Research & Literature

Consensus Paper: Revisiting the Symptoms and Signs of Cerebellar Syndrome.

Bodranghien F, Bastian A, Casali C, et al.

Cerebellum (London, England) 2016; (15(3)):369-91 doi:10.1007/s12311-015-0687-3.

Clinical value of FDG-PET/CT in suspected paraneoplastic syndromes: a retrospective analysis of 137 patients.

Kristensen SB, Hess S, Petersen H, Høilund-Carlsen PF

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2015; (42(13)):2056-63 doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3126-2.

Accuracy of FDG-PET/CT and paraneoplastic antibodies in diagnosing cancer in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

Vatankulu B, Yilmaz Aksoy S, Asa S, et al.

Revista espanola de medicina nuclear e imagen molecular 2016; (35(1)):17-21.

Update on neurological paraneoplastic syndromes.

Höftberger R, Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J

Current opinion in oncology 2015; (27(6)):489-95 doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000222.

Responses to and Outcomes of Treatment of Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia in Adults.

Jones AL, Flanagan EP, Pittock SJ, et al.

JAMA neurology 2015; (72(11)):1304-12 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2378.

Paraneoplastic Choreoathetosis in a Patient with Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Anti-CRMP5/CV2: A Case Report.

Aydin D, Somnier F, Lassen LH

Case reports in neurology 2016; (8(1)):16-9 doi:10.1159/000443522.

Anti-Ma and anti-Ma2-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

Ortega Suero G, Sola-Valls N, Escudero D, et al.

Neurologia 2018; (33(1)):18-27 doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2016.05.010.

Anti-Hu paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis caused by a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor presenting with central hypoventilation.

Najjar M, Taylor A, Agrawal S, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2017; (40()):72-73 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.02.015.

"Autoimmune Epilepsy": Encephalitis With Autoantibodies for Epileptologists.

Bien CG, Holtkamp M

Epilepsy currents 2017; (17(3)):134-141 doi:10.5698/1535-7511.17.3.134.

Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction and Orthostatic Hypotension Associated with Small Cell Lung Cancer that Improved with Tumor Reduction after Chemoradiotherapy.

Izumi Y, Masuda T, Horimasu Y, et al.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2017; (56(19)):2627-2631 doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8574-16.

Rehabilitation for a patient with anti-Yo antibody-positive paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration caused by breast cancer: A case report and literature review.

Kato N, Hashida G, Konaka K

Medicine 2017; (96(44)):e8468 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008468.

[Autoimmune encephalitis: possibilities in the laboratory investigation].

Böröcz K, Hayden Z, Mészáros V, et al.

Orvosi hetilap 2018; (159(3)):107-112 doi:10.1556/650.2018.30951.

[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) - an interdisciplinary challenge in neurology, oncology and palliative care].

Burger S, Lorenzl S

Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2018; (168(7-8)):193-198 doi:10.1007/s10354-018-0624-4.

Trismus caused by paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis.

Malek N, Damian M

Practical neurology 2018; (18(2)):146-150 doi:10.1136/practneurol-2017-001819.

Time Is Cerebellum.

Mitoma H, Manto M, Hampe CS

Cerebellum (London, England) 2018; (17(4)):387-391 doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0925-6.

Unusual case of central alveolar hypoventilation.

AlOtair HA, Alzeer AH, Abdou MA, Qasrawi SO

Saudi medical journal 2018; (39(3)):305-310 doi:10.15537/smj.2018.3.210803.

Combination of positron emission tomography/computed tomography and chest thin-layer high-resolution computed tomography for evaluation of pulmonary nodules: Correlation with imaging features, maximum standardized uptake value, and pathology.

Hou S, Lin X, Wang S, et al.

Medicine 2018; (97(31)):e11640 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011640.

Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes: an update.

Berzero G, Psimaras D

Current opinion in oncology 2018; (30(6)):359-367 doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000479.

Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes rhombencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient by multiplexed PCR.

Richards RJ, Simon MS, Phillips CD, et al.

BMJ case reports 2018; (2018()) doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-225575.

A large screen for paraneoplastic neurological autoantibodies; diagnosis and predictive values.

Seluk L, Taliansky A, Yonath H, et al.

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2019; (199()):29-36 doi:10.1016/j.clim.2018.12.007.

Kelch-like Protein 11 Antibodies in Seminoma-Associated Paraneoplastic Encephalitis.

Mandel-Brehm C, Dubey D, Kryzer TJ, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2019; (381(1)):47-54 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1816721.

Neurologic Autoimmunity in the Era of Checkpoint Inhibitor Cancer Immunotherapy.

Zekeridou A, Lennon VA

Mayo Clinic proceedings 2019; (94(9)):1865-1878 doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.02.003.

F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography for the investigation of malignancy in patients with suspected paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and negative or indeterminate conventional imaging: a retrospective analysis of the Ontario PET Access Program, with systematic review and meta-analysis.

Harlos C, Metser U, Poon R, et al.

Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) 2019; (26(4)):e458-e465 doi:10.3747/co.26.4583.

Brainstem dysfunction in critically ill patients.

Benghanem S, Mazeraud A, Azabou E, et al.

Critical care (London, England) 2020; (24(1)):5 doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2718-9.

Clinical significance of Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies.

Maudes E, Landa J, Muñoz-Lopetegi A, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2020; (7(3)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000666.

Clinical spectrum and diagnostic pitfalls of neurologic syndromes with Ri antibodies.

Simard C, Vogrig A, Joubert B, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2020; (7(3)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000699.

Paraneoplastic Diseases of the Central Nervous System.

Galli J, Greenlee J

F1000Research 2020; (9()) doi:10.12688/f1000research.21309.1.

Multiple system atrophy mimicry in MRI: Watch out for paraneoplastic rhombencephalitis.

Schlapakow E, Keil VC, Paus M, et al.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2020; (76()):238-240 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.052.

Long Term Non-invasive Ventilation in Children With Central Hypoventilation.

Paglietti MG, Esposito I, Goia M, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2020; (8()):288 doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00288.

Expanded Clinical Phenotype, Oncological Associations, and Immunopathologic Insights of Paraneoplastic Kelch-like Protein-11 Encephalitis.

Dubey D, Wilson MR, Clarkson B, et al.

JAMA neurology 2020; (77(11)):1420-1429 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2231.

Imaging Review of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes.

Madhavan AA, Carr CM, Morris PP, et al.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2020; (41(12)):2176-2187 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A6815.

Paraneoplastic Myeloneuropathies: Clinical, Oncologic, and Serologic Accompaniments.

Shah S, Vazquez Do Campo R, Kumar N, et al.

Neurology 2021; (96(4)):e632-e639 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011218.

S1 guidelines "lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis" (abridged and translated version).

Tumani H, Petereit HF, Gerritzen A, et al.

Neurological research and practice 2020; (2()):8 doi:10.1186/s42466-020-0051-z.

[Clinical characteristics of "classical" and "non-classical" paraneoplastic neurological syndrome].

Lyu XY, Wang GP, Tang QQ, et al.

Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 2021; (101(9)):615-619 doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20200616-01870.

Encephalitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review.

Velasco R, Villagrán M, Jové M, et al.

JAMA neurology 2021; (78(7)):864-873 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0249.

Rhombencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes infection with GQ1b antibody positivity and multiple intracranial hemorrhage: a case report and literature review.

Zhao Y, Xu C, Tuo H, et al.

The Journal of international medical research 2021; (49(4)):300060521998568 doi:10.1177/0300060521998568.

Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes.

Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2021; (8(4)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001014.

18F-FDG PET/CT Findings in a Rare Case of Paraneoplastic Vestibulocerebellar Syndrome Associated With Isolated Antiamphiphysin Antibodies.

Komandla SR, Vankadari K, Milap M, et al.

Clinical nuclear medicine 2022; (47(2)):e125-e128 doi:10.1097/RLU.0000000000003868.

Immunopathogenesis and proposed clinical score for identifying Kelch-like protein-11 encephalitis.

Vogrig A, Péricart S, Pinto AL, et al.

Brain communications 2021; (3(3)):fcab185 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab185.

Breast cancer-associated opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: a case report.

Kostoglou A, Vlastos D, Bakalis A, Ghosh D

World journal of surgical oncology 2021; (19(1)):328 doi:10.1186/s12957-021-02436-7.

Paraneoplastic and Other Autoimmune Encephalitides: Antineuronal Antibodies, T Lymphocytes, and Questions of Pathogenesis.

Greenlee JE, Carlson NG, Abbatemarco JR, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2021; (12()):744653 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.744653.

Update on the medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome.

Lee SH, Kim JM, Kim JS

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 2022; (43(6)):3533-3540 doi:10.1007/s10072-022-05967-3.

Additional Value of [18F]FDG PET/CT in Detection of Suspected Malignancy in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Having Negative Results of Conventional Radiological Imaging.

Opalińska M, Sowa-Staszczak A, Wężyk K, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2022; (11(6)) doi:10.3390/jcm11061537.

Clinical Reasoning: A 43-Year-Old Man With Subacute Onset of Vision Disturbances, Jaw Spasms, and Balance and Sleep Difficulties.

Orozco E, Guo Y, Chen JJ, et al.

Neurology 2022; (99(9)):387-392 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200950.

Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Burned-Out Testicular Tumours: The Diagnostic Keys Based on 48 Cases.

Desmousseaux T, Arama E, Maxwell F, et al.

Cancers 2022; (14(16)) doi:10.3390/cancers14164013.

A Case of Fulminant Listeria Rhombencephalitis with Brainstem Abscesses in a 37-Year-Old Immunocompetent Patient: From Vestibular Neuritis to Ondine's Curse.

Percuoco V, Kemp O, Bolognese M, et al.

Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2024; (85(4)):422-426 doi:10.1055/a-1994-9207.

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders.

Gilligan M, McGuigan C, McKeon A

Current neurology and neuroscience reports 2023; (23(3)):67-82 doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01250-w.

Paraneoplastic Kelch-like protein 11 antibody-associated cerebellar and limbic encephalitis caused by metastatic "burned-out" seminoma - A scar(r)y phenomenon.

Gyongyosi B, Magyar-Stang R, Takacs T, et al.

Journal of neuroimmunology 2023; (378()):578073 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578073.

Autoimmune Encephalitis Criteria in Clinical Practice.

Orozco E, Valencia-Sanchez C, Britton J, et al.

Neurology. Clinical practice 2023; (13(3)):e200151 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200151.

Subacute Horizontal Diplopia, Jaw Dystonia, and Laryngospasm.

Tisavipat N, Chang BK, Ali F, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2023; (10(4)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200128.

Revisiting anti-Hu paraneoplastic autoimmunity: phenotypic characterization and cancer diagnosis.

Villagrán-García M, Farina A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al.

Brain communications 2023; (5(5)):fcad247 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad247.

A Case of Anti-Ma2 Encephalitis Presenting with Pendular Torsional Nystagmus.

Vaghi G, Vegezzi E, Bini P, et al.

Cerebellum (London, England) 2024; (23(3)):1249-1253 doi:10.1007/s12311-023-01601-w.

Updates in the Management of Paraneoplastic Syndrome.

Verma N, Jaffer MH, Kolli AS, Mokhtari S

Seminars in neurology 2024; (44(1)):36-46 doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777353.

Management of Paraneoplastic Syndromes in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Jean MJ, Samkoff L, Mohile N

Current treatment options in oncology 2024; (25(1)):42-65 doi:10.1007/s11864-023-01157-1.

Overview of Paraneoplastic Autoantibody-Mediated Cognitive Impairment and Behavioral Changes: A Narrative Review.

Alkhayat D, Khawaji ZY, Sunyur AM, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(1)):e51787 doi:10.7759/cureus.51787.

Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes as Initial Presentation of Tumors: An Eight-Year Single-Center Experience.

Melanis K, Stefanou MI, Kitsos DK, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(3)) doi:10.3390/jcm13030824.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Rheumatological Diseases with Neuropsychiatric Complications and Manifestations: A Narrative Review.

Castellazzi M, Candeloro R, Pugliatti M, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (14(3)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics14030242.

Antibodies to neural cell surface and synaptic proteins in paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes.

Budhram A, Sechi E

Handbook of clinical neurology 2024; (200()):347-364 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823912-4.00006-2.

Clinical approach to diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes.

Graus F

Handbook of clinical neurology 2024; (200()):79-96 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823912-4.00007-4.

SOX-1 antibodies positive Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with occult small cell lung cancer: A case report.

Zhao L, He H, Han W, et al.

The clinical respiratory journal 2024; (18(3)):e13740 doi:10.1111/crj.13740.

Gait instability, ophthalmoplegia, and chorea with orofacial dyskinesia in a man with anti-Ri antibodies: a case report.

Shioda M, Fujita H, Onuma H, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2024; (15()):1359781 doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1359781.

Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.

Farina A, Villagrán-García M, Fourier A, et al.

The Lancet regional health. Europe 2024; (44()):101011 doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101011.

Neuroimaging insights into poor prognosis paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: A case report on a challenging diagnosis revealed by MR imaging in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Ibenyahia A, Adnor S, Bigi S, et al.

Radiology case reports 2024; (19(11)):4992-4999 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.07.159.

Paraneoplastic Syndromes Associated with Gynecologic Neoplasms: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in South India.

Sudhakaran S, Acharya G, Kulkarni KA, et al.

South Asian journal of cancer 2024; (13(3)):185-190 doi:10.1055/s-0043-1772223.

First case report on Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis in a young adult from Syria: Bridging clinical knowledge and practice.

Almohamed A, Qatza A, Alsamman H, et al.

Radiology case reports 2025; (20(2)):1211-1214 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2024.11.006.

Autoimmune brainstem encephalitis: Clinical associations, outcomes, and proposed diagnostic criteria.

Gilligan M, Thakolwiboon S, Orozco E, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2025; (12(1)):213-225 doi:10.1002/acn3.52273.

Automated White Matter Fiber Tract Segmentation for the Brainstem.

Li M, Zeng Q, Zhang J, et al.

NMR in biomedicine 2025; (38(2)):e5312 doi:10.1002/nbm.5312.

Atypical complication of western equine encephalitis: central hypoventilation syndrome.

Rapela L, Derosa L, Quereda A, et al.

Colombia medica (Cali, Colombia) 2024; (55(3)):e5006404 doi:10.25100/cm.v55i3.6404.

Listeria rhombencephalitis in the postpartum period.

Schneider J, Kim JY, Oey M

BMJ case reports 2025; (18(7)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2025-266790.

Rhombencephalitis associated with varicella-zoster virus masquerading as Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Al Shaaibi K, Phoophiboon V, Burns KEA

BMC neurology 2025; (25(1)):324 doi:10.1186/s12883-025-04245-x.

Case Report: Nystagmus as a core presenting sign in pediatric anti-Ma2 antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia: diagnostic implications from clinical and serological profiling.

Ma J, Yang Y, Li Z, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2025; (13()):1659483 doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1659483.

Oculomotor Abnormalities and Nystagmus in Brainstem Disease: A Mini Review.

Casani AP, Gufoni M, Ducci N, et al.

Audiology research 2025; (15(6)) doi:10.3390/audiolres15060150.

Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome with Guillain-Barré syndrome overlap in small-cell lung carcinoma: A case report from a primary care hospital in China.

Zhang Z, Li X, Zhong D

Medicine 2026; (105(2)):e47045 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000047045.

Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome: A Clinician-Oriented Perspective on Diagnostics, Therapy, and Atypical Phenotypes-With an Illustrative 16-Case Institutional Series.

Bannai T, Yamada M, Seki T, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2026; (15(2)) doi:10.3390/jcm15020801.

[A case of autoantibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis associated with mature ovarian teratoma, successfully treated with early ovariectomy].

Takahashi K, Sasaki T, Kawasaki R, et al.

Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology 2026; (66(3)):155-160 doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-002169.

Brainstem encephalitis and anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome triggered by varicella-zoster virus presenting as intractable hiccups: a first reported case.

Wang G, Gai Y, Ji H, Liang C

BMC neurology 2026; (26(1)).

Anti-Ma2 Paraneoplastic Encephalitis and Testicular Cancer: When the Hypothalamus Whispers-A Case Report and Systematic Review with Emphasis on Hypothalamic-Endocrine Dysfunction.

Zamponi V, Paravani P, Mazzilli R, et al.

Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (14(2)) doi:10.3390/medsci14020175.

Clinical Manifestations, Tumor Associations, and Long-Term Outcomes of Anti-KLHL11 Encephalitis.

Jin M, Brand T, Erdag Turgeon E, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2026; (13(4)):e200597 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200597.

Fatal Viral Rhombencephalitis Mimicking Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis in a Young Female: An Autopsy Case Report.

Akbar M, Ayyappan S, Zacaria A, et al.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 2026; doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000001146.

Onco-neurology: a clinical perspective on cancer-associated neurological complications.

Song Y, Wan W, Zhang Y, Wang G

Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 2026; (49(3)).

Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes in Ovarian Cancer: Case Report and Narrative Review for Diagnostic and Clinical Implications.

Restaino S, Gomba B, Golitsyna Y, et al.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 2026; (14(13)) doi:10.3390/healthcare14131943.

Clinical approach to neurological paraneoplastic syndromes.

Anderson NE

Internal medicine journal 2026; (56(8)):1314-1322 doi:10.1111/imj.70500.

Cerebellar Degeneration Causing Saccadic Dysmetria and Ocular Flutter: A Seronegative Paraneoplastic Syndrome.

Zampino AP, Figgie M, Shaikh AG, Serra A

Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) 2026; (50(5)):504-506 doi:10.1080/01658107.2025.2567476.

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: an update on incidence, antibody discovery, and testing.

Berzero G

Current opinion in oncology 2026; doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000001268.

Neuroimmune mechanisms of the cerebellum-brainstem network in autoimmune encephalitis and related neuroimmune disorders: antibody targets, selective vulnerability, and translational opportunities.

Li Y, Hu Y, Yang Y, et al.

Frontiers in immunology 2026; (17()):1909595 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1909595.