Research & Literature

Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma--an update on causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy.

Nenoff P, van de Sande WW, Fahal AH, et al.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2015; (29(10)):1873-83 doi:10.1111/jdv.13008.

Mycetoma in the Sudan: an update from the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

Fahal A, Mahgoub el S, El Hassan AM, Abdel-Rahman ME

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2015; (9(3)):e0003679 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003679.

[Multiple sites extrapodal actinomycetoma: Favorable outcome to treatment with a combination of cotrimoxazole and NSAI].

Diallo B, Barro-Traoré F, Bamba S, et al.

Journal de mycologie medicale 2015; (25(4)):297-302.

[Mycetoma and their treatment].

Develoux M

Journal de mycologie medicale 2016; (26(2)):77-85 doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.03.005.

Antifungal agents and liver toxicity: a complex interaction.

Tverdek FP, Kofteridis D, Kontoyiannis DP

Expert review of anti-infective therapy 2016; (14(8)):765-76 doi:10.1080/14787210.2016.1199272.

The Surgical Treatment of Mycetoma.

Suleiman SH, Wadaella el S, Fahal AH

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016; (10(6)):e0004690 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004690.

Hand Mycetoma: The Mycetoma Research Centre Experience and Literature Review.

Omer RF, Seif El Din N, Abdel Rahim FA, Fahal AH

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016; (10(8)):e0004886 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004886.

Predictors of Post-operative Mycetoma Recurrence Using Machine-Learning Algorithms: The Mycetoma Research Center Experience.

Wadal A, Elhassan TA, Zein HA, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016; (10(10)):e0005007 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005007.

Dot-in-Circle Sign - A Diagnostic MRI Sign for "Madura Foot".

Javed F, Nazir R, Sharma M, et al.

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2017; (27(3)):S8-S10 doi:236.

Mycetoma laboratory diagnosis: Review article.

Ahmed AA, van de Sande W, Fahal AH

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2017; (11(8)):e0005638 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005638.

A holistic approach to the mycetoma management.

Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, Musa AM, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018; (12(5)):e0006391 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006391.

Mycetoma: reviewing a neglected disease.

Verma P, Jha A

Clinical and experimental dermatology 2019; (44(2)):123-129 doi:10.1111/ced.13642.

Treatment of Madura foot: a systematic review.

Salim AO, Mwita CC, Gwer S

JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports 2018; (16(7)):1519-1536 doi:10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003433.

Mycetoma: a clinical dilemma in resource limited settings.

Emmanuel P, Dumre SP, John S, et al.

Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials 2018; (17(1)):35 doi:10.1186/s12941-018-0287-4.

Mycetoma: The Spectrum of Clinical Presentation.

Fahal AH, Suliman SH, Hay R

Tropical medicine and infectious disease 2018; (3(3)) doi:10.3390/tropicalmed3030097.

The disabling consequences of Mycetoma.

Abbas M, Scolding PS, Yosif AA, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018; (12(12)):e0007019 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007019.

The importance of diagnostic imaging of mycetoma in the foot.

Guerra-Leal JD, Medrano-Danés LA, Montemayor-Martinez A, et al.

International journal of dermatology 2019; (58(5)):600-604 doi:10.1111/ijd.14351.

Surgical management of eumycetoma: experience from Gezira Mycetoma Center, Sudan.

Gismalla MDA, Ahmed GMA, MohamedAli MM, et al.

Tropical medicine and health 2019; (47()):6 doi:10.1186/s41182-018-0129-2.

[Eumycetoma due to Fusarium chlamydosporum : Case report und review of the literature].

Malisiewicz B, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P, Schöfer H

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 2019; (70(8)):612-617 doi:10.1007/s00105-019-4430-8.

Interleukin-17 and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression in the mycetoma granuloma.

Siddig EE, Mohammed Edris AM, Bakhiet SM, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019; (13(7)):e0007351 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007351.

The Accuracy of Histopathological and Cytopathological Techniques in the Identification of the Mycetoma Causative Agents.

Siddig EE, Mhmoud NA, Bakhiet SM, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019; (13(8)):e0007056 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007056.

The Diagnosis of Fungal Neglected Tropical Diseases (Fungal NTDs) and the Role of Investigation and Laboratory Tests: An Expert Consensus Report.

Hay R, Denning DW, Bonifaz A, et al.

Tropical medicine and infectious disease 2019; (4(4)) doi:10.3390/tropicalmed4040122.

Unusual extra-podal fungal mycetoma with black grains in a Senegalese child.

Seck B, Diop A, Ndiaye MT, et al.

Journal de mycologie medicale 2020; (30(1)):100914 doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100914.

[Recidives of Mycetoma after Amputation in Dakar (Senegal)].

Sarr L, Dembélé B, Limam M, et al.

Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990) 2019; (112(4)):195-201 doi:10.3166/bspe-2019-0103.

Clinical characteristics and treatment of actinomycetoma in northeast Mexico: A case series.

Cárdenas-de la Garza JA, Welsh O, Cuéllar-Barboza A, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(2)):e0008123 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008123.

Soft tissue mycetoma: "Dot-in-circle" sign on magnetic resonance imaging.

Basirat A, Boothe E, Mazal AT, et al.

Radiology case reports 2020; (15(5)):467-473 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2020.01.024.

Successful Treatment of Recalcitrant Actinomycetoma of Gluteal Area with Combined Medical Treatment and Surgical Excision with Graft Reconstruction.

Al-Kathiri L, Al-Najjar T, Al-Asmaili A

Oman medical journal 2020; (35(2)):e111 doi:10.5001/omj.2020.29.

Mycetoma in Uganda: A neglected tropical disease.

Kwizera R, Bongomin F, Meya DB, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(4)):e0008240 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008240.

Climate, soil type, and geographic distribution of actinomycetoma cases in Northeast Mexico: A cross-sectional study.

Cardenas-de la Garza JA, Welsh O, Cuellar-Barboza A, et al.

PloS one 2020; (15(5)):e0232556 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232556.

Actinomycetoma by Actinomadura madurae. Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of 18 cases with two treatment modalities.

Bonifaz A, Tirado-Sánchez A, Vázquez-González D, et al.

The Journal of dermatological treatment 2022; (33(2)):954-958 doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1793887.

Characterization of Foot Mycetoma Using Sonography and Color Doppler Imaging.

Gameraddin M, Gareeballah A, Mokhtar S, et al.

Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS 2020; (23(7)):968-972 doi:10.3923/pjbs.2020.968.972.

The genus Madurella: Molecular identification and epidemiology in Sudan.

Ahmed EA, Nour BYM, Abakar AD, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020; (14(7)):e0008420 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008420.

Clinico-radiological-pathological correlation in eumycetoma spectrum: Case series.

Yadav T, Meena VK, Shaikh M, et al.

Northern clinics of Istanbul 2020; (7(4)):400-406 doi:10.14744/nci.2019.98215.

Madura's foot: reasons for the delay in diagnosis and consequences for the management (a case report).

Boanimbek B, Aznague Y, Abass GO, et al.

The Pan African medical journal 2020; (37()):75 doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.37.75.24983.

Extensive perineal Actinomadura pelletieri actinomycetoma-induced urethral stricture: a rare complication.

Bakheet OE, Hassan MA, Fahal AH

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):415-419 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa166.

Metagenomics of black grains: new highlights in the understanding of eumycetoma.

Santona A, Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):307-314 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa177.

Mycetoma caused by Microascus gracilis: a novel agent of human eumycetoma in Sudan.

Mhmoud NA, Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):426-430 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab010.

Mycetoma imaging: the best practice.

Bahar ME, Bakheet OELH, Fahal AH

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):387-396 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa178.

A study of 87 mycetoma patients seen at three health facilities in Nouakchott, Mauritania.

Kébé M, Ba O, Mohamed Abderahmane MA, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2021; (115(4)):315-319 doi:10.1093/trstmh/traa197.

Pseudohyperaldosteroism during itraconazole treatment: a hitherto neglected clinically significant side effect.

Brandi SL, Feltoft CL, Serup J, Eldrup E

BMJ case reports 2021; (14(6)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-243191.

Consensus guidelines for optimising antifungal drug delivery and monitoring to avoid toxicity and improve outcomes in patients with haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2021.

Chau MM, Daveson K, Alffenaar JC, et al.

Internal medicine journal 2021; (51 Suppl 7()):37-66 doi:10.1111/imj.15587.

Diagnostic imaging of foot mycetomas: A report on two cases.

Bentaleb D, Mahdar I, Noureddine L, et al.

Radiology case reports 2022; (17(5)):1817-1823 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.02.081.

Mycetoma in north-western Yemen: Clinico-epidemiological and histopathological study.

Khatri ML, Al Kubati SAS, Gaffer IA, Majeed SMA

Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 2022; (88(5)):615-622.

Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology significantly improved mycetoma diagnosis.

Siddig EE, El Had Bakhait O, El Nour Hussein Bahar M, et al.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2022; (36(10)):1845-1850 doi:10.1111/jdv.18363.

Mycetoma management and clinical outcomes: the Mycetoma Research Center experience.

Musa EA, Abdoon IH, Bakhiet SM, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2023; (117(1)):12-21 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trac069.

Individual Risk Factors of Mycetoma Occurrence in Eastern Sennar Locality, Sennar State, Sudan: A Case-Control Study.

Hassan R, Deribe K, Simpson H, et al.

Tropical medicine and infectious disease 2022; (7(8)) doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7080174.

Clinical triad with multi-biopsy histopathology as a reliable diagnostic marker of mycetomas: a retrospective review from a tertiary care center.

Ansari F, Singh S, Bhardwaj A, et al.

International journal of dermatology 2023; (62(1)):88-96 doi:10.1111/ijd.16384.

Mycetoma patients in Ethiopia: case series from Boru Meda Hospital.

Tilahun Zewdu F, Getahun Abdela S, Takarinda KC, et al.

Journal of infection in developing countries 2022; (16(8.1)):41S-44S doi:10.3855/jidc.16047.

Estimating the burden of mycetoma in Sudan for the period 1991-2018 using a model-based geostatistical approach.

Hassan R, Cano J, Fronterre C, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2022; (16(10)):e0010795 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010795.

Role of socioeconomic factors in developing mycetoma: Results from a household survey in Sennar State, Sudan.

Hounsome N, Hassan R, Bakhiet SM, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2022; (16(10)):e0010817 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010817.

Histopathological Diagnosis of Eumycetoma With Paraspinal Sinuses: A Rare Case Report.

Sonone PP, Hiwale KM

Cureus 2022; (14(9)):e29634 doi:10.7759/cureus.29634.

Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests.

Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Mhmoud NA, et al.

Mycoses 2023; (66(5)):420-429 doi:10.1111/myc.13561.

Primary mycetoma of the calcaneum: Case report on an unusual hazard of barefoot walking.

Nasir MU, Mukhtar MU, Nasir Z, et al.

International journal of surgery case reports 2023; (108()):108418 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108418.

Linezolid: a safer and effective substitute to aminoglycoside in the treatment of actinomycetoma by Nocardia species.

Chhabra N, Sri P, Ganguly S

International journal of dermatology 2023; (62(9)):1160-1163 doi:10.1111/ijd.16764.

The First Case of Fusarium falciforme Eumycetoma in Sudan and an Extensive Literature Review about Treatment Worldwide.

Siddig EE, Ahmed A, Eltigani HF, et al.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (9(7)) doi:10.3390/jof9070730.

Case report: The dot in circle sign: A pathognomonic MRI sign of Madura foot.

Oueriagli Nabih O, El Bouardi N, Haloua M, et al.

Radiology case reports 2023; (18(11)):3849-3852 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2023.07.052.

The safety of oral antifungals for the treatment of onychomycosis.

Gupta AK, Haas-Neill S, Talukder M

Expert opinion on drug safety 2023; (22(12)):1169-1178 doi:10.1080/14740338.2023.2280137.

Mycetoma and the environment.

Fahal AH, Bakhiet SM

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2023; (17(11)):e0011736 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011736.

Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids: novel agents against the causative pathogens of eumycetoma and actinomycetoma-en route to broad-spectrum antimycetomal drugs.

Khalid SA, Abd Algaffar S, Tajuddeen N, et al.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2024; (68(5)):e0161223 doi:10.1128/aac.01612-23.

Actinomycetoma in a patient with pre-existing sensorineural hearing loss: a linezolid-based treatment paradigm.

Deo K, Garg P, Masare A, Deokar SV

BMJ case reports 2024; (17(4)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-258686.

An updated list of eumycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response.

van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH

Clinical microbiology reviews 2024; (37(2)):e0003423 doi:10.1128/cmr.00034-23.

Epidemiological observations and management challenges in extrapedal mycetoma: A three-decade review of 420 cases.

Alhaj AAM, Ahmed ES, Hassan A, Fahal AH

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2024; (18(5)):e0011841 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011841.

Reconstructive surgery for mycetoma: Preliminary algorithm and a systematic review.

Gismalla MDA, Bakhiet MY, Alshareef AM, et al.

JPRAS open 2024; (40()):130-137 doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2024.02.002.

Two dose levels of once-weekly fosravuconazole versus daily itraconazole in combination with surgery in patients with eumycetoma in Sudan: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2, proof-of-concept superiority trial.

Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, Bakhiet SM, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2024; (24(11)):1254-1265 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00404-3.

Cervicofacial Actinomycetoma Presenting with Black Grain: A Rare Clinical Scenario.

Lodha S, Biswas S, Basu A, et al.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024; (72(8)):83-85 doi:10.59556/japi.72.0531.

Imaging of Madura foot: Case report.

Rais A, Bouardi NE, Bouanani Z, et al.

Radiology case reports 2024; (19(11)):4747-4750 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.07.042.

Direct 16S/ITS rRNA Gene PCR Followed by Sanger Sequencing for Detection of Mycetoma Causative Agents in Dakar, Senegal: A Pilot Study Among Patients with Mycetoma Attending Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital.

Diongue K, Dione JN, Diop A, et al.

Mycopathologia 2024; (189(5)):80 doi:10.1007/s11046-024-00891-w.

Painful mycetoma: a study to understand the risk factors in patients visiting the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Khartoum, Sudan.

El-Amin SO, El-Amin RO, El-Sadig SM, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2025; (119(2)):145-151 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trae093.

Epidemiology, risk factors, and awareness of mycetoma among residents in Eastern Sinnar locality, Sudan, 2021.

Abdallh MGA, Hemeda S, Elmadani M, et al.

Journal of global health 2025; (15()):04005 doi:10.7189/jogh.15.04005.

Development of the Mycetoma Activity and Severity clinical Scale (MASS): an international Delphi study.

Chandler DJ, Davey G, Hay RJ, et al.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2025; (25(6)):e345-e352 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00808-9.

Unravelling the challenges of mycetoma: a case series highlighting diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic triumphs.

Mathur M, Thakur N, Jaiswal S, et al.

Skin health and disease 2025; (5(1)):61-65 doi:10.1093/skinhd/vzae017.

Global sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological profiling of patients with mycetoma: A systematic review.

Salah ME, Fearon Scales ML, Habib K, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2025; (19(8)):e0013217 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0013217.

[Myelopathy secondary to thoracic actinomycetoma].

Damián-Zapién A, Covarrubias-Gutiérrez D, Rodríguez-Virgen JE, et al.

Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 2026; (64(1)):e6703 doi:10.5281/zenodo.17477391.

Clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment outcomes of mycetoma: A 25-year retrospective study in Southern Thailand.

Chittrakarn S, Kanchanasuwan S, Sangkakul N, Tongsengkee N

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2026; (20(1)):e0013818 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0013818.

Environmental and structural risk factors for mycetoma in the White Nile State, Sudan: an ethnographic study.

Alnoor B, Nahar P, Abu Zied O, Fairhead J

International journal for equity in health 2026; (25(1)):42 doi:10.1186/s12939-026-02768-4.

A rare presentation of actinomycotic mycetoma of the hand: a case report.

Layegh Mirhosseyni S, Abdi A, Kord M, et al.

BMC infectious diseases 2026; (26(1)).

Precision dosing of systemic antifungals in adults: therapeutic drug monitoring, empiric dose optimization and barriers to implementation.

Chastain DB, Anderson DT, Eudy J, et al.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2026; (81(3)) doi:10.1093/jac/dkag055.

Bedside Monitoring of Mycetoma: A Neglected Undertaking in a Neglected Tropical Disease.

Garg S, Gowda SK, Rout AN, et al.

Indian journal of dermatology 2026; (71(2)):142-144 doi:10.4103/ijd.ijd_939_24.

Interpretable machine-learning prognosis of mycetoma from routine clinical data.

Yousif MH, Alsammani A, Abdalla MH, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2026; (120(9)):929-947 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trag061.

A qPCR identification scheme to differentiate actinomycetoma from eumycetoma.

Bakhiet S, Siddig E, Minlekib CP, et al.

European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2026; doi:10.1007/s10096-026-05572-8.

A conserved grain-associated immunosuppressive niche in Sudanese patients with mycetoma.

Osman M, Ashwin H, Calder G, et al.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2026; (20(8)):e0014230 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0014230.

Advanced Eumycetoma of the Right Foot Resulting in Below-Knee Amputation in Somalia: A Case Report.

Mahamud MA, Ahmed MM, Hassan SA, et al.

International medical case reports journal 2026; (19()):633948 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S633948.