Research & Literature

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Lancaster E

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) 2016; (12(1)):1-13 doi:10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.1.

A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis.

Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2016; (15(4)):391-404.

Listeria rhombencephalitis mimicking a demyelinating event in an immunocompetent young patient.

Décard BF, Thöne J, Haghikia A, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2017; (23(1)):123-125 doi:10.1177/1352458516650522.

Anti-Ma and anti-Ma2-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

Ortega Suero G, Sola-Valls N, Escudero D, et al.

Neurologia 2018; (33(1)):18-27 doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2016.05.010.

MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 3: Brainstem involvement - frequency, presentation and outcome.

Jarius S, Kleiter I, Ruprecht K, et al.

Journal of neuroinflammation 2016; (13(1)):281 doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0719-z.

ImmunoglobuliN in the Treatment of Encephalitis (IgNiTE): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Iro MA, Sadarangani M, Absoud M, et al.

BMJ open 2016; (6(11)):e012356 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012356.

Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis.

Shin YW, Lee ST, Park KI, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2018; (11()):1756285617722347 doi:10.1177/1756285617722347.

Clinical Presentation and Cranial MRI Findings of Listeria monocytogenes Encephalitis: A Literature Review of Case Series.

Arslan F, Ertan G, Emecen AN, et al.

The neurologist 2018; (23(6)):198-203 doi:10.1097/NRL.0000000000000212.

Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes rhombencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient by multiplexed PCR.

Richards RJ, Simon MS, Phillips CD, et al.

BMJ case reports 2018; (2018()) doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-225575.

Long-term Sequelae of Pediatric Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis Includes Autonomic and Sleep Dysregulation.

Santoro JD

Journal of child neurology 2019; (34(3)):153-160 doi:10.1177/0883073818820488.

Kelch-like Protein 11 Antibodies in Seminoma-Associated Paraneoplastic Encephalitis.

Mandel-Brehm C, Dubey D, Kryzer TJ, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2019; (381(1)):47-54 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1816721.

Neurologic Autoimmunity in the Era of Checkpoint Inhibitor Cancer Immunotherapy.

Zekeridou A, Lennon VA

Mayo Clinic proceedings 2019; (94(9)):1865-1878 doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.02.003.

Brainstem Encephalitis With Low-Titer Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies Mimicking Myasthenia Gravis.

Ayzenberg I, Ellrichmann G, Schroeder C, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2019; (10()):829 doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00829.

F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography for the investigation of malignancy in patients with suspected paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and negative or indeterminate conventional imaging: a retrospective analysis of the Ontario PET Access Program, with systematic review and meta-analysis.

Harlos C, Metser U, Poon R, et al.

Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) 2019; (26(4)):e458-e465 doi:10.3747/co.26.4583.

Multiple co-existing antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: A case and review of the literature.

Kammeyer R, Piquet AL

Journal of neuroimmunology 2019; (337()):577084 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577084.

Differences and diversity of autoimmune encephalitis in 77 cases from a single tertiary care center.

Saraya AW, Worachotsueptrakun K, Vutipongsatorn K, et al.

BMC neurology 2019; (19(1)):273 doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1501-5.

Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes Infection.

Schlech WF

Microbiology spectrum 2019; (7(3)) doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0014-2018.

Paraneoplastic Diseases of the Central Nervous System.

Galli J, Greenlee J

F1000Research 2020; (9()) doi:10.12688/f1000research.21309.1.

Expanded Clinical Phenotype, Oncological Associations, and Immunopathologic Insights of Paraneoplastic Kelch-like Protein-11 Encephalitis.

Dubey D, Wilson MR, Clarkson B, et al.

JAMA neurology 2020; (77(11)):1420-1429 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2231.

Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis with or without anti-GQ1b antibody.

Yoshikawa K, Kuwahara M, Morikawa M, Kusunoki S

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2020; (7(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000889.

Paraneoplastic Myeloneuropathies: Clinical, Oncologic, and Serologic Accompaniments.

Shah S, Vazquez Do Campo R, Kumar N, et al.

Neurology 2021; (96(4)):e632-e639 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011218.

Rhombencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes infection with GQ1b antibody positivity and multiple intracranial hemorrhage: a case report and literature review.

Zhao Y, Xu C, Tuo H, et al.

The Journal of international medical research 2021; (49(4)):300060521998568 doi:10.1177/0300060521998568.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG Associated Demyelinating Disease: Our Experience with this Distinct Syndrome.

Pujari SS, Kulkarni RV, Nadgir DB, et al.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2021; (24(1)):69-77 doi:10.4103/aian.AIAN_627_19.

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes.

Blaes F

Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2021; (21(6)):675-686 doi:10.1080/14737175.2021.1927713.

Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes.

Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2021; (8(4)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001014.

Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases of the CNS: Challenges and Approaches to Diagnosis and Management.

Sechi E, Flanagan EP

Frontiers in neurology 2021; (12()):673339 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.673339.

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a practical approach to diagnosis and management.

Binks S, Uy C, Honnorat J, Irani SR

Practical neurology 2022; (22(1)):19-31 doi:10.1136/practneurol-2021-003073.

Immunopathogenesis and proposed clinical score for identifying Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis.

Vogrig A, Péricart S, Pinto AL, et al.

Brain communications 2021; (3(3)):fcab185 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab185.

Breast cancer-associated opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: a case report.

Kostoglou A, Vlastos D, Bakalis A, Ghosh D

World journal of surgical oncology 2021; (19(1)):328 doi:10.1186/s12957-021-02436-7.

Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Yang J, Liu X

Frontiers in immunology 2021; (12()):790962 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.790962.

Additional Value of [18F]FDG PET/CT in Detection of Suspected Malignancy in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Having Negative Results of Conventional Radiological Imaging.

Opalińska M, Sowa-Staszczak A, Wężyk K, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(6)) doi:10.3390/jcm11061537.

Detection and significance of neuronal autoantibodies in patients with meningoencephalitis in Vientiane, Lao PDR.

Uy CE, Mayxay M, Harrison R, et al.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2022; (116(10)):959-965 doi:10.1093/trstmh/trac023.

Modified Zipper Method, a Promising Treatment Option in Severe Pediatric Immune-Mediated Neurologic Disorders.

Nikolaus M, Kühne F, Tietze A, et al.

Journal of child neurology 2022; (37(6)):505-516 doi:10.1177/08830738221089476.

Clinical Reasoning: A 43-Year-Old Man With Subacute Onset of Vision Disturbances, Jaw Spasms, and Balance and Sleep Difficulties.

Orozco E, Guo Y, Chen JJ, et al.

Neurology 2022; (99(9)):387-392 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200950.

Weakness in both lower limbs for 1 week and blepharoptosis for 3 days in a boy aged 1 year and 7 months.

Lang CH, Tian MQ, Shu XM

Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 2022; (24(8)):923-927 doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2203101.

MOG antibody-associated encephalitis in adult: clinical phenotypes and outcomes.

Lee WJ, Kwon YN, Kim B, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2023; (94(2)):102-112 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-330074.

Autoimmune encephalitis : Part 1 (Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical spectrum).

Hiesgen J, Schutte C

South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 2023; (113(3)):116-121 doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2023.v113i3.780.

Characterization and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the neurological intensive care unit: a retrospective study.

Qin N, Wang J, Wu X, et al.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2023; (44(8)):2889-2895 doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06778-w.

Listeria rhombencephalitis mimicking stroke in a patient with giant cell arteritis.

Shimizu H, Imoto H, Hara S, Nishioka H

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2023; (29(7)):703-706 doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2023.03.016.

Autoimmune Encephalitis Criteria in Clinical Practice.

Orozco E, Valencia-Sanchez C, Britton J, et al.

Neurology. Clinical practice 2023; (13(3)):e200151 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200151.

Epidemiology, clinical and imaging features of rhombencephalitis caused by L. monocytogenes. A retrospective observational study.

Láinez-Ramos Bossini AJ, Redruello-Guerrero P, Martínez-Barbero JP, et al.

Revista de neurologia 2023; (76(12)):385-390 doi:10.33588/rn.7612.2023020.

Paraneoplastic encephalitis: clinically based approach on diagnosis and management.

Vaišvilas M, Ciano-Petersen NL, Macarena Villagrán-García MD, et al.

Postgraduate medical journal 2023; (99(1173)):669-678 doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2022-141766.

General features, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnostics of autoimmune encephalitis.

Masciocchi S, Businaro P, Scaranzin S, et al.

Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences 2024; (61(1)):45-69 doi:10.1080/10408363.2023.2247482.

Revisiting anti-Hu paraneoplastic autoimmunity: phenotypic characterization and cancer diagnosis.

Villagrán-García M, Farina A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al.

Brain communications 2023; (5(5)):fcad247 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad247.

Outcome and Sequelae of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Kvam KA, Stahl JP, Chow FC, et al.

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) 2024; (20(1)):3-22 doi:10.3988/jcn.2023.0242.

Pearls & Oy-sters: KLHL11 IgG Paraneoplastic-Associated Hearing Loss and Rhombencephalitis in a Woman With Metastatic Müllerian Tumor.

Agyei P, Chen M, Guo Y, et al.

Neurology 2024; (102(7)):e209187 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000209187.

Clinical approach to diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes.

Graus F

Handbook of clinical neurology 2024; (200()):79-96 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823912-4.00007-4.

Expanding Clinical Spectrum of Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome: A Review.

Lee SU, Kim HJ, Choi JY, et al.

JAMA neurology 2024; (81(7)):762-770 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.1123.

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders.

Zekeridou A

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) 2024; (30(4)):1021-1051 doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000001449.

Analysis of a case report of meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

Chen L, Pei M, Wang X, et al.

Frontiers in medicine 2024; (11()):1440225 doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1440225.

Pediatric MOG-Ab-Associated Encephalitis: Supporting Early Recognition and Treatment.

Kim NN, Champsas D, Eyre M, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2024; (11(6)):e200323 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200323.

First case report on Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis in a young adult from Syria: Bridging clinical knowledge and practice.

Almohamed A, Qatza A, Alsamman H, et al.

Radiology case reports 2025; (20(2)):1211-1214 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.11.006.

Autoimmune brainstem encephalitis: Clinical associations, outcomes, and proposed diagnostic criteria.

Gilligan M, Thakolwiboon S, Orozco E, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2025; (12(1)):213-225 doi:10.1002/acn3.52273.

Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis-Miller-Fisher syndrome (BBE-MFS) overlap with negative anti-GQ1b serology.

Nayak M V, Sharma H, Nagaraju S, Prabhu MM

BMJ case reports 2024; (17(12)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2024-261975.

Systemic lupus erythematosus with hypothermia and Wallenberg's syndrome as signs of brainstem encephalitis: A grand rounds case.

Shiratani R, Shibahara T, Shiba M, et al.

Lupus 2025; (34(5)):525-532 doi:10.1177/09612033251324496.

Paraneoplastic cerebellitis with Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies as an initial presentation for testicular seminoma.

Mercer JS, Myers E, Labriola MK

BMJ case reports 2025; (18(8)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2024-262710.

Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome: A Clinician-Oriented Perspective on Diagnostics, Therapy, and Atypical Phenotypes-With an Illustrative 16-Case Institutional Series.

Bannai T, Yamada M, Seki T, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2026; (15(2)) doi:10.3390/jcm15020801.

Brainstem Encephalitis in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mimicking Malignant Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Ueno T, Ochiai S

Cureus 2026; (18(1)):e101551 doi:10.7759/cureus.101551.

Severe sleep-related hypoventilation in antibody-positive and antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: an emergency.

Jeantin L, Gales A, Psimaras D, et al.

The European respiratory journal 2026; (67(6)) doi:10.1183/13993003.01848-2025.

Clinical features of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes with anti-Ri antibodies: PRISMA systematic review.

Chen Y, Wu C, Liu X, et al.

Journal of neurology 2026; (273(4)).

A unified spectrum model for the anti-GQ1b antibody syndromes: from pathophysiology to a new diagnostic framework.

El Abdi K, Bibi F, Ibrahim M, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2026; (17()):1763283 doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1763283.

Clinical Manifestations, Tumor Associations, and Long-Term Outcomes of Anti-KLHL11 Encephalitis.

Jin M, Brand T, Erdag Turgeon E, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2026; (13(4)):e200597 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200597.

Unmasking Probable Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis in the Absence of Radiological and Cerebrospinal Fluid Clues.

Paul S, Srinivasan D, Pandurangan V

Cureus 2026; (18(5)):e109352 doi:10.7759/cureus.109352.

[Meningoencephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes].

Franke I, Strahm C, Lauber A, Lienert C

Praxis 2026; (115(6)):176-179 doi:10.23785/PRAXIS.2026.06.006.

Listerial rhombencephalitis diagnosed by repeat blood culture despite negative CSF PCR: a case report.

Arientová S, Galušková R, Ceprová L, et al.

ASM case reports 2026; (2(5)) doi:10.1128/asmcr.00063-26.

Neuroimmune mechanisms of the cerebellum-brainstem network in autoimmune encephalitis and related neuroimmune disorders: antibody targets, selective vulnerability, and translational opportunities.

Li Y, Hu Y, Yang Y, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1909595 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1909595.

Dropped head syndrome as the sole presenting manifestation of probable post-cytomegalovirus immune-mediated brainstem encephalitis in an immunocompetent woman: a case report.

Zhou B, Song Z, Bi N, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1861881 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1861881.