Research & Literature

Techniques for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review.

Carreras-Torras C, Gay-Escoda C

Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2015; (20(3)):e305-15 doi:10.4317/medoral.20347.

The treatment of oral leukoplakia with the CO2 laser: A retrospective study of 65 patients.

Mogedas-Vegara A, Hueto-Madrid JA, Chimenos-Küstner E, Bescós-Atín C

Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2015; (43(5)):677-81.

Optimal Management of Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Abadie WM, Partington EJ, Fowler CB, Schmalbach CE

Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2015; (153(4)):504-11 doi:10.1177/0194599815586779.

Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology.

van der Waal I

Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2015; (20(6)):e685-92 doi:10.4317/medoral.21007.

Oral leukoplakia treatment with the carbon dioxide laser: A systematic review of the literature.

Mogedas-Vegara A, Hueto-Madrid JA, Chimenos-Küstner E, Bescós-Atín C

Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2016; (44(4)):331-6.

Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer.

Lodi G, Franchini R, Warnakulasuriya S, et al.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2016; (7()):CD001829 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001829.pub4.

Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm.

Villa A, Woo SB

Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 2017; (75(4)):723-734 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2016.10.012.

Evaluation of Different Laser-Supported Surgical Protocols for the Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia: A Long-Term Follow-Up.

Nammour S, Zeinoun T, Namour A, et al.

Photomedicine and laser surgery 2017; (35(11)):629-638 doi:10.1089/pho.2016.4256.

Ki67, CD105, and α-SMA expressions better relate the binary oral epithelial dysplasia grading system of World Health Organization.

Gadbail AR, Chaudhary MS, Sarode SC, et al.

Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 2017; (46(10)):921-927 doi:10.1111/jop.12612.

Oral leukoplakia and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

Bewley AF, Farwell DG

Clinics in dermatology 2017; (35(5)):461-467 doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.06.008.

Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity: A report of the American Dental Association.

Lingen MW, Abt E, Agrawal N, et al.

Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 2017; (148(10)):712-727.e10 doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2017.07.032.

Myeloid sarcoma of the oral cavity: A case report and review of 89 cases from the literature.

de Andrade BA, Farneze RB, Agostini M, et al.

Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry 2017; (9(9)):e1167-e1171 doi:10.4317/jced.53935.

Oral leukoplakia and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a review for dental practitioners.

Staines K, Rogers H

British dental journal 2017; (223(9)):655-661 doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.881.

A clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia; A guide for dentists.

Carrard VC, van der Waal I

Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2018; (23(1)):e59-e64 doi:10.4317/medoral.22292.

Oral lichen planus - Differential diagnoses, serum autoantibodies, hematinic deficiencies, and management.

Chiang CP, Yu-Fong Chang J, Wang YP, et al.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2018; (117(9)):756-765 doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.021.

Oral epithelial dysplasia, atypical verrucous lesions and oral potentially malignant disorders: focus on histopathology.

Müller S

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 2018; (125(6)):591-602 doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.012.

Clinical features and presentation of oral potentially malignant disorders.

Warnakulasuriya S

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 2018; (125(6)):582-590 doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.011.

Frictional Keratosis, Contact Keratosis and Smokeless Tobacco Keratosis: Features of Reactive White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa.

Müller S

Head and neck pathology 2019; (13(1)):16-24 doi:10.1007/s12105-018-0986-3.

Diagnostic utility of microsurgical carbon dioxide laser excision of oral potentially malignant lesions vs incisional biopsy: a retrospective histopathological review.

Vu J, Coleman HG, Palme CE, et al.

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 2019; (127(6)):516-525 doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2018.12.010.

Oral epithelial dysplasia: Causes, quantification, prognosis, and management challenges.

Tilakaratne WM, Jayasooriya PR, Jayasuriya NS, De Silva RK

Periodontology 2000 2019; (80(1)):126-147 doi:10.1111/prd.12259.

Oral leukoplakia; a proposal for simplification and consistency of the clinical classification and terminology.

van der Waal I

Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 2019; (24(6)):e799-e803 doi:10.4317/medoral.23372.

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders.

Wetzel SL, Wollenberg J

Dental clinics of North America 2020; (64(1)):25-37 doi:10.1016/j.cden.2019.08.004.

Recurrence rates after surgical removal of oral leukoplakia-A prospective longitudinal multi-centre study.

Sundberg J, Korytowska M, Holmberg E, et al.

PloS one 2019; (14(12)):e0225682 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225682.

Oral Leukoplakia and Risk of Progression to Oral Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Chaturvedi AK, Udaltsova N, Engels EA, et al.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2020; (112(10)):1047-1054 doi:10.1093/jnci/djz238.

Oral potentially malignant disorders: A comprehensive review on clinical aspects and management.

Warnakulasuriya S

Oral oncology 2020; (102()):104550 doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104550.

Benign tumours and tumour-like lesions in the oral cavity: a retrospective analysis.

Błochowiak K, Farynowska J, Sokalski J, et al.

Postepy dermatologii i alergologii 2019; (36(6)):744-751 doi:10.5114/ada.2018.78805.

Association between hyperglycemia and the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia in China.

Li J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hua H

Oral diseases 2020; (26(7)):1402-1413 doi:10.1111/odi.13372.

Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a follow-up study.

Jayasooriya PR, Dayaratne K, Dissanayake UB, Warnakulasuriya S

Clinical oral investigations 2020; (24(12)):4563-4569 doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03322-4.

Oral leukoplakia-epidemiological survey and histochemical analysis of 107 cases in Brazil.

Dogenski LC, de Figueiredo Ribeiro S, Gambin DJ, et al.

Clinical oral investigations 2021; (25(4)):1859-1867 doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03488-x.

A Randomized Controlled Trial on Efficacy of Surgical Excision of Nondysplastic Leukoplakia to Prevent Oral Cancer.

Arduino PG, Lodi G, Cabras M, et al.

Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2021; (14(2)):275-284 doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0234.

Renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the maxillary bone successfully treated with surgery after vascular embolization: a case report.

Nishii N, Shimamoto H, Ohsako T, et al.

Journal of medical case reports 2020; (14(1)):193 doi:10.1186/s13256-020-02522-6.

Use of allograft dermal matrix for repairing large oral epithelial defects: Outcomes of patients with lingual and buccal leukoplakia.

Zhou B, Yuan KF, Chen WL

Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2021; (20(9)):2753-2757 doi:10.1111/jocd.13973.

Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 5 years.

Aguirre-Urizar JM, Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza I, Warnakulasuriya S

Oral diseases 2021; (27(8)):1881-1895 doi:10.1111/odi.13810.

Clinicopathologic factors associated with malignant transformation of oral leukoplakias: a retrospective cohort study.

Jäwert F, Pettersson H, Jagefeldt E, et al.

International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 2021; (50(11)):1422-1428 doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2021.01.012.

Malignant Transformation Rate of Non-reactive Oral Hyperkeratoses Suggests an Early Dysplastic Phenotype.

Stojanov IJ, Woo SB

Head and neck pathology 2022; (16(2)):366-374 doi:10.1007/s12105-021-01363-z.

A Scoping Review on Gaps in the Diagnostic Criteria for Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: A Conceptual Proposal and Diagnostic Evidence-Based Criteria.

González-Moles MÁ, Ramos-García P, Warnakulasuriya S

Cancers 2021; (13(15)) doi:10.3390/cancers13153669.

Predicting Progression of Low-Grade Oral Dysplasia Using Brushing-Based DNA Ploidy and Chromatin Organization Analysis.

Datta M, Laronde DM, Rosin MP, et al.

Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2021; (14(12)):1111-1118 doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-21-0134.

Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: Progression to Malignancy and Clinical Implications. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Palaia G, Bellisario A, Pampena R, et al.

Cancers 2021; (13(16)) doi:10.3390/cancers13164085.

A Retrospective Cohort Study of Oral Leukoplakia in Female Patients-Analysis of Risk Factors Related to Treatment Outcomes.

Yang SW, Lee YS, Wu PW, et al.

International journal of environmental research and public health 2021; (18(16)) doi:10.3390/ijerph18168319.

Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis-A Six-year Retrospective Cohort Study.

Zhang W, Wu S, Wang X, et al.

Mycoses 2021; (64(11)):1422-1428 doi:10.1111/myc.13371.

Analysis of Oral Leukoplakia and Tobacco-Related Habits in Population of Chengalpattu District- An Institution-Based Retrospective Study.

Venkat A, M SK, R A, et al.

Cureus 2022; (14(6)):e25936 doi:10.7759/cureus.25936.

Clinical predictors of malignant transformation and recurrence in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Paglioni MP, Khurram SA, Ruiz BII, et al.

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 2022; (134(5)):573-587 doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2022.07.006.

A comparative investigation of the activity of superoxide dismutase in patients with leukoplakia and healthy controls.

Kuthoor JM, Sunil EA, Raghavan SE, Purushothaman BP

Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2022; (33(3)):287-291 doi:10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_1009_21.

Practice patterns for initial management of oral leukoplakia amongst otolaryngologists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons.

Birkeland AC, Kademani D, Moore MG, Blair EA

Oral oncology 2023; (139()):106341 doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106341.

Malignant transformation rate of oral leukoplakia in the past 20 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Guan JY, Luo YH, Lin YY, et al.

Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 2023; (52(8)):691-700 doi:10.1111/jop.13440.

Malignant Transformation and Long-Term Outcome of Oral and Laryngeal Leukoplakia.

Bukovszky B, Fodor J, Tóth E, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (12(13)) doi:10.3390/jcm12134255.

Progression to malignancy in oral potentially malignant disorders: a retrospective study of 5,036 patients in Ontario, Canada.

McCord C, Achita P, Kiss A, et al.

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 2023; (136(4)):466-477 doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2023.06.006.

The role of differentiated dysplasia in the prediction of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia.

Wils LJ, Poell JB, Peferoen LAN, et al.

Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 2023; (52(10)):930-938 doi:10.1111/jop.13483.

Demystifying oral epithelial dysplasia: a histological guide.

Hankinson P, Mahmood H, Walsh H, et al.

Pathology 2024; (56(1)):11-23 doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2023.10.002.

Diagnosis of differentiated dysplasia as a variant of oral epithelial dysplasia.

Becker AS, Holm M, Liese J, et al.

Oral diseases 2024; (30(7)):4185-4194 doi:10.1111/odi.14846.

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a general dental practitioner-focused clinical review.

Staines K, Rogers H

British dental journal 2024; (236(4)):297-301 doi:10.1038/s41415-024-7066-8.

Precursor Lesions, Overdiagnosis, and Oral Cancer: A Critical Review.

Cirillo N

Cancers 2024; (16(8)) doi:10.3390/cancers16081550.

Clinical and mycological analysis of colonization by Candida spp. in oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus.

Novo VM, Feletti MP, Maifrede SB, et al.

Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] 2024; (55(3)):2693-2703 doi:10.1007/s42770-024-01416-9.

Recurrence in Oral Leukoplakia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Bhattarai BP, Singh AK, Singh RP, et al.

Journal of dental research 2024; (103(11)):1066-1075 doi:10.1177/00220345241266519.

Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: Systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis.

Pimenta-Barros LA, Ramos-García P, González-Moles MÁ, et al.

Oral diseases 2025; (31(1)):69-80 doi:10.1111/odi.15140.

Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes and Recurrence After Surgical Excision of Oral Leukoplakia: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Talreja L, Goyal R, Yadav D, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(10)):e71593 doi:10.7759/cureus.71593.

A head-to-head comparison of four grading systems for oral epithelial dysplasia.

Hankinson P, Clark M, Walsh H, Khurram SA

Histopathology 2025; (86(6)):933-941 doi:10.1111/his.15400.

Demographic and clinicopathological comparison among oral lichen planus, lichenoid lesions and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a retrospective study.

Moreira MD, Maia FD, Zimbrão VL, et al.

BMC oral health 2024; (24(1)):1512 doi:10.1186/s12903-024-05305-3.

Common white lesions of the oral cavity: Review of clinical presentations and management.

Harris P, Bissonnette C, Tabet P, Wittmer R

Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien 2025; (71(1)):19-25 doi:10.46747/cfp.710119.

Malignant transformation of proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia-systematic review & meta-analysis.

Mohideen K, Ghosh S, Krithika C, et al.

BMC oral health 2025; (25(1)):175 doi:10.1186/s12903-025-05565-7.

Artificial intelligence and the diagnosis of oral cavity cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders from clinical photographs: a narrative review.

Mirfendereski P, Li GY, Pearson AT, Kerr AR

Frontiers in oral health 2025; (6()):1569567 doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1569567.

Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of oral leukoplakia using deep convolutional neural networks Xception and MobileNet-v2.

Ramesh E, Ganesan A, Lakshmi KC, Natarajan PM

Frontiers in oral health 2025; (6()):1414524 doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1414524.

Prevalence and determinants of oral potentially malignant disorders in western rajasthan.

Gautam JK, Mohanty SS, Babu BV

Scientific reports 2025; (15(1)):15611 doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98096-8.

Randomized Controlled Trials for Oral Leukoplakia.

Lodolo M, Valor J, Villa A

Oral diseases 2025; doi:10.1111/odi.15399.

[Progress in clinicopathological diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders].

Cui Y, Ding C, Peng C, et al.

Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology 2025; (43(3)):314-324 doi:10.7518/hxkq.2025.2024427.

Evidence-based review and clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of common oral mucosal lesions.

Gazal G, Alsalhani AB, Tarakji B, Nassani MZ

World journal of experimental medicine 2026; (16(1)):115535 doi:10.5493/wjem.v16.i1.115535.

Diagnostic discrepancies in the surgical management of oral epithelial dysplasia - an analysis of concordance between incisional biopsy and definitive resection specimens.

Maloney B, Jung MS, Byrne J, et al.

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology 2026; (142(3)):362-374 doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2026.03.001.

Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in histologically non-dysplastic non-homogeneous oral leukoplakia.

Peña-Oyarzún D, Maturana-Ramírez A, Reyes M

BMC oral health 2026; (26(1)).

Malignant transformation of verrucous oral potentially malignant disorders at a tertiary referral centre: A retrospective cohort study.

Platais C, Clark M, Hankinson P, et al.

Oral oncology 2026; (180()):108040 doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2026.108040.

Secondary Lower-Motor-Neuron Facial Palsy Revealing Buccal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Parotid Duct Obstruction and Perineural Invasion.

Chu YC, Lin PY, Huang WC

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (16(14)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics16142289.

Cytokeratin 13 and 17 expressions in oral epithelial dysplasia: correlation with the 5th WHO architectural and cytological features.

Hirunwidchayarat W, Lam-Ubol A, Limsitthigool K, Udompatanakorn C

Odontology 2026; doi:10.1007/s10266-026-01513-1.