Research & Literature

Multifocal Choroiditis with Retinal Vasculitis, Optic Neuropathy, and Keratoconus in a Young Saudi Male.

Dhafiri Y, Al Rubaie K, Kirat O, et al.

Middle East African journal of ophthalmology 2017; (24(2)):109-112 doi:10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_331_16.

Disorganization of the Retinal Inner Layers after Anti-VEGF Treatment for Macular Edema due to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion.

Nakano E, Ota T, Jingami Y, et al.

Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2018; (240(4)):229-234 doi:10.1159/000490809.

Long-Term Outcome of Punctate Inner Choroidopathy or Multifocal Choroiditis with Active Choroidal Neovascularization Managed with Intravitreal Bevacizumab.

Chen SN, Chen YL, Yang BC

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2020; (28(1)):33-38 doi:10.1080/09273948.2019.1588335.

FOVEAL OUTER RETINAL HYPERREFLECTIVITY: A NOVEL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDING IN IDIOPATHIC MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS.

Dolz-Marco R, Kalevar A, McDonald HR, et al.

Retinal cases & brief reports 2021; (15(6)):651-656 doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000878.

Presumed Tuberculous uveitis: clinical features and management.

Gargouri S, Kaibi I, Zone I, et al.

La Tunisie medicale 2019; (97(1)):106-112.

LATE RECURRENCE OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS: CLINICAL SURVEILLANCE IN PERPETUITY.

Orellana-Rios J, Leong BCS, Fernández-Avellaneda P, et al.

Retinal cases & brief reports 2022; (16(2)):233-241 doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000936.

Long-term Outcome of Zonal Outer Retinopathy in Punctate Inner Choroidopathy or Multifocal Choroiditis.

Chen SN, Chen YL, Yang BC

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2021; (29(5)):865-870 doi:10.1080/09273948.2019.1698749.

The efficacy of corticosteroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy in treating patients with central multifocal choroiditis.

de Groot EL, Ten Dam-van Loon NH, de Boer JH, Ossewaarde-van Norel J

Acta ophthalmologica 2020; (98(8)):816-821 doi:10.1111/aos.14473.

Favorable clinical outcome with intravitreal aflibercept treatment in a case with bilateral choroidal neovascular membrane and quiescent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.

Ipek SC, Ayhan Z, Emre S, Saatci AO

GMS ophthalmology cases 2020; (10()):Doc23 doi:10.3205/oc000150.

Distribution and Progression of Inflammatory Chorioretinal Lesions Related to Multifocal Choroiditis and Their Correlations with Clinical Outcomes at 24 Months.

Erba S, Cozzi M, Xhepa A, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(2)):409-416 doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1800048.

The efficacy of adalimumab in treating patients with central multifocal choroiditis.

de Groot EL, Ossewaarde-van Norel J, Ho L, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2020; (20()):100921 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100921.

Case report of post streptococcal multifocal choroiditis in a young pregnant female: A success story.

Kishikova L, Coulson A, Jacob D, Saad A

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(1)):39-41 doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1800049.

Chorioretinal Atrophy in Punctate Inner Choroidopathy/multifocal Choroiditis: A Five-year Follow-up Study.

Chen YC, Chen YL, Chen SN

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(2)):270-275 doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1869269.

Classification Criteria for Multifocal Choroiditis With Panuveitis.

American journal of ophthalmology 2021; (228()):152-158 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.043.

Peripapillary Choroidal Neovascular Membrane Secondary to Sarcoidosis-Related Panuveitis: Treatment with Aflibercept and Ranibizumab with a 50-month Follow-Up.

Matsou A, Dermenoudi M, Tzetzi D, et al.

Case reports in ophthalmology 2021; (12(1)):186-192 doi:10.1159/000512579.

Outcomes of adalimumab therapy in refractory punctate inner choroidopathy and multifocal choroiditis.

Shmueli O, Amer R

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2022; (260(6)):2013-2021 doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05539-9.

Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of Underlying Choroidal Neovascularization in Punctate Inner Choroidopathy.

Agarwal A, Handa S, Marchese A, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2021; (8()):758370 doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.758370.

The use of optical coherence tomography angiography in comparing choriocapillaris recovery between two treatment strategies for multifocal choroiditis: a pilot clinical trial.

Agarwal A, Abhaypal K, Aggarwal K, et al.

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2022; (12(1)):12 doi:10.1186/s12348-022-00291-5.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAKY MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS: A Subtype of Multifocal Choroiditis.

Chen C, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2022; (42(11)):2110-2119 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003569.

Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis and Punctate Inner Choroidopathy - Evaluation of Risk Factors for Increased Relapse Rate: A 2-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

de Groot EL, de Boer JH, Ossewaarde-van Norel J

Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2022; (245(5)):476-486 doi:10.1159/000526663.

Adalimumab Monotherapy in the Treatment of Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis: A Case Report.

Maleki A, Philip A, Foster CS

Case reports in ophthalmology 2022; (13(3)):793 doi:10.1159/000525504.

CORRELATION BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY FOCI REACTIVATION AND ATROPHY GROWTH IN EYES WITH IDIOPATHIC MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS.

Airaldi M, Zicarelli F, Forlani V, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2023; (43(3)):472-480 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000003682.

Corticosteroids Decrease the Incidence and Activity of Choroidal Neovascularization in Patients with Punctuate Inner Choroidopathy or Multifocal Choroiditis.

Vienne-Jumeau A, Brézin AP, Seminel M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(5)):602-608 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2181189.

Bietti crystalline dystrophy complicated by choroidal neovascularization treated with a single dose of aflibercept.

Ozbek M, Pehlivanoglu S, Artunay HO

Oman journal of ophthalmology 2023; (16(1)):142-144 doi:10.4103/ojo.ojo_9_22.

DISAPPEARING CHOROIDAL SPOTS ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY PRECEDING RECURRENCE OF MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS WITH CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY.

Marchese A, Bar-Meir A, Jampol LM, Mirza RG

Retinal cases & brief reports 2025; (19(1)):14-18 doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000001501.

The multimodal imaging features and outcomes of multifocal choroiditis/punctate inner choroidopathy lesion with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome-like features: a retrospective study.

Chen C, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2024; (24(1)):3 doi:10.1186/s12886-023-03277-6.

Immunomodulatory Treatment Versus Systemic Steroids in Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Idiopathic Multifocal Choroiditis.

Airaldi M, Monteduro D, Tondini G, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2024; (262()):62-72 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2024.01.006.

SEVERE RECURRENCE AND RETINAL INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATION AFTER CESSATION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FOR MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND PANUVEITIS.

Ossewaarde-van Norel J, Spaide RF

Retinal cases & brief reports 2025; (19(3)):289-293 doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000001564.

EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES OF DISTINGUISHING PUNCTATE INNER CHOROIDOPATHY FROM MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND PANUVEITIS.

Park HS, Kang HG, Kim YJ, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024; (44(11)):1869-1875 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000004211.

PROGRESSION OF PERIPAPILLARY AND MACULAR CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY IN MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERIATROPHIC INFLAMMATORY PLUMES.

Ossewaarde-van Norel J, Spaide RF

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024; (44(11)):1860-1868 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000004227.

Presumed Tubercular Multifocal Choroiditis.

Soheilian M, Azadi P

Journal of ophthalmic & vision research 2024; (19(4)):512-518 doi:10.18502/jovr.v19i4.11199.

Differences in epiretinal macrophage-like cells and associated retinochoroidal changes between multifocal choroiditis and punctate inner choroidopathy observed using widefield optical coherence tomography angiography.

Yang R, Zhang X, Li M, Wen F

Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2026; (57()):105325 doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.105325.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Features of Inactive Multifocal Choroiditis With Panuveitis and Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (MFCPU/PIC) Lesions.

Trinco A, Ferdeghini D, Zicarelli F, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2026; (289()):145-154 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2026.05.027.

Fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Hwang J, Ameri H

Handbook of clinical neurology 2026; (218()):87-108 doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-22212-2.00023-9.

Non-Infectious Choroiditis Subdivided into Its Diverse Pathophysiological Sub-Groups Is the Best-Known and Most Appropriate Nomenclature to Date for the Reclassification and Diagnosis of Former White Dot Entities.

Herbort CP, Silpa-Archa S, Papasavvas I, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (16(11)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics16111735.