.7759/cureus.66694.

Rates of Acute Brain Injury Among Severely Hypertensive Patients Seen in the Emergency Department.

Ishak A, Kamel H, Kaiser JH, et al.

The Neurohospitalist 2024; (14(4)):389-395 doi:10.1177/19418744241257032.

Baseline characteristics of the first 302 patients included for acute malignant hypertension crisis in the prospective multidisciplinary HAMA cohort.

Boulestreau R, Lorthioir A, Dreau H, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2024; (42(12)):2131-2138 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003851.

Assessing the impact of acute severe hypertension in the emergency department: A prospective cohort study in Karachi, Pakistan.

Razzak JA, Ali N, Khan U, et al.

PLOS global public health 2024; (4(12)):e0003948 doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003948.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to the Major Secondary Causes of Arterial Hypertension in Young Adults: A Narrative Review.

Munoz-Moreno JM, Gamarra-Valverde NN, Muedas-Porras G, et al.

Cardiology in review 2024; doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000805.

Hypertensive Emergency Secondary to Paraganglioma in a Pediatric Patient With a Fenestrated Fontan.

Gay-Simon K, Forbes K, Mendoza JU, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2025; (30(27)):104934 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.104934.

Renal Histology Findings in Malignant Hypertension, a Systematic Review.

Maisons V, Demir F, Fillon A, et al.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2026; (83(1)):177-188 doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25069.

Efficacy and safety of clevidipine emulsion injection compared with nicardipine in patients with hypertensive emergencies: a randomized, single-blind, positive-parallel-controlled, phase III clinical trial.

Lv Q, Chen C, Lin L, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2026; (44(1)):204-210 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000004180.

Severe hypertension with thrombotic microangiopathy: the need for pathogenically targeted treatments.

Praga M, Caravaca-Fontán F, Cavero T, et al.

Kidney international 2025; doi:10.1016/j.kint.2025.09.033.

Selecting the optimal method for assessment of hypertension-mediated organ damage: a personalized approach.

Gerdts E, Benetos A, Bruno RM, et al.

European journal of preventive cardiology 2026; (33(7)):1021-1032 doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwag052.

Prevalence of primary aldosteronism and screening indications.

Ruiz-Sanchez JG

Vitamins and hormones 2026; (130()):43-67 doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2025.08.001.

Acute blood pressure reduction exceeding safety and autoregulatory limits following rapid-acting antihypertensives for hypertensive urgency.

Preston RA, Caizapanta EV, Afshartous D, et al.

Journal of hypertension 2026; (44(7)):1137-1148 doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000004304.

Management Strategies for Hypertensive Crises: A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Approaches.

Elbadri A, MohamedSalih E, Mohammedallayla ID, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e105671 doi:10.7759/cureus.105671.

Acute Myocardial Injury in the Setting of Hypertensive Emergency: A Case Report.

Saidi S, Moujahid M, Mehssani Z, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(5)):e108957 doi:10.7759/cureus.108957.