Research & Literature

Nelson's syndrome: a review of the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies.

Patel J, Eloy JA, Liu JK

Neurosurgical focus 2015; (38(2)):E14 doi:10.3171/2014.10.FOCUS14681.

Management and outcomes of pituitary apoplexy.

Singh TD, Valizadeh N, Meyer FB, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2015; (122(6)):1450-7 doi:10.3171/2014.10.JNS141204.

Re-examining Nelson's syndrome.

Palermo NE, Ananthakrishnan S

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 2015; (22(4)):313-8 doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000175.

[Pituitary apoplexy - not always correctly recognized life-threatening entity].

Styk A, Zieliński G

Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2015; (38(228)):340-3.

Temozolomide Therapy for Aggressive Pituitary Tumors: Results in a Small Series of Patients from Argentina.

Bruno OD, Juárez-Allen L, Christiansen SB, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2015; (2015()):587893 doi:10.1155/2015/587893.

Temozolomide-Induced Shrinkage of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma in Patient with Nelson's Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Kurowska M, Nowakowski A, Zieliński G, et al.

Case reports in endocrinology 2015; (2015()):623092 doi:10.1155/2015/623092.

Outcomes in pituitary surgery in Nelson's syndrome--therapeutic pitfalls.

Zieliński G, Witek P, Maksymowicz M

Endokrynologia Polska 2015; (66(6)):504-13 doi:10.5603/EP.2015.0062.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2016; (101(2)):364-89 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710.

Characterizing and predicting the Nelson-Salassa syndrome.

Graffeo CS, Perry A, Carlstrom LP, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2017; (127(6)):1277-1287.

Interference in ACTH immunoassay negatively impacts the management of subclinical hypercortisolism.

Yener S, Demir L, Demirpence M, et al.

Endocrine 2017; (56(2)):308-316 doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1268-7.

Presenting Symptoms of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Pyrgelis ES, Mavridis I, Meliou M

Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2018; (79(1)):52-59 doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599051.

Clinical characteristics and ophthalmologic findings of pituitary adenoma in Korean patients.

Kim TG, Jin KH, Kang J

International ophthalmology 2019; (39(1)):21-31 doi:10.1007/s10792-017-0778-x.

A prospective longitudinal study of Pasireotide in Nelson's syndrome.

Daniel E, Debono M, Caunt S, et al.

Pituitary 2018; (21(3)):247-255 doi:10.1007/s11102-017-0853-3.

[Addisonian Crisis - Risk Assessment and Appropriate Treatment].

Meyer G, Badenhoop K

Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2018; (143(6)):392-396 doi:10.1055/s-0043-111729.

Clinically Silent Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Positive Crooke Cell Adenoma: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Todnem N, Ward A, Segar S, et al.

World neurosurgery 2018; (119()):197-200 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.233.

Corticotropin hormone assay interference: A case series.

Donegan DM, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Hamidi O, et al.

Clinical biochemistry 2019; (63()):143-147 doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.11.006.

Heterophile Antibody to Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Interfering with the Investigation of Cushing's Syndrome.

Morton A, Dover T

Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB 2019; (34(2)):234-236 doi:10.1007/s12291-018-0770-x.

Surgical and radiosurgical treatment strategies for Cushing's disease.

Bunevicius A, Laws ER, Vance ML, et al.

Journal of neuro-oncology 2019; (145(3)):403-413 doi:10.1007/s11060-019-03325-6.

Outcomes of Patients with Nelson's Syndrome after Primary Treatment: A Multicenter Study from 13 UK Pituitary Centers.

Fountas A, Lim ES, Drake WM, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; (105(5)) doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz200.

ACTH increment post total bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease: a consistent biosignature for predicting Nelson's syndrome.

Das L, Bhansali A, Pivonello R, et al.

Pituitary 2020; (23(5)):488-497 doi:10.1007/s11102-020-01047-x.

Nelson's Syndrome: An Update.

Fountas A, Karavitaki N

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2020; (49(3)):413-432 doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2020.05.004.

The Mechanisms Underlying Autonomous Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion in Cushing's Disease.

Fukuoka H, Shichi H, Yamamoto M, Takahashi Y

International journal of molecular sciences 2020; (21(23)) doi:10.3390/ijms21239132.

Rapid response of Nelson's syndrome to pasireotide in radiotherapy-naive patient.

He X, Spencer-Segal JL

Clinical diabetes and endocrinology 2020; (6(1)):22 doi:10.1186/s40842-020-00110-7.

Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy (Nelson's syndrome): systematic review and expert consensus recommendations.

Reincke M, Albani A, Assie G, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2021; (184(3)):P1-P16.

Gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with Nelson's syndrome.

Losa M, Detomas M, Bailo M, et al.

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2021; (44(10)):2243-2251 doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01531-6.

Updates in the outcomes of radiation therapy for Cushing's disease.

Gheorghiu ML

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2021; (35(2)):101514 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2021.101514.

Prevalence of Nelson's syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with cushing's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Papakokkinou E, Piasecka M, Carlsen HK, et al.

Pituitary 2021; (24(5)):797-809 doi:10.1007/s11102-021-01158-z.

Adrenal crisis and mortality rate in adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Lousada LM, Mendonca BB, Bachega TASS

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (65(4)):488-494.

Clinical Spectrum of Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome and the Caution for Interpretation of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone: A Single-Center Experience.

Gosavi V, Lila A, Memon SS, et al.

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2022; (54(2)):57-66 doi:10.1055/a-1735-3232.

[Emergency card, emergency medication, and information leaflet for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis (Addison crisis): an Austrian consensus document].

Pilz S, Krebs M, Bonfig W, et al.

Journal fur klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel 2022; (15(1)):5-27 doi:10.1007/s41969-022-00155-2.

A Pitfall of Falsely Elevated ACTH: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Yang YY, Kuo CC, Lin MH, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2022; (10()):23247096221103368 doi:10.1177/23247096221103368.

Sparsely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Macroadenoma Presenting With Pituitary Apoplexy Resulting in Remission of Hypercortisolism.

Liu T, Rossiter JP, Houlden RL, Awad S

AACE clinical case reports 2022; (8(4)):166-170 doi:10.1016/j.aace.2022.04.003.

Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy: data from ERCUSYN.

Valassi E, Castinetti F, Ferriere A, et al.

Endocrine-related cancer 2022; (29(12)):681-691 doi:10.1530/ERC-22-0074.

Corticotroph tumor progression speed after adrenalectomy.

Bessiène L, Moutel S, Lataud M, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2022; (187(6)):797-807 doi:10.1530/EJE-22-0536.

Management of Nelson's Syndrome.

Fountas A, Karavitaki N

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2022; (58(11)) doi:10.3390/medicina58111580.

Nelson's Syndrome: A Narrative Review.

Torres-Ríos JA, Romero-Luna G, Meraz Soto JM, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(5)):e39114 doi:10.7759/cureus.39114.

A Unique Presentation of Nelson Syndrome Due to Partial Adrenal Insufficiency Without Bilateral Adrenalectomy.

Desai PD, Kargutkar S, Nalla R

Cureus 2023; (15(8)):e43518 doi:10.7759/cureus.43518.

From Nelson's Syndrome to Corticotroph Tumor Progression Speed: An Update.

Bessiène L, Villa C, Bertagna X, et al.

Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association 2024; (132(10)):581-590 doi:10.1055/a-2359-8649.

Optical Coherence Tomography Abnormalities as the Presenting Sign of an Involuted Sellar/Suprasellar Mass.

Vosoughi A, Micieli JA

Case reports in ophthalmology 2024; (15(1)):757-761 doi:10.1159/000541680.

The role of intervention timing and treatment modality in visual recovery following pituitary apoplexy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Brown NJ, Patel S, Gendreau J, Abraham ME

Journal of neuro-oncology 2024; (170(3)):469-482 doi:10.1007/s11060-024-04717-z.

Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family Education

Çamtosun E, Sangün Ö

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):80-92 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-12-S.

The Value of Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Pituitary Adenoma and Its Association with Clinical Features: A Pilot Study.

Duseikaite M, Vilkeviciute A, Dumbliauskaite I, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2025; (14(12)) doi:10.3390/jcm14124318.

Outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery in nelson's syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis.

Hajikarimloo B, Tos SM, Mohammadzadeh I, Habibi MA

Pituitary 2025; (28(5)):94 doi:10.1007/s11102-025-01568-3.

Management of endocrine disease: update on the management of pituitary apoplexy.

Biagetti B, Marques P, Ntali G, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2026; (194(2)):R49-R66 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvag034.

A case of Nelson's syndrome with adrenal crisis occurring 21 years post-adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease.

Wang M, Xu Y, Dong Z, Song Y

BMC endocrine disorders 2026; (26(1)).

Perioperative Risks and Long-Term Outcomes of Bilateral Adrenalectomy: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study Across Cushing's Syndrome and Non-Cushing Etiologies.

Güngör Semiz G, Yılmaz N, Aydemir M, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2026; (62(7)) doi:10.3390/medicina62071373.

Corticotroph Tumour Progression 37 Years After Bilateral Adrenalectomy with Temozolomide-Naive Response to Pembrolizumab.

Mignone E, Ephraums L, Chapman I, et al.

Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England) 2026; doi:10.1530/EO-26-0064.