Research & Literature

Systemic manifestations of traumatic brain injury.

Gaddam SS, Buell T, Robertson CS

Handbook of clinical neurology 2015; (127()):205-18.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY DISEASE STATE CLINICAL REVIEW: A NEUROENDOCRINE APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY.

Tritos NA, Yuen KC, Kelly DF,

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2015; (21(7)):823-31 doi:10.4158/EP14567.DSCR.

PITUITARY DEFICIENCY FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.

Soliman AT, Adel A, Soliman NA, et al.

Georgian medical news 2015; 62-71.

Addisonian Crisis after Missed Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Hypopituitarism.

Streetz-van der Werf C, Karges W, Blaum M, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I

Journal of clinical medicine 2015; (4(5)):965-9 doi:10.3390/jcm4050965.

Symptoms of gonadal dysfunction are more predictive of hypopituitarism than nonspecific symptoms in screening for pituitary dysfunction following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.

Cuesta M, Hannon MJ, Crowley RK, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2016; (84(1)):92-8 doi:10.1111/cen.12874.

Predictors of Hypopituitarism in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Silva PP, Bhatnagar S, Herman SD, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2015; (32(22)):1789-95 doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3998.

Detection of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.

Kreber LA, Griesbach GS, Ashley MJ

Journal of neurotrauma 2016; (33(17)):1607-13 doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4127.

Clinical and diagnostic approach to patients with hypopituitarism due to traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and ischemic stroke (IS).

Karamouzis I, Pagano L, Prodam F, et al.

Endocrine 2016; (52(3)):441-50 doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0796-2.

Neuroendocrine Disturbances One to Five or More Years after Traumatic Brain Injury and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Data from the German Database on Hypopituitarism.

Krewer C, Schneider M, Schneider HJ, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2016; (33(16)):1544-53 doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4109.

Endocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a 5-year follow-up nationwide-based study.

Yang WH, Chen PC, Wang TC, et al.

Scientific reports 2016; (6()):32987 doi:10.1038/srep32987.

Functional Changes after Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Replacement in Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury and Abnormal Growth Hormone Secretion.

Mossberg KA, Durham WJ, Zgaljardic DJ, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2017; (34(4)):845-852 doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4552.

Pituitary function within the first year after traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Tölli A, Borg J, Bellander BM, et al.

Journal of endocrinological investigation 2017; (40(2)):193-205 doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0546-1.

Growth hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in adults after complicated mild traumatic brain injury.

Giuliano S, Talarico S, Bruno L, et al.

Endocrine 2017; (58(1)):115-123 doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1183-3.

Vasopressin Bolus Protocol Compared to Desmopressin (DDAVP) for Managing Acute, Postoperative Central Diabetes Insipidus and Hypovolemic Shock.

Shukla A, Alqadri S, Ausmus A, et al.

Case reports in endocrinology 2017; (2017()):3052102 doi:10.1155/2017/3052102.

Neurobehavioral Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Critical Care Setting: An Update.

De Guzman E, Ament A

Critical care clinics 2017; (33(3)):423-440 doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.011.

[Stress adaptive effects after traumatic brain injury].

Teryaeva NB, Moshkin AV

Zhurnal voprosy neirokhirurgii imeni N. N. Burdenko 2016; (80(3)):114-117 doi:10.17116/neiro2016803114-117.

The screening and management of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in adults: British Neurotrauma Group guidance.

Tan CL, Alavi SA, Baldeweg SE, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2017; (88(11)):971-981 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-315500.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1: A Possible Novel Biomarker of Late Pituitary Dysfunction after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Frendl I, Katko M, Galgoczi E, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2017; (34(23)):3238-3244 doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5198.

Cortisol evaluation during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury-A prospective study.

Bensalah M, Donaldson M, Aribi Y, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2018; (88(5)):627-636 doi:10.1111/cen.13562.

Utility of serum IGF-1 for diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency following traumatic brain injury and sport-related concussion.

Lithgow K, Chin A, Debert CT, Kline GA

BMC endocrine disorders 2018; (18(1)):20 doi:10.1186/s12902-018-0247-1.

Posterior pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: review.

Tudor RM, Thompson CJ

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):296-304 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0917-z.

Subclinical hypothyroidism or central hypothyroidism-The danger of thyroid function misinterpretation.

Anyiam O, Cheung B, Al-Sabbagh S

Clinical case reports 2018; (6(10)):1953-1957 doi:10.1002/ccr3.1694.

Triphasic response of pituitary stalk injury following TBI: a relevant yet uncommonly recognised endocrine phenomenon.

Goel A, Farhat F, Zik C, Jeffery M

BMJ case reports 2018; (2018()) doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-226725.

A neurosurgical approach to traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic hypopituitarism.

Tan CL, Hutchinson PJ

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):332-337 doi:10.1007/s11102-018-0925-z.

The frequency and the diagnosis of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury.

Glynn N, Agha A

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):249-260 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00938-y.

A clinical and pathophysiological approach to traumatic brain injury-induced pituitary dysfunction.

Temizkan S, Kelestimur F

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):220-228 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00941-3.

Traumatic brain injury induced neuroendocrine changes: acute hormonal changes of anterior pituitary function.

Ntali G, Tsagarakis S

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):283-295 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00944-0.

Pituitary pathology in traumatic brain injury: a review.

Sav A, Rotondo F, Syro LV, et al.

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):201-211 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00958-8.

Clinical picture and the treatment of TBI-induced hypopituitarism.

Caputo M, Mele C, Prodam F, et al.

Pituitary 2019; (22(3)):261-269 doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00956-w.

Hypopituitarism post traumatic brain injury (TBI): review.

Kgosidialwa O, Agha A

Irish journal of medical science 2019; (188(4)):1201-1206 doi:10.1007/s11845-019-02007-6.

Risk Factors for Anterior Hypopituitarism in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury.

You W, Zhu Y, Wen L, et al.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2019; (30(7)):2119-2123 doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000005405.

Prevalence of Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction Twelve Months or More following Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Emelifeonwu JA, Flower H, Loan JJ, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2020; (37(2)):217-226 doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6349.

Growth Hormone Deficiency Following Traumatic Brain Injury.

Kgosidialwa O, Hakami O, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Hussnain H, Agha A

International journal of molecular sciences 2019; (20(13)) doi:10.3390/ijms20133323.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS AND PATIENTS TRANSITIONING FROM PEDIATRIC TO ADULT CARE.

Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2019; (25(11)):1191-1232 doi:10.4158/GL-2019-0405.

Growth Hormone Alters Brain Morphometry, Connectivity, and Behavior in Subjects with Fatigue after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Wright T, Urban R, Durham W, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2020; (37(8)):1052-1066 doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6690.

Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency: Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK.

Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, et al.

Anaesthesia 2020; (75(5)):654-663 doi:10.1111/anae.14963.

Treatment of the adult growth hormone deficiency syndrome with growth hormone: What are the implications for other hormone replacement therapies for hypopituitarism?

Fierro G, Hoffman AR

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society 2020; (52()):101316 doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101316.

Traumatic brain injuries induced pituitary dysfunction: a call for algorithms.

Gilis-Januszewska A, Kluczyński Ł, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A

Endocrine connections 2020; (9(5)):R112-R123.

Prevalence of hypopituitarism and quality of life in survivors of post-traumatic brain injury.

Bensalah M, Donaldson M, Labassen M, et al.

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism 2020; (3(3)):e00146 doi:10.1002/edm2.146.

Use of Desmopressin in Hyponatremia: Foe and Friend.

Achinger SG, Ayus JC

Kidney medicine 2019; (1(2)):65-70 doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2019.02.002.

Current concepts of the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency.

Tritos NA, Biller BMK

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2021; (22(1)):109-116 doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09594-1.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

[Hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury].

Carmona R C, Villanueva G P, Huete I, et al.

Revista medica de Chile 2020; (148(12)):1796-1805 doi:10.4067/S0034-98872020001201796.

Growth hormone deficiency testing and treatment following mild traumatic brain injury.

Mercier LJ, Kruger N, Le QB, et al.

Scientific reports 2021; (11(1)):8534 doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87385-7.

The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Neuronal Protection.

Liu YY, Brent GA

Comprehensive Physiology 2021; (11(3)):2075-2095 doi:10.1002/cphy.c200019.

Antibodies against the pituitary and hypothalamus in boxers.

Kelestimur F

Handbook of clinical neurology 2021; (181()):187-191 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820683-6.00014-2.

First case of chronic post-traumatic anterior pituitary dysfunction in a professional rugby player: A case report.

Loursac R, Hager JP, Capel O, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2022; (83(2)):142-146 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2021.12.005.

Central diabetes insipidus from a patient's perspective: management, psychological co-morbidities, and renaming of the condition: results from an international web-based survey.

Atila C, Loughrey PB, Garrahy A, et al.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2022; (10(10)):700-709 doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00219-4.

[Permanent central diabetes insipidus after traumatic brain injury. Case report and literature review].

Astafyeva LI, Sidneva YG, Badmaeva IN, et al.

Zhurnal voprosy neirokhirurgii imeni N. N. Burdenko 2022; (86(5)):112-118 doi:10.17116/neiro202286051112.

An Approach to Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Hypopituitarism: Overcoming the Pediatric Challenges.

Vlad RM, Albu AI, Nicolaescu ID, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2023; (13(2)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics13020212.

Management of Central Diabetes Insipidus in Disabled Children with Diluted Oral Desmopressin Lyophilisate Formulation Administered Through Nasogastric Tube: A Retrospective Case Series.

Korkmaz HA, Arya VB, Gönüllü A, et al.

Paediatric drugs 2023; (25(5)):595-601 doi:10.1007/s40272-023-00578-7.

Hypopituitarism After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report.

McLoughlin RJ, Swanson RL

Cureus 2023; (15(7)):e41282 doi:10.7759/cureus.41282.

Recognition and Practice of Hypopituitarism After Traumatic Brain Injury and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Japan: A Survey.

Tahara S, Otsuka F, Endo T

Neurology and therapy 2024; (13(1)):39-51 doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00553-x.

Arginine vasopressin deficiency: diagnosis, management and the relevance of oxytocin deficiency.

Atila C, Refardt J, Christ-Crain M

Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2024; (20(8)):487-500 doi:10.1038/s41574-024-00985-x.

Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Study.

Rai A, Rajasekar G, Sahoo J, et al.

World neurosurgery 2024; (190()):e588-e594 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.07.186.

Delayed onset arginine vasopressin deficiency after traumatic brain injury.

Tomulescu SA, Boto J, Gariani K

Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports 2024; (2024(4)).

Acute and chronic hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aljboor GS, Tulemat A, Al-Saedi AR, et al.

Neurosurgical review 2024; (47(1)):841 doi:10.1007/s10143-024-03088-3.

New diagnostic approach to central hypothyroidism after traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents.

Graca GM, Aguiar LR, De Lacerda L

European thyroid journal 2025; (14(1)).

Identifying Growth Hormone Deficiency in Brain-Injured Patients: The Quality of Life Scale-99.

Barnard S, Gattu R, Baragi VM, et al.

Journal of neurotrauma 2025; (42(5-6)):379-390 doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0114.

Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family Education

Çamtosun E, Sangün Ö

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):80-92 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-12-S.

Desmopressin prescription safety in adult inpatients: a real-world tertiary centre experience.

Arshad MF, Solanki S, Dancyger-Stevens L, et al.

Endocrine connections 2025; (14(3)).

Clinical manifestations and treatment of hypopituitarism due to traumatic brain injury.

Zhang CD, Ioachimescu AG

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2025; (39(3)):101996 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.101996.

Machine Learning-Based Modeling for Predicting Hypopituitarism After Cranial Trauma.

Chen A, Zhong H, Peng J, et al.

World neurosurgery 2025; (199()):124018 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2025.124018.

Fluid and electrolyte disorders following traumatic brain injury.

Tomkins M, Green D, O'Reilly MW, Sherlock M

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2025; (39(3)):102014 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102014.

Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults: A Review.

Vaidya A, Findling J, Bancos I

JAMA 2025; (334(8)):714-725 doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5485.

Endocrinopathy and Dysautonomia.

Fote GM, Himstead AS, Chen JW

Neurosurgery clinics of North America 2025; (36(3)):401-409 doi:10.1016/j.nec.2025.03.008.

Pathophysiology and diagnosis of neuroendocrine abnormalities in patients with traumatic brain injury.

Feldt-Rasmussen U, Klose MC

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2025; (39(3)):102020 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102020.

Triphasic Response of Pituitary Stalk Injury Secondary to Traumatic Brain Injury.

Sodoma AM, Bulba NS, Baginski M, Khan N

Cureus 2025; (17(6)):e87060 doi:10.7759/cureus.87060.

Navigating anterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management.

Ren X, Su J, Shi W, et al.

Acta neurologica Belgica 2025; doi:10.1007/s13760-025-02948-z.

Sexual Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review and Call for Multidisciplinary Framework.

Mavroudis I, Petridis F, Kazis D, et al.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2025; (15(11)) doi:10.3390/life15111659.

Prevalence of post-traumatic hypopituitarism in active-duty service members receiving comprehensive care for traumatic brain injury (TBI) and psychological health: A military mild TBI cohort study.

Hewins BJ, Lippa SM, Jones RDC, et al.

The Clinical neuropsychologist 2026; 1-20 doi:10.1080/13854046.2026.2614576.

Approach to the Patient With Traumatic Brain Injury-induced Pituitary Dysfunction.

Kelestimur F, Agha A, Ioachimescu AG, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2026; (111(6)):e1695-e1707 doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag090.

A Rare Case of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Responsive to Fludrocortisone in Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency.

Khalid W, Khan MU, Khoso M, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(3)):e104591 doi:10.7759/cureus.104591.

Evaluation of neuroendocrine deficits following traumatic brain injury: The role of a neurorehabilitation specialist.

Debert CT, Lithgow K

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society 2026; (84()):101702 doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2026.101702.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis Presenting as Severe Hyponatremia: A Nephrology Perspective on Avoiding the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Pitfall.

Al Zein S

Cureus 2026; (18(5)):e109633 doi:10.7759/cureus.109633.

Association between growth hormone deficiency and quality of life after traumatic brain injury: a case-control study.

Nelson M, Badra R, Scardina B, et al.

Brain injury 2026; (40(11)):976-984 doi:10.1080/02699052.2026.2702961.

[Fluctuating hyponatremia following transsphenoidal surgery ‒ "The challenge of correcting without going too far"].

Vera Tuñón E, Casamayor Escrivá L

Nutricion hospitalaria 2026; (43(Spec No5)):31-34 doi:10.20960/nh.07105.

[Inter-phase hyponatremia ‒ A case report of a three-phase response in antidiuretic hormone release following pituitary surgery].

Villaescusa Lage M, Ferri Ciscar J, Hernando Llorens M, et al.

Nutricion hospitalaria 2026; (43(Spec No5)):44-47 doi:10.20960/nh.07108.

Not All Shocks Are Created Equal: Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Unmasking Panhypopituitarism Following Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Subramanian SD, Chai SY, Kang HY, et al.

JACC. Case reports 2026; 110221 doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2026.110221.

Pituitary Apoplexy Presenting as a Transient Ischemic Attack: An Endocrine Emergency.

Marques M, Couto J, Urbano J, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(10)):e117859 doi:10.7759/cureus.117859.