Research & Literature

The sequence of prenatal growth restraint and post-natal catch-up growth leads to a thicker intima-media and more pre-peritoneal and hepatic fat by age 3-6 years.

Sebastiani G, Díaz M, Bassols J, et al.

Pediatric obesity 2016; (11(4)):251-7 doi:10.1111/ijpo.12053.

Fetal growth restriction and intra-uterine growth restriction: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians.

Vayssière C, Sentilhes L, Ego A, et al.

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2015; (193()):10-8.

The fetal brain sparing response to hypoxia: physiological mechanisms.

Giussani DA

The Journal of physiology 2016; (594(5)):1215-30 doi:10.1113/JP271099.

Predictive Value of the sFlt-1:PlGF Ratio in Women with Suspected Preeclampsia.

Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2016; (374(1)):13-22 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414838.

Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure.

Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016; (48(3)):333-9 doi:10.1002/uog.15884.

The effect of loading dose of magnesium sulfate on uterine, umbilical, and fetal middle cerebral arteries Doppler in women with severe preeclampsia: A case control study.

Maged AM, Hashem AM, Gad Allah SH, et al.

Hypertension in pregnancy 2016; (35(1)):91-9 doi:10.3109/10641955.2015.1116552.

Influence of fetal blood flow redistribution on fetal and childhood growth and fat distribution: the Generation R Study.

Kooijman MN, Gaillard R, Reiss I, et al.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2016; (123(13)):2104-2112 doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13933.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects.

Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P

Clinical medicine insights. Pediatrics 2016; (10()):67-83 doi:10.4137/CMPed.S40070.

Early onset fetal growth restriction.

Nawathe A, Lees C

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2017; (38()):24-37 doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.08.005.

An integrated approach to fetal growth restriction.

Figueras F, Gratacos E

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2017; (38()):48-58 doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.006.

Effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection on umbilical artery resistance and intrafetal blood flow distribution: a Doppler ultrasound study from Papua New Guinea.

Ome-Kaius M, Karl S, Wangnapi RA, et al.

Malaria journal 2017; (16(1)):35 doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1689-z.

Early onset fetal growth restriction.

Dall'Asta A, Brunelli V, Prefumo F, et al.

Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology 2017; (3()):2 doi:10.1186/s40748-016-0041-x.

Defective trophoblast invasion underlies fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia-like symptoms in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Barrientos G, Pussetto M, Rose M, et al.

Molecular human reproduction 2017; (23(7)):509-519 doi:10.1093/molehr/gax024.

Risk of fetal death in growth-restricted fetuses with umbilical and/or ductus venosus absent or reversed end-diastolic velocities before 34 weeks of gestation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Caradeux J, Martinez-Portilla RJ, Basuki TR, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2018; (218(2S)):S774-S782.e21 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.566.

Using fetal abdominal circumference growth velocity in the prediction of adverse outcome in near-term small-for-gestational-age fetuses.

Cavallaro A, Veglia M, Svirko E, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018; (52(4)):494-500 doi:10.1002/uog.18988.

Antenatal glucocorticoids, magnesium sulfate, and mode of birth in preterm fetal small for gestational age.

Ting JY, Kingdom JC, Shah PS

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2018; (218(2S)):S818-S828 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.227.

Fetal biometry to assess the size and growth of the fetus.

O'Gorman N, Salomon LJ

Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2018; (49()):3-15 doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.02.005.

Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age.

Visuthranukul C, Abrams SA, Hawthorne KM, et al.

Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 2019; (104(3)):F242-F247 doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-314547.

Achieving orphan designation for placental insufficiency: annual incidence estimations in Europe.

Spencer R, Rossi C, Lees M, et al.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2019; (126(9)):1157-1167 doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15590.

Diagnostic performance of third-trimester ultrasound for the prediction of late-onset fetal growth restriction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Caradeux J, Martinez-Portilla RJ, Peguero A, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2019; (220(5)):449-459.e19 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.043.

Risk of hypertension following perinatal adversity: IUGR and prematurity.

Chatmethakul T, Roghair RD

The Journal of endocrinology 2019; (242(1)):T21-T32.

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 204: Fetal Growth Restriction.

Obstetrics and gynecology 2019; (133(2)):e97-e109 doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003070.

Electronic fetal monitoring characteristics of a patient with sudden onset of placental abruption and intrauterine fetal demise: A case report.

Zhang Y, Zuo X, Yuan T, Teng Y

Medicine 2019; (98(18)):e15472 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015472.

Management of pregnancy blood pressure increase in the emergency room: role of PlGF-based biochemical markers and relative economic impact.

Giardini V, Allievi S, Fornari C, et al.

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2021; (34(7)):1083-1090 doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1624718.

Postnatal Catch-Up Growth After Suspected Fetal Growth Restriction at Term.

van Wyk L, Boers KE, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, et al.

Frontiers in endocrinology 2019; (10()):274 doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00274.

Perinatal Outcomes of Fetuses with Early Growth Restriction, Late Growth Restriction, Small for Gestational Age, and Adequate for Gestational Age.

Inácio QAS, Araujo Júnior E, Nardozza LMM, et al.

Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2019; (41(12)):688-696 doi:10.1055/s-0039-1697987.

Genetic syndromes associated with isolated fetal growth restriction.

Meler E, Sisterna S, Borrell A

Prenatal diagnosis 2020; (40(4)):432-446 doi:10.1002/pd.5635.

Fetal Growth Restriction and Hypertension in the Offspring: Mechanistic Links and Therapeutic Directions.

Sehgal A, Alexander BT, Morrison JL, South AM

The Journal of pediatrics 2020; (224()):115-123.e2 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.028.

Perinatal outcome of growth restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms compared to growth restricted fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms at a tertiary referral hospital in urban Ethiopia.

Tolu LB, Ararso R, Abdulkadir A, et al.

PloS one 2020; (15(6)):e0234810 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234810.

Maternal Tryptophan Supplementation Protects Adult Rat Offspring against Hypertension Programmed by Maternal Chronic Kidney Disease: Implication of Tryptophan-Metabolizing Microbiome and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor.

Hsu CN, Lin IC, Yu HR, et al.

International journal of molecular sciences 2020; (21(12)) doi:10.3390/ijms21124552.

Infant outcome after active management of early-onset fetal growth restriction with absent or reversed umbilical artery blood flow.

Morsing E, Brodszki J, Thuring A, Maršál K

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021; (57(6)):931-941 doi:10.1002/uog.23101.

Ten-year experience of protocol-based management of small-for-gestational-age fetuses: perinatal outcome in late-pregnancy cases diagnosed after 32 weeks.

Meler E, Mazarico E, Eixarch E, et al.

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021; (57(1)):62-69 doi:10.1002/uog.23537.

Fetal Growth Restriction: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 227.

Obstetrics and gynecology 2021; (137(2)):e16-e28 doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004251.

Quantifying Fetal Reprogramming for Biomarker Development in the Era of High-Throughput Sequencing.

Chou FS, Newton K, Wang PS

Genes 2021; (12(3)) doi:10.3390/genes12030329.

Short-term prediction of preeclampsia using the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio: a subanalysis of pregnant Japanese women from the PROGNOSIS Asia study.

Ohkuchi A, Saito S, Yamamoto T, et al.

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2021; (44(7)):813-821 doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00629-x.

Aspirin Prophylaxis During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Choi YJ, Shin S

American journal of preventive medicine 2021; (61(1)):e31-e45 doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.032.

Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Pregnancy Complications.

Hu XQ, Zhang L

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (10(3)) doi:10.3390/antiox10030405.

Neurodevelopment of infant with late fetal growth restriction.

Stampalija T, Ciardo C, Barbieri M, et al.

Minerva obstetrics and gynecology 2021; (73(4)):482-489 doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04807-3.

Diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction: the SMFM guideline and comparison with the ISUOG guideline.

Abuhamad A, Martins JG, Biggio JR

Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021; (57(6)):880-883 doi:10.1002/uog.23663.

Diagnosis of placental insufficiency independently of clinical presentations using sFlt-1/PLGF ratio, including SGA patients.

Kwiatkowski S, Bednarek-Jędrzejek M, Kwiatkowska E, et al.

Pregnancy hypertension 2021; (25()):244-248 doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2021.07.245.

Clinical monitoring of late fetal growth restriction.

Mylrea-Foley B, Lees C

Minerva obstetrics and gynecology 2021; (73(4)):462-470 doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04845-4.

Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

, Davidson KW, Barry MJ, et al.

JAMA 2021; (326(12)):1186-1191 doi:10.1001/jama.2021.14781.

Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Henderson JT, Vesco KK, Senger CA, et al.

JAMA 2021; (326(12)):1192-1206 doi:10.1001/jama.2021.8551.

The role of aspirin dose and initiation time in the prevention of preeclampsia and corresponding complications: a meta-analysis of RCTs.

Yip KC, Luo Z, Huang X, et al.

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2022; (305(6)):1465-1479 doi:10.1007/s00404-021-06349-4.

Clinical Opinion: The diagnosis and management of suspected fetal growth restriction: an evidence-based approach.

Lees CC, Romero R, Stampalija T, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2022; (226(3)):366-378 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1357.

Cerebral Blood Flow Monitoring in High-Risk Fetal and Neonatal Populations.

Leon RL, Ortigoza EB, Ali N, et al.

Frontiers in pediatrics 2021; (9()):748345 doi:10.3389/fped.2021.748345.

Perinatal Origins of Adult Disease and Opportunities for Health Promotion: A Narrative Review.

Nobile S, Di Sipio Morgia C, Vento G

Journal of personalized medicine 2022; (12(2)) doi:10.3390/jpm12020157.

Oxidative Stress-Induced Hypertension of Developmental Origins: Preventive Aspects of Antioxidant Therapy.

Tain YL, Hsu CN

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 2022; (11(3)) doi:10.3390/antiox11030511.

The role of the fetal biophysical profile in the management of fetal growth restriction.

Baschat AA, Galan HL, Lee W, et al.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2022; (226(4)):475-486 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.01.020.

Doppler Ultrasound of the Umbilical Artery: Clinical Application.

Rocha AS, Andrade ARA, Moleiro ML, Guedes-Martins L

Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2022; (44(5)):519-531 doi:10.1055/s-0042-1743097.

Perinatal and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcome in late preterm fetal compromise: the TRUFFLE 2 randomised trial protocol.

Mylrea-Foley B, Thornton JG, Mullins E, et al.

BMJ open 2022; (12(4)):e055543 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055543.

Impaired renal reserve contributes to preeclampsia via the kynurenine and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 pathway.

Dupont V, Berg AH, Yamashita M, et al.

The Journal of clinical investigation 2022; (132(20)).

Association of checklist usage with adherence to recommended prophylactic low-dose aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia.

Zhou MK, Combs CA, Pandipati S, Del Rosario A

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2023; (228(3)):349-351.e2 doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1302.

Evaluation of Doppler indices (MCA & UA) and fetal outcomes: a retrospective case-control study in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Lin X, Liu LL, Zheng LJ, Yang CY

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2023; (36(1)):2183471 doi:10.1080/14767058.2023.2183471.

Estrogen Actions in Placental Vascular Morphogenesis and Spiral Artery Remodeling: A Comparative View between Humans and Mice.

Rusidzé M, Gargaros A, Fébrissy C, et al.

Cells 2023; (12(4)) doi:10.3390/cells12040620.

Circulating biomarkers associated with placental dysfunction and their utility for predicting fetal growth restriction.

Hong J, Kumar S

Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2023; (137(8)):579-595 doi:10.1042/CS20220300.

Investigation on birth weight outcomes in schistosomiasis and praziquantel research: a correspondence.

Holtfreter MC, Mischlinger J, Davi SD, Schleenvoigt BT

European journal of medical research 2023; (28(1)):231 doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01202-7.

Placental pathology in early-onset fetal growth restriction: insights into fetal growth restriction mechanisms.

Bujorescu DL, Raţiu AC, Motoc AGM, et al.

Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie 2023; (64(2)):215-224 doi:10.47162/RJME.64.2.12.

Artificial intelligence assistance for fetal development: evaluation of an automated software for biometry measurements in the mid-trimester.

Han X, Yu J, Yang X, et al.

BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2024; (24(1)):158 doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06336-y.

Early postnatal moderate catch‑up growth in rats with nutritional intrauterine growth restriction preserves pulmonary vascular and cognitive function in adulthood.

Ye L, Huang Y, Chen K, et al.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2024; (27(5)):183 doi:10.3892/etm.2024.12471.

Investigation and Care of a Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus and a Growth Restricted Fetus (Green-top Guideline No. 31).

Morris RK, Johnstone E, Lees C, et al.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2024; (131(9)):e31-e80 doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17814.

Reduced gyrification in fetal growth restriction with prenatal magnetic resonance images.

Yehuda B, Rabinowich A, Zilberman A, et al.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 2024; (34(6)) doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae250.

Relative uteroplacental insufficiency of labor.

Ghi T, Fieni S, Ramirez Zegarra R, et al.

Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2024; (103(10)):1910-1918 doi:10.1111/aogs.14937.

Breastfeeding supports growth in small for gestational age infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Resvick H, Foster A, Hartman B, et al.

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2025; (114(2)):258-271 doi:10.1111/apa.17490.

Fetal Growth Restriction: A Pragmatic Approach.

Nadel A, Prabhu M, Kaimal A

American journal of perinatology 2025; (42(9)):1223-1228 doi:10.1055/a-2483-5684.

Does Hypoxia Prompt Fetal Brain-Sparing in the Absence of Fetal Growth Restriction?

Moore LG, Julian CG, Lorca RA, et al.

Physiological research 2024; (73(S2)):S487-S493.

Would the utilization of sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in clinical practice prevent unnecessary hospital admissions of cases with preeclampsia?

Alhudhud M, Yousuf H, Aljohani H, et al.

Hypertension in pregnancy 2024; (43(1)):2434477 doi:10.1080/10641955.2024.2434477.

Association Between Placental Pathology and Early-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review.

Pinheiro B, Sarmento-Gonçalves I, Ramalho C

Fetal and pediatric pathology 2025; (44(1)):40-52 doi:10.1080/15513815.2024.2437642.

Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Metabolism-Related Long-Term Outcomes-Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.

Adam-Raileanu A, Miron I, Lupu A, et al.

Nutrients 2025; (17(3)) doi:10.3390/nu17030555.

Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review.

Murvai VR, Galiș R, Panaitescu A, et al.

BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2025; (25(1)):337 doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w.

Immunohistochemical analysis reveals higher Myxovirus resistance protein 1 expression and increased macrophage count in placentas from patients with systemic rheumatic diseases.

Fierro JJ, Schoots MH, Liefers SC, et al.

Rheumatology international 2025; (45(4)):90 doi:10.1007/s00296-025-05856-w.

Hyperglycemia-induced α-Klotho downregulation impairs mitophagy and promotes placental dysfunction in T2DM pregnancies.

Niu J, Han B, Wang S, et al.

Placenta 2025; (167()):95-103 doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2025.04.024.

The role of genetic testing in small for gestational age infants.

Kalimi E, Zhao E, Wise-Oringer B, et al.

Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2025; (45(9)):1183-1190 doi:10.1038/s41372-025-02343-9.

Does Breastfeeding Small for Gestational Age Neonates Promote a Healthier Growth Pattern? A Narrative Review.

Atzemoglou N, Tzavellas NP, Dermitzaki N, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (12(9)) doi:10.3390/children12091227.

Clinical use of angiogenesis biomarkers in fetal growth restriction: a narrative review.

Villalaín C, Galindo A, D'Antonio F, Herraiz I

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2025; (38(1)):2589630 doi:10.1080/14767058.2025.2589630.

Timing and Severity of Fetal Growth Restriction Diagnosis and Association with Perinatal Morbidity.

Bui LN, Ahluwalia S, Ogu NQ, et al.

American journal of perinatology 2025; doi:10.1055/a-2764-2151.

HIF-2α / HILPDA promotes ferroptosis sensitivity in placenta trophoblast cells of early-onset preeclampsia.

Wang Q, Yang N, Chen H, et al.

Placenta 2026; (174()):126-137 doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2025.12.009.

Renal artery pulsatility index and myocardial performance index are not related with adverse perinatal outcome in late onset fetal growth restriction.

Dur R, Eroglu H, Pektas MK, Yilmazer M

BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2026; (26(1)).