Research & Literature

The potential role for ocrelizumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: current evidence and future prospects.

Sorensen PS, Blinkenberg M

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2016; (9(1)):44-52 doi:10.1177/1756285615601933.

The EDSS-Plus, an improved endpoint for disability progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Cadavid D, Cohen JA, Freedman MS, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2017; (23(1)):94-105 doi:10.1177/1352458516638941.

Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Definition and Measurement.

Plantone D, De Angelis F, Doshi A, Chataway J

CNS drugs 2016; (30(6)):517-26 doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0340-9.

Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Willis MA, Fox RJ

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) 2016; (22(3)):785-98 doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000323.

Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment.

Correale J, Gaitán MI, Ysrraelit MC, Fiol MP

Brain : a journal of neurology 2017; (140(3)):527-546 doi:10.1093/brain/aww258.

Progressive multiple sclerosis: prospects for disease therapy, repair, and restoration of function.

Ontaneda D, Thompson AJ, Fox RJ, Cohen JA

Lancet (London, England) 2017; (389(10076)):1357-1366 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31320-4.

Ocrelizumab versus Placebo in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al.

The New England journal of medicine 2017; (376(3)):209-220 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606468.

Challenge of progressive multiple sclerosis therapy.

Thompson AJ

Current opinion in neurology 2017; (30(3)):237-240 doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000453.

Long-term disability trajectories in primary progressive MS patients: A latent class growth analysis.

Signori A, Izquierdo G, Lugaresi A, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2018; (24(5)):642-652 doi:10.1177/1352458517703800.

Comparative utility of disability progression measures in PPMS: Analysis of the PROMiSe data set.

Koch MW, Cutter GR, Giovannoni G, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2017; (4(4)):e358 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000358.

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria.

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2018; (17(2)):162-173 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2.

Deep gray matter volume loss drives disability worsening in multiple sclerosis.

Eshaghi A, Prados F, Brownlee WJ, et al.

Annals of neurology 2018; (83(2)):210-222 doi:10.1002/ana.25145.

Brain atrophy and disability worsening in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: insights from the INFORMS study.

Miller DH, Lublin FD, Sormani MP, et al.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology 2018; (5(3)):346-356 doi:10.1002/acn3.534.

No evidence of disease activity (NEDA) analysis by epochs in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab vs interferon beta-1a.

Havrdová E, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, et al.

Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical 2018; (4(1)):2055217318760642 doi:10.1177/2055217318760642.

Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study.

Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree BAC, et al.

Lancet (London, England) 2018; (391(10127)):1263-1273 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30475-6.

Efficacy and Safety of the Newer Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Approved Since 2010.

Faissner S, Gold R

CNS drugs 2018; (32(3)):269-287 doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0488-6.

Preferential spinal cord volume loss in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Tsagkas C, Magon S, Gaetano L, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2019; (25(7)):947-957 doi:10.1177/1352458518775006.

Effectiveness of Physiotherapy Interventions on Spasticity in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Etoom M, Khraiwesh Y, Lena F, et al.

American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2018; (97(11)):793-807 doi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000000970.

Genome sequencing uncovers phenocopies in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Jia X, Madireddy L, Caillier S, et al.

Annals of neurology 2018; (84(1)):51-63 doi:10.1002/ana.25263.

Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of primary progressive multiple sclerosis in Latin America.

Cristiano E, Rojas JI, Abad P, et al.

Journal of the neurological sciences 2018; (393()):4-13 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.07.024.

Patient-reported outcomes are worse for progressive-onset multiple sclerosis than relapse-onset multiple sclerosis, particularly early in the disease process.

Zhang Y, Taylor BV, Simpson S, et al.

European journal of neurology 2019; (26(1)):155-161 doi:10.1111/ene.13786.

Ocrelizumab: A Review in Multiple Sclerosis.

Syed YY

CNS drugs 2018; (32(9)):883-890 doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0568-7.

Ocrelizumab infusion experience in patients with relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results from the phase 3 randomized OPERA I, OPERA II, and ORATORIO studies.

Mayer L, Kappos L, Racke MK, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2019; (30()):236-243 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.044.

Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study.

Fambiatos A, Jokubaitis V, Horakova D, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2020; (26(1)):79-90 doi:10.1177/1352458519868990.

Association of Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions With Disability In Vivo.

Absinta M, Sati P, Masuzzo F, et al.

JAMA neurology 2019; (76(12)):1474-1483 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2399.

Chronic white matter lesion activity predicts clinical progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Elliott C, Belachew S, Wolinsky JS, et al.

Brain : a journal of neurology 2019; (142(9)):2787-2799 doi:10.1093/brain/awz212.

The window of opportunity for treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis.

Sorensen PS, Fox RJ, Comi G

Current opinion in neurology 2020; (33(3)):262-270 doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000811.

Mechanisms underlying progression in multiple sclerosis.

Absinta M, Lassmann H, Trapp BD

Current opinion in neurology 2020; (33(3)):277-285 doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000818.

Gaining First Insights on Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated With Siponimod in Clinical Routine: Protocol of the Noninterventional Study AMASIA.

Ziemssen T, Hoffmann O, Klotz L, et al.

JMIR research protocols 2020; (9(7)):e19598 doi:10.2196/19598.

The apparently milder course of multiple sclerosis: changes in the diagnostic criteria, therapy and natural history.

Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Hartung HP, et al.

Brain : a journal of neurology 2020; (143(9)):2637-2652 doi:10.1093/brain/awaa145.

Association of Sustained Immunotherapy With Disability Outcomes in Patients With Active Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Lizak N, Malpas CB, Sharmin S, et al.

JAMA neurology 2020; (77(11)):1398-1407 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2453.

Urinary tract infection in patients with multiple sclerosis: An overview.

Medeiros Junior WLG, Demore CC, Mazaro LP, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2020; (46()):102462 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102462.

Ocrelizumab Treatment in Patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Short-term Safety Results from a Compassionate Use Programme in Germany.

Rauer S, Hoshi MM, Pul R, et al.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2020; (197()):106142 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106142.

Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Compared With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Results From a Cross-sectional Survey.

Knowles LM, Esselman EC, Turner AP, et al.

Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2021; (102(4)):694-701 doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.09.385.

Reliability of Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Koch MW, Mostert J, Repovic P, et al.

Neurology 2021; (96(1)):e111-e120 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011123.

Diagnosis of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis From the Imaging Perspective: A Review.

Filippi M, Preziosa P, Barkhof F, et al.

JAMA neurology 2021; (78(3)):351-364 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4689.

A comparison of clinical outcomes in PPMS in the INFORMS original trial data set.

Koch MW, Mostert JP, Uitdehaag B, Cutter G

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2021; (27(12)):1864-1874 doi:10.1177/1352458520987539.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.

McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD

JAMA 2021; (325(8)):765-779 doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26858.

Short-term data on disease activity, cognition, mood, stigma and employment outcomes in a cohort of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (UPPMS study).

Pérez-Miralles F, Prefasi D, García-Merino A, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2021; (50()):102860 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102860.

Synergic use of botulinum toxin injection and radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy in Multiple Sclerosis spasticity.

Marinaro C, Costantino C, D'Esposito O, et al.

Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2021; (92(1)):e2021076 doi:10.23750/abm.v92i1.11101.

MRI brain volume loss, lesion burden, and clinical outcome in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Koch MW, Mostert J, Repovic P, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2022; (28(4)):561-572 doi:10.1177/13524585211031801.

Cortical and phase rim lesions on 7 T MRI as markers of multiple sclerosis disease progression.

Treaba CA, Conti A, Klawiter EC, et al.

Brain communications 2021; (3(3)):fcab134 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab134.

Charting a global research strategy for progressive MS-An international progressive MS Alliance proposal.

Thompson AJ, Carroll W, Ciccarelli O, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2022; (28(1)):16-28 doi:10.1177/13524585211059766.

Spinal Cord Atrophy Predicts Progressive Disease in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.

Bischof A, Papinutto N, Keshavan A, et al.

Annals of neurology 2022; (91(2)):268-281 doi:10.1002/ana.26281.

Severe late-onset neutropenia induced by ocrelizumab in a multiple sclerosis patient: A case report.

Rauniyar R, Rauniyar R, Agrawal A, et al.

Clinical case reports 2022; (10(1)):e05299 doi:10.1002/ccr3.5299.

Antibody Therapies for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and for Promoting Repair.

Havla J, Hohlfeld R

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2022; (19(3)):774-784 doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01214-x.

Progression is independent of relapse activity in early multiple sclerosis: a real-life cohort study.

Portaccio E, Bellinvia A, Fonderico M, et al.

Brain : a journal of neurology 2022; (145(8)):2796-2805 doi:10.1093/brain/awac111.

Blood Neurofilament Light in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Randomized Controlled Trials.

Leppert D, Kropshofer H, Häring DA, et al.

Neurology 2022; (98(21)):e2120-e2131 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000200258.

Clinical Evaluation of Siponimod for the Treatment of Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Pathophysiology, Efficacy, Safety, Patient Acceptability and Adherence.

Sabsabi S, Mikhael E, Jalkh G, et al.

Patient preference and adherence 2022; (16()):1307-1319 doi:10.2147/PPA.S221882.

Siponimod vs placebo in active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a post hoc analysis from the phase 3 EXPAND study.

Gold R, Piani-Meier D, Kappos L, et al.

Journal of neurology 2022; (269(9)):5093-5104 doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11166-z.

Novel multiple sclerosis agents-associated cardiotoxicity: A real-world pharmacovigilance study.

Al-Yafeai Z, Carvajal-González A, Abduljabar H, et al.

International journal of cardiology 2022; (362()):153-157 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.05.052.

Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies and COVID-19 vaccines: a practical review and meta-analysis.

Etemadifar M, Nouri H, Pitzalis M, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2022; (93(9)):986-994 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-329123.

Chronic lesion activity and disability progression in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Beynon V, George IC, Elliott C, et al.

BMJ neurology open 2022; (4(1)):e000240 doi:10.1136/bmjno-2021-000240.

Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Amezcua L

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) 2022; (28(4)):1083-1103 doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000001157.

Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis.

Pitt D, Lo CH, Gauthier SA, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2022; (9(6)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200025.

Heterogeneity on long-term disability trajectories in patients with secondary progressive MS: a latent class analysis from Big MS Data network.

Signori A, Lorscheider J, Vukusic S, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2023; (94(1)):23-30 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-329987.

Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of Clinical Characteristics, Definition, Prognostic Tools, and Disease-Modifying Therapies.

Ziemssen T, Bhan V, Chataway J, et al.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 2023; (10(1)) doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200064.

Retrospective Cohort Study of Patient-Reported Urinary Tract Infection Signs and Symptoms Among Individuals With Neurogenic Bladder.

Wirth M, Suda KJ, Burns SP, et al.

American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2023; (102(8)):663-669 doi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000002204.

Disability accrual in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Harding-Forrester S, Roos I, Nguyen AL, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2023; (94(9)):707-717 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-330726.

Cognitive function in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging study.

Mistri D, Cacciaguerra L, Valsasina P, et al.

European journal of neurology 2023; (30(9)):2801-2810 doi:10.1111/ene.15900.

Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis after early worsening of disability.

Dzau W, Sharmin S, Patti F, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2023; (94(12)):984-991 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-331748.

Harmonizing Definitions for Progression Independent of Relapse Activity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.

Müller J, Cagol A, Lorscheider J, et al.

JAMA neurology 2023; (80(11)):1232-1245 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3331.

Disease activity in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Blok KM, van Rosmalen J, Tebayna N, et al.

Frontiers in neurology 2023; (14()):1277477 doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1277477.

Efficacy of Accelerated Vaccination against Hbv to Achieve Antibody formation in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Anti-Cd20 Therapy.

Koc ER, Turan OF, Saridas F, et al.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2023; (26(5)):697-701 doi:10.4103/aian.aian_205_23.

Ocrelizumab in highly disabled progressive multiple sclerosis patients.

Houtchens M, Howard D

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024; (82()):105345 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105345.

A Proposed Approach to Screening and Surveillance Labs for Patients With Multiple Sclerosis on Anti-CD20 Therapy.

Gandelman S, Lenzi KA, Markowitz C, Berger JR

Neurology. Clinical practice 2024; (14(1)):e200241 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200241.

Hypogammaglobulinemia and Infection Risk in an Ocrelizumab-treated Multiple Sclerosis Cohort.

Nobile S, Beauchemin P

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques 2024; 1-8 doi:10.1017/cjn.2024.21.

Multiple Sclerosis: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Narrative Review.

Pelletier J, Sugar D, Koyfman A, Long B

The Journal of emergency medicine 2024; (66(4)):e441-e456 doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.12.003.

Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in people with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab: an observational study from Turkey.

Çelik M, Baba C, Irmak Ç, et al.

Journal of neurology 2024; (271(7)):4131-4137 doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12333-0.

Escalation to Anti-CD20 Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis Following Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.

Wolf AB, Corboy JR

Neurology. Clinical practice 2024; (14(5)):e200330 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200330.

Clinical characteristics and impact on patient-reported outcomes and quality of life of people with ambulatory secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: DISCOVER study.

Oreja-Guevara C, Meca-Lallana JE, Díaz-Díaz J, et al.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2024; (90()):105787 doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105787.

Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis-A Key to Understanding and Managing Disease Progression.

Sempik I, Dziadkowiak E, Moreira H, et al.

International journal of molecular sciences 2024; (25(16)) doi:10.3390/ijms25168751.

Comorbidity and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.

Salter A, Lancia S, Kowalec K, et al.

JAMA neurology 2024; doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.2920.

Best supportive care for patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) in Germany prior to ocrelizumab treatment: Final results from the RETRO PPMS study.

Schreiber H, Penner IK, Maier T, et al.

Journal of central nervous system disease 2024; (16()):11795735241296001 doi:10.1177/11795735241296001.

A data-driven model of disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis.

Garbarino S, Tur C, Lorenzi M, et al.

Brain communications 2025; (7(1)):fcae434 doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae434.

Investigating the Safety of Fampridine in Patients with Different Stages of Multiple Sclerosis.

Vaheb S, Farzan M, Afshari-Safavi A, et al.

International journal of preventive medicine 2025; (16()):6 doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_292_23.

Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Therapeutic Approaches.

Rajabi M, Shafaeibajestan S, Asadpour S, et al.

Neuropsychopharmacology reports 2025; (45(3)):e70039 doi:10.1002/npr2.70039.

Positive cerebrospinal fluid in the 2024 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis.

Deisenhammer F, Hegen H, Arrambide G, et al.

EBioMedicine 2025; (120()):105905 doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105905.

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria.

Montalban X, Lebrun-Frénay C, Oh J, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2025; (24(10)):850-865 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00270-4.

2024 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

Barkhof F, Reich DS, Oh J, et al.

The Lancet. Neurology 2025; (24(10)):866-879 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00304-7.

Dissecting definitions of disability accrual in relapsing multiple sclerosis-Have we reached standardization yet?

Bsteh G, Marti S, Hammer H, et al.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2026; (32(2)):179-191 doi:10.1177/13524585251396283.

Breaking the PROMISE: poor association between brain volume loss and clinical disability worsening over 2 years of follow-up in primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Koch M, Mostert J, Strijbis EM, et al.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2026; (97(5)):422-430 doi:10.1136/jnnp-2025-337940.

Positioning siponimod and the post-treatment gap: the unmet needs of SPMS patients in Italian real-world practice.

Zanghì A, Borriello G, Foschi M, et al.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 2026; (19()):17562864251399560 doi:10.1177/17562864251399560.

Acute Encephalopathy in Multiple Sclerosis With Renal Failure: Synergistic Neurotoxicity of Baclofen and Meropenem.

D B, M R, G C, et al.

Case reports in infectious diseases 2026; (2026()):7420497 doi:10.1155/crdi/7420497.