Research & Literature

Characteristics of thyroid nodules causing globus symptoms.

Nam IC, Choi H, Kim ES, et al.

European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2015; (272(5)):1181-8 doi:10.1007/s00405-015-3525-9.

The natural history of benign thyroid nodules.

Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, et al.

JAMA 2015; (313(9)):926-35 doi:10.1001/jama.2015.0956.

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: a consensus statement by the korean society of thyroid radiology.

Lee YH, Baek JH, Jung SL, et al.

Korean journal of radiology 2015; (16(2)):391-401 doi:10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.391.

Insulin Resistance in Patients with Benign Thyroid Nodules.

Heidari Z, Mashhadi MA, Nosratzehi S

Archives of Iranian medicine 2015; (18(9)):572-6 doi:0151809/AIM.005.

Etiopathology, clinical features, and treatment of diffuse and multinodular nontoxic goiters.

Knobel M

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2016; (39(4)):357-73 doi:10.1007/s40618-015-0391-7.

2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2016; (26(1)):1-133 doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.

Multinodular Goiter Spontaneous Hemorrhage in ESRD Patients Result in Acute Respiratory Failure: A Case Report.

Lei WH, Shao CX, Xin J, et al.

Medicine 2016; (95(6)):e2777 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002777.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS, AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, AND ASSOCIAZIONE MEDICI ENDOCRINOLOGI MEDICAL GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID NODULES--2016 UPDATE.

Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2016; (22(5)):622-39 doi:10.4158/EP161208.GL.

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: factors affecting diagnostic outcomes and confounding variables.

Kavanagh J, McVeigh N, McCarthy E, et al.

Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2017; (58(3)):301-306 doi:10.1177/0284185116654331.

2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis.

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2016; (26(10)):1343-1421 doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229.

Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Goiter in Middle-Aged Euthyroid Subjects.

Dauksiene D, Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2017; (2017()):8401518 doi:10.1155/2017/8401518.

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Larynx Presenting as a Thyroid Mass and Brief Literature Review.

Shirian S, Maghbool M, Aledavood A, et al.

Acta cytologica 2017; (61(3)):237-241 doi:10.1159/000464271.

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration versus core needle biopsy: comparison of post-biopsy hematoma rates and risk factors.

Chae IH, Kim EK, Moon HJ, et al.

Endocrine 2017; (57(1)):108-114 doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1319-0.

Pharyngolaryngeal symptoms associated with thyroid disease.

Nam IC, Park YH

Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2017; (25(6)):469-474 doi:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000404.

Temporal Changes in Thyroid Nodule Volume: Lack of Effect on Paranodular Thyroid Tissue Volume.

Grani G, Bruno R, Lucisano G, et al.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2017; (27(11)):1378-1384 doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0201.

Indications for the Surgical Management of Benign Goiter in Adults.

Bartsch DK, Luster M, Buhr HJ, et al.

Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2018; (115(1-02)):1-7.

Efficacy and Safety of Radiofrequency Ablation for Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Multicenter Study.

Jung SL, Baek JH, Lee JH, et al.

Korean journal of radiology 2018; (19(1)):167-174 doi:10.3348/kjr.2018.19.1.167.

The Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: A Review.

Durante C, Grani G, Lamartina L, et al.

JAMA 2018; (319(9)):914-924 doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0898.

Comparison of Performance Characteristics of American College of Radiology TI-RADS, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology TIRADS, and American Thyroid Association Guidelines.

Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Reading CC, et al.

AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2018; (210(5)):1148-1154 doi:10.2214/AJR.17.18822.

Malignancy risk of initially benign thyroid nodules: validation with various Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System guidelines.

Ha SM, Baek JH, Choi YJ, et al.

European radiology 2019; (29(1)):133-140 doi:10.1007/s00330-018-5566-0.

Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management.

Wong R, Farrell SG, Grossmann M

The Medical journal of Australia 2018; (209(2)):92-98 doi:10.5694/mja17.01204.

Performance of a Multigene Genomic Classifier in Thyroid Nodules With Indeterminate Cytology: A Prospective Blinded Multicenter Study.

Steward DL, Carty SE, Sippel RS, et al.

JAMA oncology 2019; (5(2)):204-212 doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.4616.

Retrospective Application of the 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Classification, Biopsy Indications, and Follow-up Imaging of Thyroid Nodules: Can Improved Reporting Decrease Testing?

Mohammadi M, Betel C, Burton KR, et al.

Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes 2019; (70(1)):68-73 doi:10.1016/j.carj.2018.09.001.

Death due to external compression of the trachea in a patient with multinodular hemorrhagic goiter.

dell'Aquila M, De Matteis A, Bolino G, et al.

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2019; (15(3)):509-512 doi:10.1007/s12024-019-00094-6.

FNAC and Its Utility in Solitary Thyroid Nodule and Its Correlation with Histopathological Examination.

Momin MA, Bhuiyan FU, Chakraborty S, Kar NK

Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ 2019; (28(2)):356-363.

Malignant teratoma of the thyroid: A difficult diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration.

Starling CE, Sabra J, Brady B, et al.

Diagnostic cytopathology 2019; (47(9)):930-934 doi:10.1002/dc.24216.

Cardiothyreosis: Prevalence and risk factors.

Yazidi M, Chihaoui M, Oueslati H, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2019; (80(4)):211-215 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.11.004.

Approach to cytological indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Bongiovanni M, Bellevicine C, Troncone G, Sykiotis GP

Gland surgery 2019; (8(Suppl 2)):S98-S104 doi:10.21037/gs.2018.12.06.

The Prevalence of Single and Multiple Thyroid Nodules and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Zou B, Sun L, Wang X, Chen Z

International journal of endocrinology 2020; (2020()):5381012 doi:10.1155/2020/5381012.

Hyperthyroidism.

Doubleday AR, Sippel RS

Gland surgery 2020; (9(1)):124-135 doi:10.21037/gs.2019.11.01.

Constitutive TSH receptor activation as a hallmark of thyroid autonomy.

Führer D

Endocrine 2020; (68(2)):274-278 doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02270-z.

Correlation of ThyroSeq Results with Surgical Histopathology in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules.

Chin PD, Zhu CY, Sajed DP, et al.

Endocrine pathology 2020; (31(4)):377-384 doi:10.1007/s12022-020-09641-2.

Mendelian randomization supports a causative effect of TSH on thyroid carcinoma.

Fussey JM, Beaumont RN, Wood AR, et al.

Endocrine-related cancer 2020; (27(10)):551-559.

Validation of American Thyroid Association Ultrasound Risk-Adapted Approach for Repeating Cytology in Benign Thyroid Nodules.

Maino F, Bufano A, Dalmazio G, et al.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2021; (31(3)):446-451 doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0351.

Thyroid Nodules: Advances in Evaluation and Management.

Kant R, Davis A, Verma V

American family physician 2020; (102(5)):298-304.

2020 European Thyroid Association Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Image-Guided Ablation in Benign Thyroid Nodules.

Papini E, Monpeyssen H, Frasoldati A, Hegedüs L

European thyroid journal 2020; (9(4)):172-185 doi:10.1159/000508484.

The Role of Nuclear Medicine in the Clinical Management of Benign Thyroid Disorders, Part 1: Hyperthyroidism.

Mariani G, Tonacchera M, Grosso M, et al.

Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2021; (62(3)):304-312 doi:10.2967/jnumed.120.243170.

Thyroid Ultrasound: Diffuse and Nodular Disease.

Alexander LF, Patel NJ, Caserta MP, Robbin ML

Radiologic clinics of North America 2020; (58(6)):1041-1057 doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.003.

Hemithyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer: A Review.

Addasi N, Fingeret A, Goldner W

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2020; (56(11)) doi:10.3390/medicina56110586.

Quality of Life Following Molecular Marker Testing for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules.

Wong CW, Schumm MA, Zhu CY, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2020; (26(9)):960-966 doi:10.4158/EP-2020-0101.

Current approach to surgical management of hyperthyroidism.

Barczyński M

The quarterly journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging : official publication of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) [and] the International Association of Radiopharmacology (IAR), [and] Section of the Society of... 2021; (65(2)):124-131 doi:10.23736/S1824-4785.21.03330-6.

Malignancy risk of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules compared with non-toxic nodules: systematic review and a meta-analysis.

Lau LW, Ghaznavi S, Frolkis AD, et al.

Thyroid research 2021; (14(1)):3 doi:10.1186/s13044-021-00094-1.

Molecular Imaging for Thyrotoxicosis and Thyroid Nodules.

Giovanella L, Avram A, Clerc J

Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2021; (62(Suppl 2)):20S-25S doi:10.2967/jnumed.120.246017.

Comparison of Thyroid Risk Categorization Systems and Fine-Needle Aspiration Recommendations in a Multi-Institutional Thyroid Ultrasound Registry.

Hoang JK, Middleton WD, Langer JE, et al.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR 2021; (18(12)):1605-1613 doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2021.07.019.

Prevalence and associated metabolic factors for thyroid nodules: a cross-sectional study in Southwest of China with more than 120 thousand populations.

Xu L, Zeng F, Wang Y, et al.

BMC endocrine disorders 2021; (21(1)):175 doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00842-2.

The Relationship and Gender Disparity Between Thyroid Nodules and Metabolic Syndrome Components Based on a Recent Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis.

Zhang F, Li Y, Yu X, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2021; (12()):736972 doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.736972.

Collision tumor of the thyroid - a challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Vlad M, Corlan A, Balas M, et al.

Archive of clinical cases 2021; (8(4)):64-71 doi:10.22551/2021.33.0804.10189.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Conditions: Hyperthyroidism.

Rhodes MA, Adams CS, Bragg S, Christian N

FP essentials 2022; (514()):11-17.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Conditions: Thyroid Nodules, Cysts, and Malignancies.

Adams CS, Bragg S, Christian N, Rhodes MA

FP essentials 2022; (514()):24-29.

Radioiodine treatment outcome by dosimetric parameters and renal function in hyperthyroidism.

Nilsson JN, Elovsson R, Thor D, et al.

Thyroid research 2022; (15(1)):8 doi:10.1186/s13044-022-00126-4.

Non-Toxic Multinodular Goiter: From Etiopathogenesis to Treatment.

Unlu MT, Kostek M, Aygun N, et al.

Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni 2022; (56(1)):21-40 doi:10.14744/SEMB.2022.56514.

Predictors of Hypothyroidism Following Empirical Dose Radioiodine in Toxic Thyroid Nodules: Real-Life Experience.

Demir BK, Karakilic E, Saygili ES, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2022; (28(8)):749-753 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.05.001.

The Effect Modification of Ultrasound Risk Classification on Molecular Testing in Predicting the Risk of Malignancy in Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules.

Hu TX, Nguyen DT, Patel M, et al.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2022; (32(8)):905-916 doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0659.

Malignancy rates in thyroid nodules: a long-term cohort study of 17,592 patients.

Grussendorf M, Ruschenburg I, Brabant G

European thyroid journal 2022; (11(4)).

Health-related quality of life following FDG-PET/CT for cytological indeterminate thyroid nodules.

de Koster EJ, Husson O, van Dam EWCM, et al.

Endocrine connections 2022; (11(8)).

Management of thyroid nodules.

Alexander EK, Doherty GM, Barletta JA

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2022; (10(7)):540-548 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00139-5.

Distribution of Functional Status of Thyroid Nodules and Malignancy Rates of Hyperfunctioning and Hypofunctioning Thyroid Nodules in Germany.

Schenke SA, Kreissl MC, Grunert M, et al.

Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine 2022; (61(5)):376-384 doi:10.1055/a-1856-4052.

Thyroid hormone replacement following lobectomy: Long-term institutional analysis 15 years after surgery.

Barranco H, Fazendin J, Lindeman B, et al.

Surgery 2023; (173(1)):189-192 doi:10.1016/j.surg.2022.05.044.

SFE-AFCE-SFMN 2022 Consensus on the management of thyroid nodules: Initial work-up for thyroid nodules.

Do Cao C, Haissaguerre M, Lussey-Lepoutre C, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2022; (83(6)):380-388 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2022.10.009.

Bethesda III and IV Thyroid Nodules Managed Nonoperatively After Molecular Testing With Afirma GSC or Thyroseq v3.

Kim NE, Raghunathan RS, Hughes EG, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2023; (108(9)):e698-e703 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad181.

The 2023 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.

Ali SZ, Baloch ZW, Cochand-Priollet B, et al.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2023; (33(9)):1039-1044 doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0141.

Management of Thyroid Nodules.

Uludag M, Unlu MT, Kostek M, et al.

Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni 2023; (57(3)):287-304 doi:10.14744/SEMB.2023.06992.

Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: A prospective, multi-institutional North American experience.

Russell JO, Desai DD, Noel JE, et al.

Surgery 2024; (175(1)):139-145 doi:10.1016/j.surg.2023.07.046.

Pathology and new insights in thyroid neoplasms in the 2022 WHO classification.

Lebrun L, Salmon I

Current opinion in oncology 2024; (36(1)):13-21 doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000001012.

Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules present intermediate malignancy risk according to European Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (EU-TIRADS) and yield indeterminate cytology results.

Kyrilli A, Tacelli N, Russo L, et al.

European thyroid journal 2023; (12(6)).

Thyroid storm triggered by thyroid nodule fine needle aspiration biopsy: a case report.

Eatz TA, Rios P, Penaherrera Oviedo CA, Lagari V

AME case reports 2024; (8()):15 doi:10.21037/acr-23-63.

A clinical practice review of percutaneous ethanol injection for thyroid nodules: state of the art for benign, cystic lesions.

Clark RDE, Luo X, Issa PP, et al.

Gland surgery 2024; (13(1)):108-116 doi:10.21037/gs-22-568.

Outcomes of Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules Managed With Genomic Sequencing Classifier.

Ahmadi S, Kotwal A, Bikas A, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2024; (109(12)):e2231-e2239 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae112.

Prevalence of thyroid nodule and relationship with physiological and psychosocial factors among adults in Zhejiang Province, China: a baseline survey of a cohort study.

Li X, Chen Z, Wu L, et al.

BMC public health 2024; (24(1)):1854 doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19375-z.

Radio Frequency Ablation of Enlarged Thyroid Nodules: A Case Report.

Muminiy SN, Harhash T, Soni A, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(11)):e73200 doi:10.7759/cureus.73200.

Single-session ethanol ablation in the treatment of thyroid cysts ≥10 mL: Effectiveness and influencing factors.

Cheng KL, Lai PH, Su CL, et al.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2026; (125(2)):185-190 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2024.12.040.

Analysis of risk factors for negative emotions in patients with thyroid nodules: A cross-sectional study.

Wang M, Wang S, Yuan G, et al.

Medicine 2024; (103(47)):e40548 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040548.

Multinodular benign goitre as an immediate threat to the airway: a case report.

Santos AJ, Pinheiro JL, Gaspar D, et al.

Journal of surgical case reports 2025; (2025(2)):rjaf105 doi:10.1093/jscr/rjaf105.

Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in an Elderly Patient: A Rare Presentation of Toxic Nodular Goiter.

Lin TC, Kornelius E

The American journal of case reports 2025; (26()):e947896 doi:10.12659/AJCR.947896.

Unusual nodular goiter with recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy due to severe degeneration caused by intense chronic inflammation: a case report with histopathological evidence and review of the literature.

Takagi R, Mori K, Tsuyuguchi S, et al.

BMC endocrine disorders 2025; (25(1)):128 doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01929-w.

Role of Publicly-Funded Molecular Testing in Surgical Management of Thyroid Nodules within Canadian Medicare: Clinical Assessment of ThyroSeqv3 Molecular Test Pilot Project at McGill University.

Bandargal S, Hier J, Abdulhaleem M, et al.

Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale 2025; (54()):19160216251336687 doi:10.1177/19160216251336687.

The myth of iodine: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between iodine and thyroid nodule.

Gräfe W, Scheibe S, Schwarz J, et al.

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2025; (48(8)):1693-1706 doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02606-4.

Long-Term Surveillance for Benign Thyroid Nodules.

Macera M, Melcarne R, Grani G

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2026; (32(1)):77-86 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.07.021.

Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Mounsey A, Paulus R, Roten W

American family physician 2025; (112(2)):146-152.

Redefining Thyroid Nodule Evaluation: Demographics, Misleading Symptoms, and Diagnostic Challenges. Insights From a Multicenter Study.

Croce L, Ruggeri RM, Teliti M, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2026; (32(2)):142-148 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.08.007.

Impact of Needle Gauge Selection on Sample Adequacy in Ultrasound-Guided Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Mohebbi A, Abdi A, Mohammadzadeh S, et al.

Academic radiology 2025; (32(12)):7309-7319 doi:10.1016/j.acra.2025.08.022.

Atypical manifestation of giant thyroid goiter: a case report presenting with Arm paresthesia.

Chiu PY, Lin CH, Lu SC, Yueh HZ

Frontiers in surgery 2025; (12()):1619195 doi:10.3389/fsurg.2025.1619195.

Risks Associated With Extent of Surgical Management for Benign, Non-Toxic Goiter.

Brady JS, Konuthula N, Lam A, et al.

Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology 2025; (10(4)):e70214 doi:10.1002/lio2.70214.

Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of Afirma GSC to ThyroSeq V3 in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Dowell N, Begum S, Muzaffar J, et al.

European thyroid journal 2025; (14(6)).

Are We Operating Smarter? Risk of Malignancy Across Bethesda Categories-A 10-Year Institutional Experience.

Thadathil SJ, Rajagopal KG, Mathew IL, et al.

Head & neck 2026; (48(7)):1737-1741 doi:10.1002/hed.70191.

Correlations between iodine status and the risk of thyroid nodules, a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Lu C, Dong H, Shi P, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2026; (17()):1711749 doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1711749.

From Lobectomy to Completion Thyroidectomy: A Cohort Study and Systematic Review.

Tessler I, Yamin T, Caracucli L, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2026; (105(1)):108-115 doi:10.1111/cen.70130.

Thyroid hormone therapy initiation after hemithyroidectomy: treatment burden, timing, and predictors in a population-based cohort.

Wechsler S, Marom T, Oberman B, et al.

Endocrine 2026; (91(1)).

Pattern of Thyroid Disorders in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, South-West, Nigeria.

Raimi TH, Oguntiloye OO, Olaogun JG, et al.

Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical Association 2026; (67(3)):1162-1172.