Research & Literature

UK guidelines for the management of pituitary apoplexy.

Rajasekaran S, Vanderpump M, Baldeweg S, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2011; (74(1)):9-20 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03913.x.

Pituitary apoplexy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.

Glezer A, Bronstein MD

Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2015; (59(3)):259-64.

Postpartum pituitary apoplexy with isolated oculomotor nerve palsy: A rare medical emergency.

Raina S, Jearth V, Sharma A, et al.

Journal of neurosciences in rural practice 2015; (6(4)):598-600 doi:10.4103/0976-3147.165348.

A case of pituitary apoplexy masquerading as subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Choudhury M, Eligar V, DeLloyd A, Davies JS

Clinical case reports 2016; (4(3)):255-7 doi:10.1002/ccr3.488.

Pituitary apoplexy - bespoke patient management allows good clinical outcome.

Giritharan S, Gnanalingham K, Kearney T

Clinical endocrinology 2016; (85(3)):415-22 doi:10.1111/cen.13075.

Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for pituitary apoplexy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tu M, Lu Q, Zhu P, Zheng W

Journal of the neurological sciences 2016; (370()):258-262 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.047.

SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of pituitary apoplexy in adult patients.

Baldeweg SE, Vanderpump M, Drake W, et al.

Endocrine connections 2016; (5(5)):G12-G15 doi:10.1530/EC-16-0057.

Sheehan syndrome.

Karaca Z, Laway BA, Dokmetas HS, et al.

Nature reviews. Disease primers 2016; (2()):16092 doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.92.

Multidisciplinary Management of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Albani A, Ferraù F, Angileri FF, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2016; (2016()):7951536 doi:10.1155/2016/7951536.

DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Expanding the cause of hypopituitarism.

Pekic S, Popovic V

European journal of endocrinology 2017; (176(6)):R269-R282.

Pituitary apoplexy: a rare complication of leuprolide therapy in prostate cancer treatment.

Tanios G, Mungo NA, Kapila A, Bajaj K

BMJ case reports 2017; (2017()) doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218514.

Postoperative Neurologic Outcome in Patients with Pituitary Apoplexy After Transsphenoidal Surgery.

Kim YH, Cho YH, Hong SH, et al.

World neurosurgery 2018; (111()):e18-e23 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.124.

Pituitary Ring Sign Plus Sphenoid Sinus Mucosal Thickening: Neuroimaging Signs of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Vaphiades MS

Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) 2017; (41(6)):306-309 doi:10.1080/01658107.2017.1349807.

Apoplexy in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Wildemberg LE, Glezer A, Bronstein MD, Gadelha MR

Pituitary 2018; (21(2)):138-144 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0870-x.

Acute pituitary disease in pregnancy: how to handle hypophysitis and Sheehan's syndrome.

Honegger J, Giese S

Minerva endocrinologica 2018; (43(4)):465-475 doi:10.23736/S0391-1977.18.02814-6.

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients presenting with pituitary apoplexy.

Abbara A, Clarke S, Eng PC, et al.

Endocrine connections 2018; (7(10)):1058-1066 doi:10.1530/EC-18-0255.

Gestational pituitary apoplexy: Case series and review of the literature.

Jemel M, Kandara H, Riahi M, et al.

Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction 2019; (48(10)):873-881 doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.05.005.

Pituitary apoplexy following endoscopic nasal surgery: A case report.

Harju T, Alanko J, Numminen J

SAGE open medical case reports 2019; (7()):2050313X19855867 doi:10.1177/2050313X19855867.

Pituitary Apoplexy: Results of Surgical and Conservative Management Clinical Series and Review of the Literature.

Almeida JP, Sanchez MM, Karekezi C, et al.

World neurosurgery 2019; (130()):e988-e999 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.055.

Pituitary Apoplexy Following Systemic Anticoagulation.

Santos AR, Bello CT, Sousa A, et al.

European journal of case reports in internal medicine 2019; (6(12)):001254 doi:10.12890/2019_001254.

Chronic Sheehan's Syndrome - A Differential to be Considered in Clinical Practice in Women with a History of Postpartum Hemorrhage.

Jose M, Amir S, Desai R

Cureus 2019; (11(12)):e6290 doi:10.7759/cureus.6290.

Pituitary Apoplexy Case Series: Outcomes After Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery at a Single Tertiary Center.

Pangal DJ, Chesney K, Memel Z, et al.

World neurosurgery 2020; (137()):e366-e372 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.204.

Pituitary Apoplexy Accompanying Temporal Lobe Seizure as a Complication.

Shijo K, Yoshimura S, Mori F, et al.

World neurosurgery 2020; (138()):153-157 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.148.

Guidance for the prevention and emergency management of adult patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Simpson H, Tomlinson J, Wass J, et al.

Clinical medicine (London, England) 2020; (20(4)):371-378 doi:10.7861/clinmed.2019-0324.

Risk factors for the incidence of apoplexy in pituitary adenoma: a single-center study from southwestern China.

Li Y, Qian Y, Qiao Y, et al.

Chinese neurosurgical journal 2020; (6()):20 doi:10.1186/s41016-020-00202-4.

A key role for conservative treatment in the management of pituitary apoplexy.

Marx C, Rabilloud M, Borson Chazot F, et al.

Endocrine 2021; (71(1)):168-177 doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02499-8.

Adrenal crisis precipitated by influenza A led to the diagnosis of Sheehan's syndrome 18 years after postpartum hemorrhage.

Taniguchi J, Sugawara H, Yamada H, et al.

Clinical case reports 2020; (8(12)):3082-3087 doi:10.1002/ccr3.3355.

Pituitary haemorrhage and infarction: the spectrum of disease.

Iqbal F, Adams W, Dimitropoulos I, et al.

Endocrine connections 2021; (10(2)):171-179.

Perioperative management of Fontan operation for the child with panhypopituitarism: a case report.

Sunoki K, Otsuka Y, Iwai H, et al.

Journal of anesthesia 2021; (35(2)):303-306 doi:10.1007/s00540-020-02894-5.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

Key Factors Related to Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Associated with Pituitary Apoplexy.

Teramoto S, Tahara S, Kondo A, Morita A

World neurosurgery 2021; (149()):e447-e454 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.02.005.

Apoplexy of microprolactinomas during pregnancy: report of five cases and review of the literature.

Kuhn E, Weinreich AA, Biermasz NR, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2021; (185(1)):99-108.

A Case of Sheehan Syndrome 7 Years Postpartum with Transaminitis and Hyperlipidemia.

Sadiq S, Chowdhury A

The American journal of case reports 2021; (22()):e930908 doi:10.12659/AJCR.930908.

A 45-year-old female patient with Sheehan's syndrome presenting with imminent adrenal crisis: a case report.

Genetu A, Anemen Y, Abay S, et al.

Journal of medical case reports 2021; (15(1)):229 doi:10.1186/s13256-021-02827-0.

Acute Sterile Meningitis as a Primary Manifestation of Pituitary Apoplexy.

Tumyan G, Mantha Y, Gill R, Feldman M

AACE clinical case reports 2021; (7(2)):117-120 doi:10.1016/j.aace.2020.11.024.

A Rare Case of Myxedema Coma Presenting as Bradycardia and Hypotension Secondary to Pituitary Apoplexy.

Bhogal S, Patel N, Mawa K, et al.

Cureus 2021; (13(5)):e15196 doi:10.7759/cureus.15196.

Case Report: Polyneuropathy Pituitary Apoplexy with Normal Perimetry and Initially Normal Neuroimaging.

Sowka JW, Wu TH

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2021; (98(10)):1139-1142 doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001786.

Towards a pituitary apoplexy classification based on clinical presentation and patient journey.

Guijt MC, Zamanipoor Najafabadi AH, Notting IC, et al.

Endocrine 2022; (76(1)):132-141 doi:10.1007/s12020-022-02983-3.

Visual and Hormone Outcomes in Pituitary Apoplexy: Results of a Single Surgeon, Single Institution 15-Year Retrospective Review and Pooled Data Analysis.

Seaman SC, Dougherty MC, Zanaty M, et al.

Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base 2021; (82(4)):392-400 doi:10.1055/s-0040-1713104.

Spot the adenoma after pituitary apoplexy following a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Almeida AG

Brain hemorrhages 2022; doi:10.1016/j.hest.2022.10.001.

Acute Sheehan's Syndrome Presenting with Hyponatremia Followed by a Spontaneous Pregnancy.

Pineyro MM, Diaz L, Guzzetti M, et al.

Case reports in endocrinology 2022; (2022()):9181365 doi:10.1155/2022/9181365.

Pituitary apoplexy score, toward standardized decision-making: a descriptive study.

Salle H, Cane M, Rocher M, et al.

Pituitary 2024; (27(1)):77-87 doi:10.1007/s11102-023-01372-x.

Pituitary apoplexy as a mimicker of infectious meningitis in an adolescent female patient.

Enns JP, Al-Khindi T, Wu C, et al.

Annals of internal medicine. Clinical cases 2023; (2(9)) doi:10.7326/aimcc.2022.1328.

Delayed Sheehan's syndrome diagnosed during the evaluation of secondary infertility: A case report.

Saxena S, Verma V, Samadarshi S, et al.

Clinical case reports 2024; (12(2)):e8521 doi:10.1002/ccr3.8521.

Pituitary Apoplexy: An Updated Review.

Iglesias P

Journal of clinical medicine 2024; (13(9)) doi:10.3390/jcm13092508.

Pituitary Apoplexy and the Current Understanding of Its Management: A Meta-Analysis of 908 Patients.

Marin-Castañeda LA, Gorbachev J, Lopez-Zepeda PT, et al.

World neurosurgery 2024; (190()):371-385.e1 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.07.103.

The role of intervention timing and treatment modality in visual recovery following pituitary apoplexy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Brown NJ, Patel S, Gendreau J, Abraham ME

Journal of neuro-oncology 2024; (170(3)):469-482 doi:10.1007/s11060-024-04717-z.

Quality of life in non-functioning pituitary adenoma: A systematic review.

Castle-Kirszbaum M, McCormack A, Kam J, et al.

Neurosurgical review 2024; (47(1)):867 doi:10.1007/s10143-024-03126-0.

Contemporaneous Presentation of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis With Pituitary Apoplexy: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Perera I, Fernando H, Janaka K, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(3)):e80666 doi:10.7759/cureus.80666.

Pituitary apoplexy in the setting of severe headache and unconsciousness.

Qureshi M, Thozhuthumparambil KP

BMJ case reports 2025; (18(5)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2024-263585.

Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults: A Review.

Vaidya A, Findling J, Bancos I

JAMA 2025; (334(8)):714-725 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5485.

Pituitary apoplexy within a prolactin-secreting macroadenoma in a child: A rare clinical entity with radiological correlation.

Mouhcine Y, Lahjouji O, Ouazzani H, et al.

Radiology case reports 2025; (20(11)):5583-5589 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2025.07.066.

Characteristics of the Early Manifestations and the Sequential Changes of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Sheehan's Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Miura A, Kurihara Y, Kitada K, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(9)):e92275 doi:10.7759/cureus.92275.

Management of endocrine disease: update on the management of pituitary apoplexy.

Biagetti B, Marques P, Ntali G, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2026; (194(2)):R49-R66 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvag034.