Research & Literature

Lymphocytic hypophysitis.

Cauley K, Dalal A, Olson B, Onyiuke H

Connecticut medicine 2005; (69(3)):143-6.

Survivorship in Immune Therapy: Assessing Chronic Immune Toxicities, Health Outcomes, and Functional Status among Long-term Ipilimumab Survivors at a Single Referral Center.

Johnson DB, Friedman DL, Berry E, et al.

Cancer immunology research 2015; (3(5)):464-9 doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0217.

Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: review of the literature.

Araujo PB, Coelho MC, Arruda M, et al.

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2015; (38(11)):1159-66 doi:10.1007/s40618-015-0301-z.

Diagnosis of Primary Hypophysitis in Germany.

Honegger J, Schlaffer S, Menzel C, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2015; (100(10)):3841-9 doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2152.

The management of hypophysitis.

Karaca Z, Kelestimur F

Minerva endocrinologica 2016; (41(3)):390-9.

An Atypical Case of Lymphocytic Panhypophysitis in a Pregnant Woman.

Davies EC, Jakobiec FA, Stagner AM, Rizzo JF

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2016; (36(3)):313-6 doi:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000362.

Hypopituitarism.

Higham CE, Johannsson G, Shalet SM

Lancet (London, England) 2016; (388(10058)):2403-2415 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30053-8.

[Hypophysitis : Types and differential diagnosis].

Saeger W

Der Pathologe 2016; (37(3)):230-7 doi:10.1007/s00292-016-0164-x.

An Overview of Diagnosis of Primary Autoimmune Hypophysitis in a Prospective Single-Center Experience.

Chiloiro S, Tartaglione T, Angelini F, et al.

Neuroendocrinology 2017; (104(3)):280-290 doi:10.1159/000446544.

Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency including adrenal crisis: a Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline [Opinion].

Yanase T, Tajima T, Katabami T, et al.

Endocrine journal 2016; (63(9)):765-784 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ16-0242.

Granulomatous and lymphocytic hypophysitis - are they immunologically distinct?

Rao S, Mahadevan A, Maiti T, et al.

APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 2016; (124(12)):1072-1077 doi:10.1111/apm.12603.

Endocrinology Update: Hypopituitarism.

Heidelbaugh JJ

FP essentials 2016; (451()):25-30.

DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Expanding the cause of hypopituitarism.

Pekic S, Popovic V

European journal of endocrinology 2017; (176(6)):R269-R282.

Usefulness of anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies for diagnosing central diabetes insipidus in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Sakurai K, Yamashita R, Niituma S, et al.

Endocrine journal 2017; (64(6)):645-650 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ17-0028.

Primary lymphocytic hypophysitis: Clinical characteristics and treatment of 50 cases in a single centre in China over 18 years.

Wang S, Wang L, Yao Y, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2017; (87(2)):177-184 doi:10.1111/cen.13354.

Incidence of Endocrine Dysfunction Following the Use of Different Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Regimens: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Barroso-Sousa R, Barry WT, Garrido-Castro AC, et al.

JAMA oncology 2018; (4(2)):173-182 doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3064.

[Clinical features and prognosis of 18 cases of primary lymphocytic hypophysitis].

Wei Q, Yang GQ, Li YJ, et al.

Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 2018; (98(2)):102-108 doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.02.006.

Congenital Hypopituitarism.

Parks JS

Clinics in perinatology 2018; (45(1)):75-91 doi:10.1016/j.clp.2017.11.001.

[Autoimmune hypophysitis associated with new anti-cancer immunotherapies].

Jannin A, Merlen E, Do Cao C, Penel N

Bulletin du cancer 2018; (105(3)):275-280 doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.10.033.

Utility of serum IGF-1 for diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency following traumatic brain injury and sport-related concussion.

Lithgow K, Chin A, Debert CT, Kline GA

BMC endocrine disorders 2018; (18(1)):20 doi:10.1186/s12902-018-0247-1.

Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis: A report of an uncommon disorder.

Agale SV, Binayke R, Kumari G, D'Costa GF

Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 2018; (61(3)):389-392 doi:10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_77_17.

Central adrenal insufficiency: open issues regarding diagnosis and glucocorticoid treatment.

Ceccato F, Scaroni C

Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 2019; (57(8)):1125-1135.

Clinical Features, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Treatment Experience of 20 Patients with Lymphocytic Hypophysitis in a Single Center.

Zhu Q, Qian K, Jia G, et al.

World neurosurgery 2019; (127()):e22-e29 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.250.

Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in children: advocating for treatment options in outpatient and field settings.

Miller BS, Spencer SP, Geffner ME, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2020; (68(1)):16-25 doi:10.1136/jim-2019-000999.

Clinical and hormonal characteristics of patients with different types of hypophysitis: a single-center experience.

Imga NN, Yildirim AE, Baser OO, Berker D

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2019; (63(1)):47-52 doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000102.

Disease heterogeneity in IgG4-related hypophysitis: report of two histopathologically proven cases and review of the literature.

Uccella S, Amaglio C, Brouland JP, et al.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 2019; (475(3)):373-381 doi:10.1007/s00428-019-02564-2.

Causes and Follow-Up of Central Diabetes Insipidus in Children.

Liu W, Hou J, Liu X, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2019; (2019()):5303765 doi:10.1155/2019/5303765.

New causes of hypophysitis.

Yuen KCJ, Popovic V, Trainer PJ

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2019; (33(2)):101276 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.04.010.

Intracranial Germinoma Masquerading as Secondary Granulomatous Hypophysitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Pal R, Rai A, Vaiphei K, et al.

Neuroendocrinology 2020; (110(5)):422-429 doi:10.1159/000501886.

Hypophysitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a 10-year assessment.

Di Dalmazi G, Ippolito S, Lupi I, Caturegli P

Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism 2019; (14(6)):381-398 doi:10.1080/17446651.2019.1701434.

Imaging findings in hypophysitis: a review.

Caranci F, Leone G, Ponsiglione A, et al.

La Radiologia medica 2020; (125(3)):319-328 doi:10.1007/s11547-019-01120-x.

Co-Occurrence of Craniopharyngioma and IgG4-Related Hypophysitis: An Epiphenomenon or a Mere Coincidence?

Pal R, Chatterjee D, Singla R, et al.

World neurosurgery 2020; (136()):193-197 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.181.

Hypophysitis (Including IgG4 and Immunotherapy).

Angelousi A, Alexandraki K, Tsoli M, et al.

Neuroendocrinology 2020; (110(9-10)):822-835 doi:10.1159/000506903.

Central diabetes insipidus related to anti-programmed cell-death 1 protein active immunotherapy.

Deligiorgi MV, Siasos G, Vergadis C, Trafalis DT

International immunopharmacology 2020; (83()):106427 doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106427.

ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency.

Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, Simpson HL

European journal of endocrinology 2020; (183(1)):G25-G32.

Nivolumab Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: Rare Side-effect of a New Anti-cancer Therapy - Immune-checkpoint Inhibitors.

Rai M, Go M

Cureus 2020; (12(4)):e7625 doi:10.7759/cureus.7625.

A Case Series of Patients with Isolated IgG4-related Hypophysitis Treated with Rituximab.

Boharoon H, Tomlinson J, Limback-Stanic C, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2020; (4(6)):bvaa048 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa048.

A Remarkable Response of Granulomatous Hypophysitis to Infliximab in a Patient With a Background of Crohn's Disease-A Case Report.

Force BK, Vogel TP, Nguyen DM, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2020; (11()):350 doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00350.

Masked type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) unveiled by glucocorticoid replacement: a case of simultaneous development of T1DM and hypophysitis in an elderly woman.

Aikawa E, Horie I, Naganobu K, et al.

Endocrine journal 2020; (67(11)):1163-1168 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ20-0213.

Postpartum headache: A broader differential.

Nikouline A, Carr D

The American journal of emergency medicine 2021; (39()):258.e5-258.e6 doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.022.

A Novel Etiology of Hypophysitis: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Fernandes S, Varlamov EV, McCartney S, Fleseriu M

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2020; (49(3)):387-399 doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2020.05.002.

MRI Findings of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis: Possible Association with Fibrosis.

Kurokawa R, Ota Y, Gonoi W, et al.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2020; (41(9)):1683-1689 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A6692.

Primary and Ipilimumab-induced Hypophysitis: A Single-center Case Series.

Atkins P, Ur E

Endocrine research 2020; (45(4)):246-253 doi:10.1080/07435800.2020.1817064.

Anti-PD1 and Anti-PDL1-Induced Hypophysitis: A Cohort Study of 17 Patients with Longitudinal Follow-Up.

Levy M, Abeillon J, Dalle S, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2020; (9(10)) doi:10.3390/jcm9103280.

[Clinical aspects of pregnancy-related lymphocytic hypophysitis].

Li ZW, Yang GQ, Dou JT, et al.

Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 2020; (100(42)):3314-3318 doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20200331-01022.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

Surgical treatment of a 72-year-old patient with headache, hyponatremia and oculomotor nerve palsy: a case report and literature review.

Huang H, Jiang S, Yang C, et al.

Gland surgery 2021; (10(1)):364-370 doi:10.21037/gs-20-517.

Early Pulse Glucocorticoid Therapy and Improved Hormonal Outcomes in Primary Hypophysitis.

Krishnappa B, Shah R, Sarathi V, et al.

Neuroendocrinology 2022; (112(2)):186-195 doi:10.1159/000516006.

Diabetes insipidus secondary to sellar/parasellar lesions.

Angelousi A, Mytareli C, Xekouki P, et al.

Journal of neuroendocrinology 2021; (33(3)):e12954 doi:10.1111/jne.12954.

Investigation of the Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: a contemporary synthesis.

Karaca Z, Grossman A, Kelestimur F

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2021; (22(2)):179-204 doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09611-3.

Th17 Cells Contribute to the Pathology of Autoimmune Hypophysitis.

Chalan P, Thomas N, Caturegli P

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2021; (206(11)):2536-2543 doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2001073.

Hypophysitis from immune checkpoint inhibitors: challenges in diagnosis and management.

Kotwal A

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 2021; (28(4)):427-434 doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000652.

Adrenal crisis and mortality rate in adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Lousada LM, Mendonca BB, Bachega TASS

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2021; (65(4)):488-494.

Hypophysitis, the Growing Spectrum of a Rare Pituitary Disease.

Langlois F, Varlamov EV, Fleseriu M

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022; (107(1)):10-28 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab672.

Outcomes of Initial Management Strategies in Patients With Autoimmune Lymphocytic Hypophysitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Donegan D, Saeed Z, Delivanis DA, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022; (107(4)):1170-1190 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab839.

[Emergency card, emergency medication, and information leaflet for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis (Addison crisis): an Austrian consensus document].

Pilz S, Krebs M, Bonfig W, et al.

Journal fur klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel 2022; (15(1)):5-27 doi:10.1007/s41969-022-00155-2.

[Pituitary immune-related adverse events induced by programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors in advanced lung cancer patients: A report of 3 cases].

Gu YC, Liu Y, Xie C, Cao BS

Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences 2022; (54(2)):369-375.

Differential diagnosis of pituitary enlargement.

Štěchovská K, Tůma T, Masopust V, Kosák M

Vnitrni lekarstvi 2022; (68(1)):58-63.

Clinical Usefulness of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Test for Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorder.

Suzuki S, Ruike Y, Ishiwata K, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2022; (6(8)):bvac088 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac088.

Isolated ACTH deficiency following immunization with the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a case report.

Morita S, Tsuji T, Kishimoto S, et al.

BMC endocrine disorders 2022; (22(1)):185 doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01095-3.

Delayed Vasospasm in Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery: Two Case Reports and Reviews.

S Birua GJ, Tyagi G, Beniwal M, et al.

Neurology India 2022; (70(3)):996-1003 doi:10.4103/0028-3886.349613.

Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency and Adrenal Crisis in the Emergency Department.

Lentz S, Collier KC, Willis G, Long B

The Journal of emergency medicine 2022; (63(2)):212-220 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.06.005.

Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency associated with sintilimab therapy in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review.

Lin SH, Zhang A, Li LZ, et al.

BMC endocrine disorders 2022; (22(1)):239 doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01151-y.

Approach to the Patient: A Case With an Unusual Cause of Hypopituitarism.

Das L, Dutta P

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2023; (108(6)):1488-1504 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac747.

Spectrum of Clinical Presentations, Imaging Findings, and HLA Types in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis.

Quandt Z, Kim S, Villanueva-Meyer J, et al.

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2023; (7(4)):bvad012 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvad012.

Diagnostic criteria and proposed management of immune-related endocrinopathies following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer.

Percik R, Criseno S, Adam S, et al.

Endocrine connections 2023; (12(5)).

Executive summary of the consensus document on hypophysitis of the Neuroendocrinology Area of Knowledge of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

Iglesias P, Biagetti B, Guerrero-Pérez F, et al.

Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion 2023; (70 Suppl 1()):116-125 doi:10.1016/j.endien.2023.01.001.

Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency.

Lewis A, Thant AA, Aslam A, et al.

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2023; (23(2)):115-118 doi:10.7861/clinmed.2023-0067.

Pituitary and adrenal disorders induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Albarel F, Brue T, Castinetti F

Annales d'endocrinologie 2023; (84(3)):339-345 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2023.03.014.

Neuroimaging of hypophysitis: etiologies and imaging mimics.

Kurokawa R, Kurokawa M, Baba A, et al.

Japanese journal of radiology 2023; (41(9)):911-927 doi:10.1007/s11604-023-01417-y.

A rare case of isolated IgG4-related hypophysitis with Rathke's cleft cyst presenting as panhypopituitarism.

Hashmi HZ, Rupakula D, Magar R, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2023; (2023(2)).

Characteristics of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the pituitary gland in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery.

Naser PV, Papadopoulou P, Teuber J, et al.

Pituitary 2023; (26(4)):451-460 doi:10.1007/s11102-023-01333-4.

Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of lymphocytic hypophysitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Ju JS, Cui T, Zhao J, et al.

Archives of medical science : AMS 2023; (19(4)):976-986 doi:10.5114/aoms/144628.

Iatrogenic Pituitary Shutdown: A Rare Adverse Event of Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Inhibitor.

Al-Hiari M, Workman A, Ezeh E, Teka S

JCEM case reports 2024; (2(1)):luad157 doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luad157.

Unique case of lymphocytic hypophysitis with normal pituitary hormone serology mimicking a non-functioning pituitary adenoma.

Shen K, Cadang C, Phillips D, Babu V

BMC endocrine disorders 2024; (24(1)):20 doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01546-z.

Diagnosis and management of secondary adrenal crisis.

Martel-Duguech L, Poirier J, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2024; (25(3)):619-637 doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09877-x.

Effects of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with pituitary disease: A new perspective for personalized replacement therapy.

Chiloiro S, Vicari A, Mongelli G, et al.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2024; (25(5)):855-873 doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09898-6.

Evaluation and follow-up of patients diagnosed with hypophysitis: a cohort study.

Hacioglu A, Karaca Z, Uysal S, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2024; (191(3)):312-322 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae101.

Deciphering the Presentation and Etiologies of Hypophysitis Highlights the Need for Repeated Systematical Investigation.

Miquel L, Testud B, Albarel F, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2025; (110(6)):e1767-e1775 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae664.

18 F-FDG PET/CT for Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Hypophysitis-A Case-Control Study.

Fischer A, Martínez-Gómez JM, Mangana J, et al.

Clinical nuclear medicine 2024; (49(12)):e656-e663 doi:10.1097/RLU.0000000000005440.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced hypophysitis: a specific disease of corticotrophs?

Patel N, Hirwa K, Gardner G, et al.

Endocrine connections 2024; (13(11)).

Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family Education

Çamtosun E, Sangün Ö

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):80-92 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-12-S.

Clinical features of Rathke's cleft cyst with secondary hypophysitis and outcomes of endoscopic transnasal surgery versus features of common Rathke's cleft cysts: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

Ehara T, Fukuhara N, Ito S, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2025; (143(2)):423-430 doi:10.3171/2025.1.JNS24892.

Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Presenting as Acute-onset Arginine Vasopressin Deficiency and Pituitary Stalk Thickening: A Case Report.

Yang LZ, Velaiutham S

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 2025; (40(1)):121-125 doi:10.15605/jafes.040.01.08.

Risk of Pituitary Immune-Related Adverse Events Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Li Z, Liu Z, Wei H, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2025; (31(9)):1177-1184 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.06.008.

Rare secondary pituitary abscess arising in a craniopharyngioma: A case report and literature review.

Fan R, Zhao R, Zhong Y, Wan W

Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2025; (30(2)):158 doi:10.3892/etm.2025.12908.

Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Study.

Kan C

Advanced emergency nursing journal 2025; (47(3)):186-192 doi:10.1097/TME.0000000000000575.

Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced adrenal insufficiency.

Huang X, Zhang L, Zhang C, et al.

Frontiers in oncology 2025; (15()):1614223 doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1614223.

Normal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels do not exclude adrenal insufficiency during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: evidence from clinical, steroid, and structural analyses.

Ishibashi Y, Baba R, Okada A, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2025; (16()):1683546 doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1683546.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of hypophysitis in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Angelousi A, Asimakopoulou S, Bourgioti C, et al.

Journal of neuroendocrinology 2026; (38(1)):e70116 doi:10.1111/jne.70116.

Progression From Isolated Posterior Pituitary Dysfunction to Combined Anterior Hormone Deficiencies With Pituitary Stalk Enlargement in Suspected Lymphocytic Hypophysitis: A Case Report.

Sasaki H, Yagi K, Kuga Y, Katahira H

Cureus 2025; (17(12)):e98595 doi:10.7759/cureus.98595.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Hypophysitis and Pituitary Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Management.

SirDeshpande P, Hegde SBS, Akhtar H

Cureus 2025; (17(12)):e98717 doi:10.7759/cureus.98717.

Lymphocytic panhypophysitis with clival extension and positive anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies: illustrative case.

Kato T, Ochiai H, Hasegawa M, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2025; (10(24)).

The Diagnostic Challenge of Hypophysitis vs. Non-Functioning Pituitary Macroadenomas: An Updated Review and Comparative Analysis of Distinguishing Criteria.

Ach T, Bouzaouech I, Gasmi A, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (16(2)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics16020328.

Clinical characteristics and management of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced secondary adrenal insufficiency.

Li N, Liang T, Xie H, Niu Y

Endocrine connections 2026; (15(4)).

Pituitary Stalk Lesion Sampling by Transsphenoidal Posterior Lobe Biopsy: A Case Series.

Hiatt K, Abecassis ZA, Eaton J, et al.

Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base 2026; (87(3)):308-313 doi:10.1055/a-2620-3407.

Immune-Mediated Hypophysitis: An Updated Review.

Iglesias P

Journal of clinical medicine 2026; (15(9)) doi:10.3390/jcm15093313.