Research & Literature

Synergistic effect of regenerating agent plus cord blood serum eye drops for the treatment of resistant neurotrophic keratitis: a case report and a hypothesis for pathophysiologic mechanism.

Giannaccare G, Fresina M, Vagge A, Versura P

International medical case reports journal 2015; (8()):277-81 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S89968.

[Botulinum toxin A induced protective ptosis for the treatment of recurrent epithelial defects in neurotrophic keratopathy].

Schilimow A, Wiechens B

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2017; (114(8)):745-747 doi:10.1007/s00347-016-0377-7.

Corneal Epithelium-Derived Neurotrophic Factors Promote Nerve Regeneration.

Di G, Qi X, Zhao X, et al.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2017; (58(11)):4695-4702 doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21372.

Neurotrophic factors and corneal nerve regeneration.

Sacchetti M, Lambiase A

Neural regeneration research 2017; (12(8)):1220-1224 doi:10.4103/1673-5374.213534.

Corneal Neurotization for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Clinical Outcomes and In Vivo Confocal Microscopic and Histopathological Findings.

Ting DSJ, Figueiredo GS, Henein C, et al.

Cornea 2018; (37(5)):641-646 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001522.

Phase II Randomized, Double-Masked, Vehicle-Controlled Trial of Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor for Neurotrophic Keratitis.

Bonini S, Lambiase A, Rama P, et al.

Ophthalmology 2018; (125(9)):1332-1343 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.02.022.

Neurotrophic keratopathy.

Dua HS, Said DG, Messmer EM, et al.

Progress in retinal and eye research 2018; (66()):107-131 doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.003.

"Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty: A Retrospective Review".

Roozbahani M, Hammersmith KM, Nagra PK, et al.

Eye & contact lens 2018; (44 Suppl 2()):S433-S441 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000522.

Neurotrophic keratitis: current challenges and future prospects.

Versura P, Giannaccare G, Pellegrini M, et al.

Eye and brain 2018; (10()):37-45 doi:10.2147/EB.S117261.

Topical insulin in neurotrophic keratopathy after resection of acoustic neuroma.

Galvis V, Niño CA, Tello A, et al.

Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2019; (94(2)):100-104 doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2018.06.003.

Clinical Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Neurotrophic Corneal Ulcer.

Wróbel-Dudzińska D, Alio J, Rodriguez A, et al.

Journal of ophthalmology 2018; (2018()):3538764 doi:10.1155/2018/3538764.

Case Series: Management of Neurotrophic Keratitis from Familial Dysautonomia.

Scanzera AC, Shorter E

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2018; (95(8)):678-681 doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001255.

Role of corneal nerves in ocular surface homeostasis and disease.

Labetoulle M, Baudouin C, Calonge M, et al.

Acta ophthalmologica 2019; (97(2)):137-145 doi:10.1111/aos.13844.

[Pathogenesis and epidemiology of neurotrophic keratopathy].

Mertsch S, Alder J, Dua HS, Geerling G

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2019; (116(2)):109-119 doi:10.1007/s00347-018-0823-9.

[Clinical picture and diagnosis of neurotrophic keratopathy].

Messmer EM

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2019; (116(2)):120-126 doi:10.1007/s00347-018-0822-x.

[Current and experimental treatment approaches for neurotrophic keratopathy].

Alder J, Mertsch S, Menzel-Severing J, Geerling G

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 2019; (116(2)):127-137 doi:10.1007/s00347-018-0843-5.

Neurotrophic keratopathy: Pros and cons of current treatments.

Di Zazzo A, Coassin M, Varacalli G, et al.

The ocular surface 2019; (17(4)):619-623 doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2019.09.002.

Corneal Cells: Fine-tuning Nerve Regeneration.

Kowtharapu BS, Stachs O

Current eye research 2020; (45(3)):291-302 doi:10.1080/02713683.2019.1675175.

Topical Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor (Cenegermin) for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Multicenter Randomized Vehicle-Controlled Pivotal Trial.

Pflugfelder SC, Massaro-Giordano M, Perez VL, et al.

Ophthalmology 2020; (127(1)):14-26 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.08.020.

Neurotrophic keratitis: Frequency, etiologies, clinical management and outcomes.

Saad S, Abdelmassih Y, Saad R, et al.

The ocular surface 2020; (18(2)):231-236 doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.008.

Corneal Neurotization: A Review of Pathophysiology and Outcomes.

Park JK, Charlson ES, Leyngold I, Kossler AL

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2020; (36(5)):431-437 doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000001583.

Epithelial Plaque Formation Secondary to Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor.

Weinlander E, Ling J, Reddy A, Nallasamy N

Cornea 2020; (39(9)):1174-1176 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002300.

Amniotic membrane transplantation for managing dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis.

Mead OG, Tighe S, Tseng SCG

Taiwan journal of ophthalmology 2020; (10(1)):13-21 doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_5_20.

Direct Versus Indirect Corneal Neurotization for the Treatment of Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Multicenter Prospective Comparative Study.

Fogagnolo P, Giannaccare G, Bolognesi F, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2020; (220()):203-214 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.07.003.

The molecular basis of neurotrophic keratopathy: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. A review.

Ruiz-Lozano RE, Hernandez-Camarena JC, Loya-Garcia D, et al.

The ocular surface 2021; (19()):224-240 doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.09.007.

[Cyanoacrylate adhesive in surgrical treatment of corneal perforation (clinical case)].

Trufanov SV

Vestnik oftalmologii 2020; (136(5. Vyp. 2)):232-236 doi:10.17116/oftalma2020136052232.

On the Horizon: Biologics and Nutrients for Neurotrophic Keratitis.

Gumus K

Eye & contact lens 2021; (47(3)):154-156 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000757.

Surgical Management of the Ocular Surface in Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Amniotic Membrane, Conjunctival Grafts, Lid Surgery, and Neurotization.

Trinh T, Mimouni M, Santaella G, et al.

Eye & contact lens 2021; (47(3)):149-153 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000753.

[Consensus of experts on diagnosis and treatment of neurotrophic keratitis in China (2021)].

[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology 2021; (57(2)):90-94 doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20201028-00715.

Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Ophthalmology's Diabetic Foot Problem.

Margolis TP

Eye & contact lens 2021; (47(3)):136-139 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000774.

Corneal Neurotization in the Setting of Facial Paralysis: A Comprehensive Review of Surgical Techniques.

Ziai K, Thomas S, Weller C, Lighthall JG

The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2021; (32(6)):2210-2214 doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000007590.

Neurotrophic keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty for lattice dystrophy.

Gouvea L, Penatti R, Rocha KM

American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2021; (22()):101058 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101058.

Bilateral Severe Corneal Ulcer in a Patient with Lung Adenocarcinoma Treated with Gefitinib.

Gozzi F, Tiseo M, Facchinetti F, et al.

Case reports in ophthalmology 2021; (12(1)):288-292 doi:10.1159/000514696.

Expert consensus on the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy.

Dana R, Farid M, Gupta PK, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2021; (21(1)):327 doi:10.1186/s12886-021-02092-1.

Neurotrophic Keratopathy After Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus.

Meyer JJ, Liu K, McGhee CNJ, et al.

Cornea 2022; (41(11)):1433-1436 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003003.

Neurotrophic keratopathy: current challenges and future prospects.

NaPier E, Camacho M, McDevitt TF, Sweeney AR

Annals of medicine 2022; (54(1)):666-673 doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2045035.

Efficacy of treatments for neurotrophic keratopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Roumeau S, Dutheil F, Sapin V, et al.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2022; (260(8)):2623-2637 doi:10.1007/s00417-022-05602-z.

Management of descemetocele: Our experience and a simplified treatment algorithm.

Shankar S, Agarwal R, Nagpal R, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2022; (70(5)):1564-1570 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_3070_21.

Characteristics of the ocular surface in neurotrophic keratitis induced by trigeminal nerve injury following neurosurgery.

Xie C, Liu B, Zhao X, et al.

International ophthalmology 2023; (43(4)):1229-1240 doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02521-0.

Autologous serum eye drops in dry eye disease: Preferred practice pattern guidelines.

Vazirani J, Sridhar U, Gokhale N, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(4)):1357-1363 doi:10.4103/IJO.IJO_2756_22.

Efficacy of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors (PRGF) in Stage 1 Neurotrophic Keratitis.

Ghalibafan S, Osei K, Amescua G, Sabater A

Research square 2023; doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3040369/v1.

Neurotrophic keratopathy: An updated understanding.

The ocular surface 2023; (30()):129-138 doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.001.

Neurotrophic keratitis: inflammatory pathogenesis and novel therapies.

Wajnsztajn D, Faraj LA, Sanchez-Tabernero S, Solomon A

Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2023; (23(6)):520-528 doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000942.

Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel with long-term release of murine nerve growth factor for neurotrophic keratopathy.

Wu J, Huang Y, Yu H, et al.

Neural regeneration research 2024; (19(3)):680-686 doi:10.4103/1673-5374.380908.

Phase IV Multicenter, Prospective, Open-Label Clinical Trial of Cenegermin (rhNGF) for Stage 1 Neurotrophic Keratopathy (DEFENDO).

Hamrah P, Massaro-Giordano M, Schanzlin D, et al.

Ophthalmology and therapy 2024; (13(2)):553-570 doi:10.1007/s40123-023-00866-y.

Topical application of calcitonin gene-related peptide as a regenerative, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory therapy for corneal injury.

Zidan AA, Zhu S, Elbasiony E, et al.

Communications biology 2024; (7(1)):264 doi:10.1038/s42003-024-05934-y.

Substance P promotes transforming growth factor-β-induced collagen synthesis in human corneal fibroblasts.

Sugioka K, Nishida T, Murakami J, et al.

American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 2024; (326(5)):C1482-C1493 doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2024.

Corneal Neurotization for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Multicenter Experience.

Aujla J, Tong JY, Curragh D, et al.

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2024; (40(6)):655-660 doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000002684.

Insights on the Choice and Preparation of the Donor Nerve in Corneal Neurotization for Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Narrative Review.

Serra PL, Giannaccare G, Cuccu A, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(8)) doi:10.3390/jcm13082268.

Corneal Sensitivity Testing Procedure for Ophthalmologic and Optometric Patients.

Galor A, Lighthizer N

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2024; doi:10.3791/66597.

The THINK Study: Testing Hypoesthesia and the Incidence of Neurotrophic Keratopathy in Cataract Patients with Dry Eye.

Hovanesian JA

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2024; (18()):3627-3633 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S501452.

Sandwich Technique and Amniotic Membrane Transplantation as an Effective Method in Repairing Corneal Perforations.

Ciftci MD, Selver OB

Middle East African journal of ophthalmology 2023; (30(4)):246-249 doi:10.4103/meajo.meajo_191_23.

The Prevalence of Corneal Sensitivity Loss in Patients with and without Dry Eye Disease.

Stolz M

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2025; (19()):1323-1330 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S513005.

Corneal Neurotization in Elderly Patients with Multimorbidity.

Holtmann C, Roth M, Beseoglu K, et al.

Current eye research 2025; (50(9)):886-893 doi:10.1080/02713683.2025.2509567.

The pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Bao M, Bao H, Wang S, Zhou H

Frontiers in medicine 2025; (12()):1559224 doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1559224.

Cenegermin for the Treatment of Moderate or Severe Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Results from a Prospective, Phase IV, Open-Label Study in China.

Li S, Xu J, Yuan J, et al.

Ophthalmology and therapy 2025; (14(12)):3021-3033 doi:10.1007/s40123-025-01253-5.

Efficacy of Corneal Neurotization Surgery in Eyes With Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Molinari ME, Huntermann R, Pedrotti Chavez M, et al.

Annals of plastic surgery 2025; (95(6)):672-679 doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000004517.

Profile and Management Outcomes of Neurotrophic Keratitis at A Tertiary Eye Hospital in Saudi Arabia: A Cohort Study.

Al Azaz R, Khandekar R, Al Ghadeer H

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2025; (19()):3815-3826 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S540546.

Beyond the Surface: Revealing the Concealed Effects of Hyperglycemia on Ocular Surface Homeostasis and Dry Eye Disease.

Zeppieri M, Capobianco M, Visalli F, et al.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2025; (61(11)) doi:10.3390/medicina61111992.

[Recurrence of herpetic eye disease following cataract surgery: risk factors and prevention].

Mackenbrock LHB, Xu ATL, Naujokaitis T, Khoramnia R

Die Ophthalmologie 2026; (123(5)):353-358 doi:10.1007/s00347-026-02411-1.

Concomitant Tarsorrhaphy During Penetrating Keratoplasty for Promoting Epithelial Healing in Neurotrophic Keratopathy.

Huang RS, Agarwal M, Mimouni M, Chan CC

American journal of ophthalmology 2026; (287()):101-108 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2026.03.027.

Subclinical Corneal Neuropathy in Dry Eye Disease: A Driver of Ocular Surface Dysfunction?

Almaoui E, Calkins DJ, Wareham LK

Current eye research 2026; (51(9)):1044-1055 doi:10.1080/02713683.2026.2664593.

Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Current Concepts, Management, and Emerging Treatments.

Cheung AY, Holland EJ

Cornea 2026; (45(6)):673-685 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000004055.

Retrospective Evaluation of Successive Biovance Decellularized Basement Membrane Tissue Grafts for the Management of Chronic Subclinical and Stage 1 Neurotrophic Keratitis.

Ayres BD, Fram NR, Wu HK, et al.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 2026; (20()):599498 doi:10.2147/OPTH.S599498.

Acute Calcific Band Keratopathy After Cenegermin Treatment for Neurotrophic Keratitis.

Morcos DM, Carbonell BA, Rao N, et al.

Cornea 2026; doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000004192.

[Corneal melting under PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition].

Jacobi LF, Thaler S, Bodenbender JP

Die Ophthalmologie 2026; (123(7)):549-552 doi:10.1007/s00347-026-02458-0.

The neuro-immune-epithelial axis in dry eye: From pathogenic crosstalk to neuromodulatory therapies.

Zhang J, Li Z

Experimental eye research 2026; (270()):111133 doi:10.1016/j.exer.2026.111133.

Therapeutic efficacy of cenegermin in the management of neurotrophic keratitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Faroog Z, Zaidi ARZ, Tejani S

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology 2026; (18()):25158414261460347 doi:10.1177/25158414261460347.

Making Corneal Sensation Testing Accessible: Bench Validation of a Low-Cost Adjustable Monofilament Aesthesiometer.

Maskill D

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) 2026; (46(5)):1196-1201 doi:10.1007/s44402-026-00160-x.