Research & Literature

Proximal focal femoral deficiency.

Goldman AB, Schneider R, Wilson PD

Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists 1978; (29(2)):101-7.

Imaging features of lower limb malformations above the foot.

Bergère A, Amzallag-Bellenger E, Lefebvre G, et al.

Diagnostic and interventional imaging 2015; (96(9)):901-14.

Common Patterns of Congenital Lower Extremity Shortening: Diagnosis, Classification, and Follow-up.

Bedoya MA, Chauvin NA, Jaramillo D, et al.

Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2015; (35(4)):1191-207 doi:10.1148/rg.2015140196.

Lengthening With External Fixation Is Effective in Congenital Femoral Deficiency.

Prince DE, Herzenberg JE, Standard SC, Paley D

Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2015; (473(10)):3261-71 doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4461-0.

Lengthening in Congenital Femoral Deficiency: A Comparison of Circular External Fixation and a Motorized Intramedullary Nail.

Black SR, Kwon MS, Cherkashin AM, et al.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2015; (97(17)):1432-40 doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.00932.

Long-term functional outcome and quality of life following rotationplasty for treatment of malignant tumors.

Gradl G, Postl LK, Lenze U, et al.

BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2015; (16()):262 doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0721-0.

Hip stability during lengthening in children with congenital femoral deficiency.

Eidelman M, Jauregui JJ, Standard SC, et al.

International orthopaedics 2016; (40(12)):2619-2625 doi:10.1007/s00264-016-3289-x.

Amputation and rotationplasty in children with limb deficiencies: current concepts.

Sakkers R, van Wijk I

Journal of children's orthopaedics 2016; (10(6)):619-626 doi:10.1007/s11832-016-0788-7.

Physical function and health-related quality of life in young adults with unilateral congenital lower-limb deficiencies.

Kaastad TS, Tveter AT, Steen H, Holm I

Journal of children's orthopaedics 2017; (11(5)):348-357 doi:10.1302/1863-2548.11.170026.

Understanding Skeletal Growth and Predicting Limb-Length Inequality in Pediatric Patients.

Hubbard EW, Liu RW, Iobst CA

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2019; (27(9)):312-319 doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00143.

Use of Paley Classification and SUPERankle Procedure in the Management of Fibular Hemimelia.

Kulkarni RM, Arora N, Saxena S, et al.

Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2019; (39(9)):e708-e717 doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001012.

Outcomes of knee arthrodesis in proximal femoral focal deficiency.

Westberry DE, Carpenter AM, Lee M

Journal of pediatric orthopedics. Part B 2021; (30(3)):250-256 doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000712.

Long-Term Outcomes of Rotationplasty patients in the treatment of lower extremity sarcomas with cost analysis.

Grimsrud C, Killen C, Murphy M, et al.

Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma 2020; (11(Suppl 1)):S149-S152 doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2019.06.003.

Proximal femoral focal deficiency - a rare congenital entity: two case reports and a review of the literature.

Uduma FU, Dim EM, Njeze NR

Journal of medical case reports 2020; (14(1)):27 doi:10.1186/s13256-020-2350-y.

Is acetabular dysplasia and pelvic deformity properly interpreted in patients with congenital femoral deficiency? A 3D analysis of pelvic computed tomography.

Musielak BJ, Shadi M, Kubicka AM, et al.

Journal of children's orthopaedics 2020; (14(5)):364-371 doi:10.1302/1863-2548.14.200065.

The vascular origins of antero-medial tibial bowing in congenital fibular deficiency.

Horton JA, Hootnick DR

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) 2021; (304(9)):1889-1900 doi:10.1002/ar.24580.

Height and Extremity-Length Prediction for Healthy Children Using Age-Based Versus Peak Height Velocity Timing-Based Multipliers.

Sanders JO, Karbach LE, Cai X, et al.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2021; (103(4)):335-342 doi:10.2106/JBJS.20.00040.

Long-term follow-up of patients with rotationplasty.

Mahmoud A, Aboujaib MF, Meda MR

International journal of surgery case reports 2021; (79()):295-298 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.01.045.

Can Adding BMP2 Improve Outcomes in Patients Undergoing the SUPERhip Procedure?

Paley D, Shannon CE, Nogueira M, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (8(6)) doi:10.3390/children8060495.

Rotationplasty for Severe Congenital Femoral Deficiency.

Fuller CB, Lichtblau CH, Paley D

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (8(6)) doi:10.3390/children8060462.

Comparison of Outcomes by Reconstructive Strategy in Patients with Prostheses for Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency.

Floccari LV, Jeans KA, Herring JA, et al.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2021; (103(19)):1817-1825 doi:10.2106/JBJS.20.02001.

VACTERL Associated with a Rare Limb Anomaly Combined with Edward (Trisomy 18) Syndrome.

Hasan Z, Thakur VK, Chaubey D, et al.

Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons 2021; (26(3)):206-207 doi:10.4103/jiaps.JIAPS_237_20.

Anatomical parameters of and differences in the proximal femoral cavity in adult patients with developmental hip dysplasia.

Zhao R, Cai H, Tian H, Zhang K

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2021; (71(12)):2700-2704 doi:10.47391/JPMA.267.

Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency/Congenital Femoral Deficiency: Evaluation and Management.

Nossov SB, Hollin IL, Phillips J, Franklin CC

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2022; (30(13)):e899-e910 doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-01186.

Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Aplasia for the Arthroscopy Surgeons: A Systematic Review.

Kambhampati SBS, Vishwanathan K, Vasudeva N, et al.

Indian journal of orthopaedics 2022; (56(7)):1123-1138 doi:10.1007/s43465-022-00651-2.

Motorized Plate Lengthening of the Femur in Children: A Preliminary Report.

Georgiadis AG, Gannon NP, Dahl MT

Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2022; (42(10)):e987-e993 doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000002253.

The Novel Use of the Lateral Scanogram to Detect Cruciate Deficiency in Children With Congenital Femoral Deficiency.

Taylor TN, Bridges CS, Martin BM, et al.

Cureus 2023; (15(6)):e40799 doi:10.7759/cureus.40799.

Management of severe congenital femoral deficiency: Does surgical intervention enhance prosthetic function?

Calder P, Elsheikh A, Cross G, et al.

Prosthetics and orthotics international 2024; (48(2)):149-157 doi:10.1097/PXR.0000000000000303.

SUPERhip Reconstruction Treatment in Patients with Congenital Femoral Deficiency of Paley's Classification Type 1b.

Violante Júnior FH, Farcetta Júnior F, Prina DMC, Nogueira MP

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (11(1)) doi:10.3390/children11010075.

Antegrade femoral lengthening and simultaneous hemiepiphysiodesis for congenital femoral deficiency.

Georgiadis AG, Albright PD, Huser AJ, et al.

Journal of children's orthopaedics 2024; (18(2)):200-207 doi:10.1177/18632521241229619.

Physical Therapy Interventions: A Case Report of Building Strength, Confidence, and Mobility in a Seven-Year-Old With Congenital Femoral Deficiency With Coxa Vara.

Bagga IKB, Raghuveer R, Singh S

Cureus 2024; (16(3)):e55662 doi:10.7759/cureus.55662.

Hip Joint Stability during and after Femoral Lengthening in Congenital Femoral Deficiency.

Tschurl J, Shadi M, Kotwicki T

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2024; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/children11040500.

Outcomes of Simultaneous Lengthening and ACL Reconstruction in Fibular Hemimelia: A Retrospective Case Series.

Reeves B, Roper B, Salton R, et al.

The Iowa orthopaedic journal 2024; (44(1)):93-98.

Femoral Lengthening in Children with Congenital Femoral Deficiency: A Systematic Review.

Sabry AO, Galal S, Menshawey R, et al.

JBJS reviews 2024; (12(8)) doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.24.00088.

Risk Factors for Complications in Reconstructing Congenital Femoral Deficiency.

Shahcheraghi GH, Javid M, Nemati A

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2025; (33(9)):e511-e521 doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-24-00090.

Ankle and foot deformities and malformations in proximal femoral focal deficiency.

Chomiak J, Frydrychova M, Ošťádal M, Dungl P

Journal of children's orthopaedics 2025; (19(1)):56-63 doi:10.1177/18632521241301942.

Multi-Ligament Reconstruction in an Adolescent Female Affected by Congenital Femoral Deficiency and Complete Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament agenesis: A Case Report.

Giusti S, Bocchi MB, De Fenu E, et al.

Clinics and practice 2024; (15(1)) doi:10.3390/clinpract15010001.

Embryonic Vascular Dysgenesis: The Origin of Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency.

Hootnick DR, Vargesson N, Horton JA, Chomiak J

Birth defects research 2025; (117(4)):e2465 doi:10.1002/bdr2.2465.

Proximal femoral focal deficiency/congenital femoral deficiency: a proposal for a new classification.

Hosny GA, Elsheikh AA

Journal of pediatric orthopedics. Part B 2025; (34(4)):362-366 doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000001241.

Gait and health-related quality of life outcomes following proximal femoral tumor resection and reconstruction with tensioning of the abductor musculotendinous unit.

Kallini JR, Fowler EG, Pietruszewski L, et al.

Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2025; (126()):106561 doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106561.

The Significance and Limitations of Pre- and Postnatal Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency.

Llanes AC, Venard E, Youn S, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(11)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics15111302.

Gait biomechanics and energy cost of walking after rotationplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis compared to above-knee amputation and healthy participants.

Krebbekx GGJ, Waterval NFJ, Brehm MA, et al.

Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2025; (128()):106626 doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2025.106626.

Prenatal Detection of Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency (PFFD) in Limited Resource Setting: A Case Report.

Arioseno YA, Pramatirta AY, Caropeboka MFA, et al.

International medical case reports journal 2026; (19()):570672 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S570672.

Atypical Bilateral Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Hammad A, Merkabaoui HE, Moukaddam H, et al.

Case reports in pediatrics 2026; (2026()):7521784 doi:10.1155/crpe/7521784.