Research & Literature

Pituitary tumor apoplexy.

Johnston PC, Hamrahian AH, Weil RJ, Kennedy L

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2015; (22(6)):939-44.

Apoplexy of pituitary adenomas: the perfect storm.

Oldfield EH, Merrill MJ

Journal of neurosurgery 2015; (122(6)):1444-9 doi:10.3171/2014.10.JNS141720.

Management and outcomes of pituitary apoplexy.

Singh TD, Valizadeh N, Meyer FB, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2015; (122(6)):1450-7 doi:10.3171/2014.10.JNS141204.

Neuro-ophthalmologic exploration in non-functioning pituitary adenoma.

Abouaf L, Vighetto A, Lebas M

Annales d'endocrinologie 2015; (76(3)):210-9.

Pituitary apoplexy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.

Glezer A, Bronstein MD

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2015; (59(3)):259-64.

Clinical analysis of infarction in pituitary adenoma.

Xiao D, Wang S, Huang Y, et al.

International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 2015; (8(5)):7477-86.

Pituitary Apoplexy.

Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville JF, et al.

Endocrine reviews 2015; (36(6)):622-45 doi:10.1210/er.2015-1042.

Ischemic pituitary adenoma apoplexy-Clinical appearance and prognosis after surgical intervention.

Ogawa Y, Niizuma K, Mugikura S, Tominaga T

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2016; (148()):142-6.

SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of pituitary apoplexy in adult patients.

Baldeweg SE, Vanderpump M, Drake W, et al.

Endocrine connections 2016; (5(5)):G12-G15 doi:10.1530/EC-16-0057.

Multidisciplinary Management of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Albani A, Ferraù F, Angileri FF, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2016; (2016()):7951536 doi:10.1155/2016/7951536.

Young adult patient with headache, fever and blurred vision.

Paschou SA, Tzioras K, Trianti V, et al.

Hormones (Athens, Greece) 2016; (15(4)):548-550 doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1701.

Presenting Symptoms of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Pyrgelis ES, Mavridis I, Meliou M

Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2018; (79(1)):52-59 doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599051.

Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Pituitary Apoplexy: Evidence On a 75-Case Series From a Tertiary Care Center.

Zoli M, Milanese L, Faustini-Fustini M, et al.

World neurosurgery 2017; (106()):331-338 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.117.

Pituitary apoplexy - A single center retrospective study from the neurosurgical perspective and review of the literature.

Grzywotz A, Kleist B, Möller LC, et al.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2017; (163()):39-45 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.10.006.

Apoplexy in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Wildemberg LE, Glezer A, Bronstein MD, Gadelha MR

Pituitary 2018; (21(2)):138-144 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0870-x.

The Outcomes of Pituitary Apoplexy with Conservative Treatment: Experiences at a Single Institution.

Seo Y, Kim YH, Dho YS, et al.

World neurosurgery 2018; (115()):e703-e710 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.139.

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients presenting with pituitary apoplexy.

Abbara A, Clarke S, Eng PC, et al.

Endocrine connections 2018; (7(10)):1058-1066 doi:10.1530/EC-18-0255.

Post-Traumatic Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy After Closed Head Injury: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Ward M, Kamal N, Majmundar N, et al.

World neurosurgery 2018; (120()):331-335 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.238.

Thunderclap headache: an update.

Yang CW, Fuh JL

Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2018; (18(12)):915-924 doi:10.1080/14737175.2018.1537782.

Sudden Headache and Blindness Due to Pituitary (Adenoma) Infarction: A Case Report.

Dupont G, Lachkar S, Iwanaga J, et al.

Cureus 2019; (11(2)):e4059 doi:10.7759/cureus.4059.

Empty Sella in the Making.

Kirigin Biloš LS, Kruljac I, Radošević JM, et al.

World neurosurgery 2019; (128()):366-370 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.119.

Acromegaly remission, SIADH and pituitary function recovery after macroadenoma apoplexy

Sanz-Sapera E, Sarria-Estrada S, Arikan F, Biagetti B

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2019; (2019(1)) doi:10.1530/EDM-19-0057.

Pituitary Apoplexy Following Systemic Anticoagulation.

Santos AR, Bello CT, Sousa A, et al.

European journal of case reports in internal medicine 2019; (6(12)):001254 doi:10.12890/2019_001254.

Cut-off values for sufficient cortisol response to low dose Short Synacthen Test after surgery for non-functioning pituitary adenoma.

Kolnes AJ, Øystese KA, Dahlberg D, et al.

Acta neurochirurgica 2020; (162(4)):845-852 doi:10.1007/s00701-019-04068-z.

Pituitary Apoplexy Case Series: Outcomes After Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery at a Single Tertiary Center.

Pangal DJ, Chesney K, Memel Z, et al.

World neurosurgery 2020; (137()):e366-e372 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.204.

Pituitary Apoplexy Accompanying Temporal Lobe Seizure as a Complication.

Shijo K, Yoshimura S, Mori F, et al.

World neurosurgery 2020; (138()):153-157 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.148.

A practical algorithm to predict postsurgical recurrence and progression of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNET)s.

Guaraldi F, Zoli M, Righi A, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2020; (93(1)):36-43 doi:10.1111/cen.14197.

The optimal numerosity of the referral population of pituitary tumors centers of excellence (PTCOE): A surgical perspective.

Mortini P, Nocera G, Roncelli F, et al.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2020; (21(4)):527-536 doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09564-7.

Experience of trans-nasal endoscopic surgery for pituitary tumors in a single center in China: Surgical results in a cohort of 2032 patients, operated between 2006 and 2018.

Li C, Zhu H, Zong X, et al.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2020; (197()):106176 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106176.

Transsphenoidal Resection of Pituitary Tumors in the United States, 2009 to 2011: Effects of Hospital Volume on Postoperative Complications.

Li D, Johans S, Martin B, et al.

Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base 2021; (82(2)):175-181 doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701218.

Radiological and clinical outcomes of pituitary apoplexy: comparison of conservative management versus early surgical intervention.

Shepard MJ, Snyder MH, Soldozy S, et al.

Journal of neurosurgery 2021; (135(5)):1310-1318 doi:10.3171/2020.9.JNS202899.

Isolated Third Cranial Nerve Palsy in Pituitary Apoplexy: Case Report and Systematic Review.

Rosso M, Ramaswamy S, Sucharew H, et al.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2021; (30(9)):105969 doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105969.

Case Report: Polyneuropathy Pituitary Apoplexy with Normal Perimetry and Initially Normal Neuroimaging.

Sowka JW, Wu TH

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2021; (98(10)):1139-1142 doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001786.

Isolated Unilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy Manifesting as a Rare Complication of Idiopathic Pituitary Apoplexy: A Case Report.

Syed SB, Mourra AA, Chatterjee T

Cureus 2022; (14(2)):e22408 doi:10.7759/cureus.22408.

Unusual manifestations of adrenal insufficiency: A case report of hypopituitarism and Well's syndrome after apoplexy of a silent pituitary gonadotropic adenoma.

Hsu CC, Lin HD, Huang CY, Chiang YL

Medicine 2022; (101(22)):e29274 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000029274.

An altered state of consciousness while using anticoagulants and the incidental discovery of a pituitary lesion: considering pituitary apoplexy.

Viola N, Urbani C, Cosottini M, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2022; (2022()).

Revisiting Pituitary Apoplexy.

Donegan D, Erickson D

Journal of the Endocrine Society 2022; (6(9)):bvac113 doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac113.

Determinants of visual and endocrinological outcome after early endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary apoplexy.

Galal A, Ahmed OEF

Surgical neurology international 2022; (13()):433 doi:10.25259/SNI_642_2022.

The volume-outcome relationship for endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery for benign neoplasm: analysis of an administrative dataset for England.

Gray WK, Navaratnam AV, Rennie C, et al.

British journal of neurosurgery 2025; (39(1)):44-51 doi:10.1080/02688697.2023.2175783.

Intraoperative hypovolemia as a possible precipitating factor for pituitary apoplexy: a case report.

Abo KM, Kane J, Druckenbrod RC, et al.

Journal of medical case reports 2023; (17(1)):53 doi:10.1186/s13256-022-03738-4.

A case of pituitary apoplexy mimicking viral meningitis.

Lally A, Funari A, Ghosh SR, et al.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2023; (85(4)):1060-1063 doi:10.1097/MS9.0000000000000323.

Diagnosis and management of pituitary apoplexy: a Tunisian data.

Hadj Kacem F, Trimeche O, Gargouri I, et al.

Chinese neurosurgical journal 2023; (9(1)):17 doi:10.1186/s41016-023-00331-6.

Pituitary apoplexy during pregnancy with transsphenoidal resection and intraoperative fetal monitoring: A case report.

Corn M, Nickell A, Lessard C, Jackson A

Case reports in women's health 2023; (39()):e00543 doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2023.e00543.

Diagnosis and management of secondary adrenal crisis.

Martel-Duguech L, Poirier J, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2024; (25(3)):619-637 doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09877-x.

Pituitary Apoplexy: An Updated Review.

Iglesias P

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(9)) doi:10.3390/jcm13092508.

Advancement in perioperative management of pituitary adenomas-Current concepts and best practices.

Shafiq I, Williams ZR, Vates GE

Journal of neuroendocrinology 2024; (36(11)):e13427 doi:10.1111/jne.13427.

Pituitary Apoplexy: Pitfalls in Diagnosis.

Rivera-Hernandez V, Zareva E, Silparshetty S

Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives 2024; (14(2)):84-86 doi:10.55729/2000-9666.1316.

Pituitary Apoplexy and the Current Understanding of Its Management: A Meta-Analysis of 908 Patients.

Marin-Castañeda LA, Gorbachev J, Lopez-Zepeda PT, et al.

World neurosurgery 2024; (190()):371-385.e1 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.07.103.

Severe hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient with pituitary apoplexy: a case report.

Getahun BM, Gebeyehu MA, Getahun AM, Kassie YG

Journal of medical case reports 2024; (18(1)):349 doi:10.1186/s13256-024-04642-9.

Pituitary Apoplexy: a re-appraisal of risk factors and best management strategies in the COVID-19 era.

Boyke AE, Michel M, Mamelak AN

Pituitary 2024; (27(6)):898-908 doi:10.1007/s11102-024-01420-0.

Transnasal Transsphenoidal Approach for a Nine-Year-Old Child With Pituitary Apoplexy: A Case Report.

Al-Juboori AA, Badran SA, Shahadha AA, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(7)):e64525 doi:10.7759/cureus.64525.

Treatment Strategies and Long-Term Outcomes in Silent Corticotroph Adenomas: A Single-Center Retrospective Study of 367 Cases.

He W, Yao S, Yu Y, et al.

Neurosurgery 2025; (96(3)):611-621 doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000003142.

Pituitary Apoplexy: Comorbidities, Management, and Outcomes-A Spanish Observational Multicenter Study.

Biagetti B, Cordero Asanza E, Pérez-López C, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2025; (110(6)):e1811-e1820 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae649.

The role of intervention timing and treatment modality in visual recovery following pituitary apoplexy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Brown NJ, Patel S, Gendreau J, Abraham ME

Journal of neuro-oncology 2024; (170(3)):469-482 doi:10.1007/s11060-024-04717-z.

Influence of surgical timing on the visual prognosis of patients suffering from a pituitary apoplexy with visual impairment.

Paredes I, Rodríguez-Berrocal V, Pérez-López C, et al.

Neurosurgical review 2024; (47(1)):852 doi:10.1007/s10143-024-03106-4.

Transient cerebral ischemia in pituitary apoplexy-induced internal carotid artery occlusion: illustrative case.

Xue S, Li Ching Ng A, Chen N, Khong P

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons 2024; (8(23)).

Clinical presentation and outcomes of pituitary apoplexy in patients with PitNETs: a real world Italian multicenter study.

Birtolo MF, Gatto F, Auriemma RS, et al.

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2026; (49(2)):349-358 doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02738-7.

More Than a Headache: Unveiling Pituitary Apoplexy Following Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Gonçalves G, Alves DR, Oliveira A, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(11)):e96188 doi:10.7759/cureus.96188.

Management of endocrine disease: update on the management of pituitary apoplexy.

Biagetti B, Marques P, Ntali G, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2026; (194(2)):R49-R66 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvag034.

Pituitary apoplexy: long-term endocrine and neuro-ophthalmologic outcomes according to management strategy and timing.

Guerrero-Pérez F, Biagetti B, Araujo-Castro M, et al.

Endocrine 2026; (91(1)).

Nivolumab rechallenge after pituitary apoplexy associated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in a patient with pituitary adenoma and rectal melanoma: a case report and literature review.

Imai C, Uchida M, Takahashi K, et al.

Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences 2026; (12(1)).

Management-specific outcome evaluation of pituitary apoplexy; conservative and surgical approach.

Guijt MC, Verstegen MJT, Zamanipoor Najafabadi AH, et al.

Pituitary 2026; (29(3)).

[Endocrinological Tests for Neurosurgery Practice].

Sasagawa Y, Nakada M

No shinkei geka. Neurological surgery 2026; (54(3)):537-542 doi:10.11477/mf.030126030540030537.

Pituitary Apoplexy Without Chiasmal Compression Presenting With Radiographic Oculomotor Nerve Compression in a Prolactinoma: A Case Report.

Holz EA, Imran M, Reyes N, Izquierdo-Pretel G

Cureus 2026; (18(6)):e111830 doi:10.7759/cureus.111830.

Visual field loss in pituitary and hypothalamic disorders.

Batra R, Alvarez LM

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2026; (40(5)):102152 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2026.102152.

Pituitary Apoplexy Presenting as a Transient Ischemic Attack: An Endocrine Emergency.

Marques M, Couto J, Urbano J, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(10)):e117859 doi:10.7759/cureus.117859.