Research & Literature

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Néel A, Pagnoux C

Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2009; (27(1 Suppl 52)):S95-107.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: diagnostic criteria.

Powers WJ

Neurologic clinics 2015; (33(2)):515-26.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system presenting as a mass lesion.

Gan C, Maingard J, Giles L, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2015; (22(9)):1528-31.

[Primary central nervous system vasculitis].

Schuster S, Magnus T

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2015; (74(10)):854-6, 858-60, 862 doi:10.1007/s00393-015-0007-9.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: avoiding misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of a rare disease.

Bhattacharyya S, Berkowitz AL

Practical neurology 2016; (16(3)):195-200 doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001332.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes and primary angiitis of the central nervous system: clinical, imaging, and angiographic comparison.

Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Fok JW, et al.

Annals of neurology 2016; (79(6)):882-94 doi:10.1002/ana.24652.

Diagnostic Yield and Safety of Brain Biopsy for Suspected Primary Central Nervous System Angiitis.

Torres J, Loomis C, Cucchiara B, et al.

Stroke 2016; (47(8)):2127-9 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013874.

Adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system: isolated small-vessel vasculitis represents distinct disease pattern.

de Boysson H, Boulouis G, Aouba A, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2017; (56(3)):439-444 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew434.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectrum of Parenchymal, Meningeal, and Vascular Lesions at Baseline.

Boulouis G, de Boysson H, Zuber M, et al.

Stroke 2017; (48(5)):1248-1255 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016194.

Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of primary central nervous system angiitis.

Niu L, Wang L, Yin X, et al.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2017; (14(1)):555-560 doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4572.

Subtypes of primary angiitis of the CNS identified by MRI patterns reflect the size of affected vessels.

Schuster S, Bachmann H, Thom V, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2017; (88(9)):749-755 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-315691.

Primary Angiitis of the Center Nervous System: A Clinical Challenge Diagnosed Postmortem.

Al Share B, Zakaria A, Hiner E, et al.

Case reports in neurological medicine 2017; (2017()):3870753 doi:10.1155/2017/3870753.

Neuroradiologic Characteristics of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System According to the Affected Vessel Size.

Thaler C, Kaufmann-Bühler AK, Gansukh T, et al.

Clinical neuroradiology 2019; (29(1)):37-44 doi:10.1007/s00062-017-0622-8.

Granulomatous Angiitis of the Central Nervous System Associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Case Report and Literature Review.

Lopez-Chiriboga AS, Yoon JW, Siegel JL, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2018; (27(1)):e5-e8 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.08.029.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Mandal J, Chung SA

Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2017; (43(4)):503-518 doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2017.06.001.

Immune cell profiling in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system reflects the heterogeneity of the disease.

Strunk D, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Golombeck KS, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2018; (321()):109-116 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.004.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: diagnosis and treatment.

Beuker C, Schmidt A, Strunk D, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2018; (11()):1756286418785071 doi:10.1177/1756286418785071.

Primary angiitis of the CNS and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: A comparative study.

de Boysson H, Parienti JJ, Mawet J, et al.

Neurology 2018; (91(16)):e1468-e1478 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006367.

Central Nervous System Involvement in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: What Neurologists Need to Know.

Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Cai M, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2018; (9()):1166 doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01166.

Long-term outcomes of patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Hajj-Ali RA, Saygin D, Ray E, et al.

Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2019; (37 Suppl 117(2)):45-51.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Clinical profiles and outcomes of 45 patients.

Sundaram S, Menon D, Khatri P, et al.

Neurology India 2019; (67(1)):105-112 doi:10.4103/0028-3886.253578.

Relapse rates and long-term outcome in primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Schuster S, Ozga AK, Stellmann JP, et al.

Journal of neurology 2019; (266(6)):1481-1489 doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09285-1.

Biopsy-proven primary angiitis of the central nervous system mimicking leukodystrophy: A case report and review of the literature.

Caputi L, Erbetta A, Marucci G, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2019; (64()):42-44 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.021.

Childhood Small Vessel Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: A Treatable Cause of Super-refractory Status Epilepticus.

Chiu M, Datta A

Journal of child neurology 2020; (35(1)):31-36 doi:10.1177/0883073819872579.

[Primary central nervous system vasculitis].

Kalashnikova LA, Dobrynina LA, Legenko MS

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2019; (119(8)):113-123 doi:10.17116/jnevro2019119081113.

Intracranial Vessel Wall MRI in Cryptogenic Stroke and Intracranial Vasculitis.

Destrebecq V, Sadeghi N, Lubicz B, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2020; (29(5)):104684 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104684.

Extended stereotactic brain biopsy in suspected primary central nervous system angiitis: good diagnostic accuracy and high safety.

Stoecklein VM, Kellert L, Patzig M, et al.

Journal of neurology 2021; (268(1)):367-376 doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10157-2.

Retrospective Analysis of 28 Cases Confirmed for Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System by Biopsy.

Chang HB, Gao M, Zhang JN, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2020; (29(12)):105400 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105400.

Need for Swift Diagnosis of Primary Angiitis of Central Nervous System: A Case With Focal Motor Seizures of Hand Progressing to Aphasia.

Arif S, Arif S, Liaqat J, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(10)):e10803 doi:10.7759/cureus.10803.

Rituximab for refractory primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Experience in two patients.

Paramasivan NK, Sundaram S, Sharma DP, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2021; (51()):102907 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102907.

Primary central nervous system vasculitis - An update on diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment.

Kraemer M, Berlit P

Journal of the neurological sciences 2021; (424()):117422 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117422.

Vessel wall MR imaging of central nervous system vasculitis: a systematic review.

Arnett N, Pavlou A, Burke MP, et al.

Neuroradiology 2022; (64(1)):43-58 doi:10.1007/s00234-021-02724-9.

Elevated intracranial pressure requiring decompressive craniectomy in a child with progressive primary angiitis of the central nervous system: a case report.

Al-Mansour LS, AlRasheed AA, AlEnezi KR, AlAli HM

Journal of medical case reports 2021; (15(1)):418 doi:10.1186/s13256-021-03005-y.

Primary Angiitis of the CNS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Beuker C, Strunk D, Rawal R, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2021; (8(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001093.

Avacopan, a selective C5a receptor antagonist, for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.

Harigai M, Takada H

Modern rheumatology 2022; (32(3)):475-483 doi:10.1093/mr/roab104.

ANCA-Associated Vasculitic Neuropathies: A Review.

Koike H, Nishi R, Ohyama K, et al.

Neurology and therapy 2022; (11(1)):21-38 doi:10.1007/s40120-021-00315-7.

Primary angiitis of central nervous system - A challenging diagnosis.

Paul SA, Roy D, Mondal GP, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2022; (366()):577844 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577844.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: An Uncommon Cause of Stroke in the Young.

Thekkekarott Kuruvila A, Ranawat N, Hegde N, Arora A

Cureus 2022; (14(8)):e27799 doi:10.7759/cureus.27799.

Outcomes among patients with primary angiitis of the CNS: A Nationwide United States analysis.

Patel SD, Oliver FO, Elmashad A, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2022; (31(11)):106747 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106747.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system as a mimic of multiple sclerosis: A case report.

de Souza Tieppo EM, da Silva TFF, de Araujo RS, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2022; (373()):577991 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577991.

Diagnosis and management of adult primary angiitis of the central nervous system: an international survey on current practices.

Nehme A, Lanthier S, Boulanger M, et al.

Journal of neurology 2023; (270(4)):1989-1998 doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11528-7.

EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update.

Hellmich B, Sanchez-Alamo B, Schirmer JH, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024; (83(1)):30-47 doi:10.1136/ard-2022-223764.

A case of unexpected death due to primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Yang L, Zheng Z, Zeng Y, et al.

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2024; (20(2)):675-680 doi:10.1007/s12024-023-00631-4.

Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Central Nervous System Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitis.

Amin M, Uchino K, Hajj-Ali RA

Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2023; (49(3)):603-616 doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2023.03.011.

Focal CNS vasculitis masquerading as new-onset focal aware seizures.

Vibha D, Singh RK, Garg A, Tripathi M

BMJ case reports 2023; (16(9)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-255535.

European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS).

Pascarella R, Antonenko K, Boulouis G, et al.

European stroke journal 2023; (8(4)):842-879 doi:10.1177/23969873231190431.

Pathology of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Siala S, Rahoui N, Cho B, Zamora CA

Neuroimaging clinics of North America 2024; (34(1)):31-37 doi:10.1016/j.nic.2023.06.002.

The Hemorrhagic Side of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS).

Zedde M, Napoli M, Moratti C, et al.

Biomedicines 2024; (12(2)) doi:10.3390/biomedicines12020459.

Tumor-like Lesions in Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differential Diagnosis.

Zedde M, Napoli M, Moratti C, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(6)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics14060618.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Gianno F, Antonelli M, d'Amati A, et al.

Pathologica 2024; (116(2)):134-139 doi:10.32074/1591-951X-987.

Temporal evolution of primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) on MRI following immunosuppressant treatment.

Wagner F, Almeida GG, Willems EP, et al.

Insights into imaging 2024; (15(1)):140 doi:10.1186/s13244-024-01710-y.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System and Its Mimics: A Pattern-Based Approach to Biopsies for Central Nervous System Vasculitis.

Cecchi R, Becker N, Conway KS

Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2025; (149(10)):e315-e322 doi:10.5858/arpa.2024-0286-RA.

Rituximab treatment in Chinese patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Wei YZ, Wang HB, Yin LL, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2025; (16()):1554989 doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1554989.

[A rarely recognized cause of cerebral ischemia: cerebral angiitis].

Papp A, Varga V, Zaja G, et al.

Orvosi hetilap 2025; (166(23)):887-906 doi:10.1556/650.2025.33307.

Disease Characteristics and Treatments Associated with Outcome in Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System-A Multicenter Cohort Study in 163 Patients.

Fisse AL, Bonberg N, Beuker C, et al.

Annals of neurology 2025; (98(4)):883-893 doi:10.1002/ana.27295.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Meghashyam S, Serajee FJ, Prakash AV, et al.

Current opinion in immunology 2025; (98()):102691 doi:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102691.

A comparative study of large-vessel and small-vessel primary angiitis of the central nervous system: insights from a Chinese single-center retrospective cohort.

Wang Y, Lyu J, Li F, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2025; (16()):1724588 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1724588.

Overview of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Current Insights.

Phu A, Agrawal DK

Archives of internal medicine research 2026; (9(1)):40-52 doi:10.26502/aimr.0236.

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: A Medical Mystery.

Robert S, Deepica R, Arpitha K, Wilson C

Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne 2026; doi:10.2478/rjim-2026-0017.