Research & Literature

Relationship between pituitary stalk (PS) visibility and the severity of hormone deficiencies: PS interruption syndrome revisited.

Wang W, Wang S, Jiang Y, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2015; (83(3)):369-76 doi:10.1111/cen.12788.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome from Infancy to Adulthood: Clinical, Hormonal, and Radiological Assessment According to the Initial Presentation.

Bar C, Zadro C, Diene G, et al.

PloS one 2015; (10(11)):e0142354 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142354.

Cholestasis Reveals Severe Cortisol Deficiency in Neonatal Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Mauvais FX, Gonzales E, Davit-Spraul A, et al.

PloS one 2016; (11(2)):e0147750 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147750.

Hypopituitarism.

Higham CE, Johannsson G, Shalet SM

Lancet (London, England) 2016; (388(10058)):2403-2415 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30053-8.

Growth Hormone Therapy Benefits Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome Patients with Short Stature: A Retrospective Study of 75 Han Chinese.

Wang CZ, Guo LL, Han BY, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2016; (2016()):1896285 doi:10.1155/2016/1896285.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: cause, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management.

Voutetakis A, Sertedaki A, Dacou-Voutetakis C

Current opinion in pediatrics 2016; (28(4)):545-50 doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000378.

Clinical Features of Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome in 114 Cases.

Han BY, Zhang Q, Li LL, et al.

Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 2016; (38(5)):534-538 doi:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2016.05.007.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: From Clinical Findings to Pathogenesis.

Wang CZ, Guo LL, Han BY, et al.

Journal of neuroendocrinology 2017; (29(1)) doi:10.1111/jne.12451.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: a rare and severe cause of pituitary deficiency Laboratory diagnosis of a newborn case.

Boueilh T, Bassi C, Rouleau S, et al.

Annales de biologie clinique 2017; (75(2)):215-221 doi:10.1684/abc.2017.1222.

Mutations in the Human ROBO1 Gene in Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Bashamboo A, Bignon-Topalovic J, Moussi N, et al.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2017; (102(7)):2401-2406 doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1095.

A case of an infant with congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency and normalized liver histology of infantile cholestasis after hormone replacement therapy.

Wada K, Kobayashi H, Moriyama A, et al.

Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology 2017; (26(4)):251-257 doi:10.1297/cpe.26.251.

Progression from isolated growth hormone deficiency to combined pituitary hormone deficiency.

Cerbone M, Dattani MT

Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society 2017; (37()):19-25 doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.005.

Group 2: Adrenal insufficiency: screening methods and confirmation of diagnosis.

Chanson P, Guignat L, Goichot B, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2017; (78(6)):495-511 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.005.

Improved medical-alert ID ownership and utilization in youth with congenital adrenal hyperplasia following a parent educational intervention.

Vidmar AP, Weber JF, Monzavi R, et al.

Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2018; (31(2)):213-219 doi:10.1515/jpem-2017-0435.

SFE/SFEDP adrenal insufficiency French consensus: Introduction and handbook.

Reznik Y, Barat P, Bertherat J, et al.

Annales d'endocrinologie 2018; (79(1)):1-22 doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.12.001.

Congenital Hypopituitarism.

Parks JS

Clinics in perinatology 2018; (45(1)):75-91 doi:10.1016/j.clp.2017.11.001.

Incidence and Characteristics of Adrenal Crisis in Children Younger than 7 Years with 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Nationwide Survey in Japan.

Ishii T, Adachi M, Takasawa K, et al.

Hormone research in paediatrics 2018; (89(3)):166-171 doi:10.1159/000486393.

Thyrotrophic status in patients with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.

Zhang Q, Zang L, Li YJ, et al.

Medicine 2018; (97(2)):e9084 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009084.

Central adrenal insufficiency in children and adolescents.

Patti G, Guzzeti C, Di Iorgi N, et al.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 2018; (32(4)):425-444 doi:10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.012.

Emergency management of adrenal insufficiency in children: advocating for treatment options in outpatient and field settings.

Miller BS, Spencer SP, Geffner ME, et al.

Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 2020; (68(1)):16-25 doi:10.1136/jim-2019-000999.

Causes and Follow-Up of Central Diabetes Insipidus in Children.

Liu W, Hou J, Liu X, et al.

International journal of endocrinology 2019; (2019()):5303765 doi:10.1155/2019/5303765.

PITUITARY STALK INTERRUPTION SYNDROME: REPORT OF TWO CASES AND LITERATURE REVIEW.

Lichiardopol C, Albulescu DM

Acta endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005) 2017; (13(1)):96-105 doi:10.4183/aeb.2017.96.

Growth and Adult Height during Human Growth Hormone Treatment in Chinese Children with Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency Caused by Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: A Single Centre Study

Wang F, Han J, Wang Z, et al.

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2020; (12(1)):71-78 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0086.

DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: etiology and clinical manifestations.

Vergier J, Castinetti F, Saveanu A, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2019; (181(5)):R199-R209.

Ectopic Posterior Pituitary, Polydactyly, Midfacial Hypoplasia and Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency due to a Novel Heterozygous IVS11-2A>C(c.1957-2A>C) Mutation in the GLI2 Gene

Demiral M, Demirbilek H, Unal E, et al.

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2020; (12(3)):319-328 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0142.

Two Cases of Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome in Syrian Children.

Alali I, Saad R, Kabalan Y

Case reports in endocrinology 2020; (2020()):2039649 doi:10.1155/2020/2039649.

Standardised patient education in adrenal insufficiency: a prospective multi-centre evaluation.

Burger-Stritt S, Eff A, Quinkler M, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2020; (183(2)):119-127.

Puberty and Inhibin B in 35 Adolescents With Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Corvest V, Lemaire P, Brailly-Tabard S, Brauner R

Frontiers in pediatrics 2020; (8()):304 doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00304.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Fatima T, Hussain Chandio S, Muzaffar K, et al.

Cureus 2020; (12(9)):e10518 doi:10.7759/cureus.10518.

Clinical lessons learned in constitutional hypopituitarism from two decades of experience in a large international cohort.

Jullien N, Saveanu A, Vergier J, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2021; (94(2)):277-289 doi:10.1111/cen.14355.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: A rare case report and literature review.

Zhang W, Qian F, Lu G, et al.

Medicine 2020; (99(50)):e23266 doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000023266.

Adrenal insufficiency.

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, Kämpe O

Lancet (London, England) 2021; (397(10274)):613-629 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00136-7.

Pharmacology Update: Emergency Medications for Hypoglycemia in Diabetes.

Schaumleffel C

NASN school nurse (Print) 2021; (36(3)):149-154 doi:10.1177/1942602X20981643.

Desmopressin Suppresses Gonadotropin-Induced Spermatogenesis in Patients With Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: A Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Study.

Wen J, Jiangfeng M, Min N, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2021; (27(2)):124-130 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2020.08.001.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.

Voutetakis A

Handbook of clinical neurology 2021; (181()):9-27 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820683-6.00002-6.

Utility of Constructive Interference in Steady-State Sequence in Detecting Thin Pituitary Stalk in Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Khaladkar SM, Ajmera P, Maramraju R, Kedia I

Cureus 2021; (13(7)):e16105 doi:10.7759/cureus.16105.

Clinical evaluation of 31 children with pituitary insufficiency in the course of the pituitary stalk interruption syndrome. The unexpected growth without growth hormone in 2 children.

A Chrzanowska J, Zubkiewicz-Kucharska A, Seifert M, et al.

Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism 2021; (27(4)):272-282 doi:10.5114/pedm.2021.109129.

Efficacy of Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Therapy in Male Patients: Comparison between Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome and Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.

Huang Q, Mao J, Wang X, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2022; (28(5)):521-527 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.02.008.

[Emergency card, emergency medication, and information leaflet for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis (Addison crisis): an Austrian consensus document].

Pilz S, Krebs M, Bonfig W, et al.

Journal fur klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel 2022; (15(1)):5-27 doi:10.1007/s41969-022-00155-2.

Management of Acute Adrenal Insufficiency-Related Adverse Events in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Results of an International Survey of Specialist Centres.

Ali SR, Bryce J, Krone NP, et al.

Hormone research in paediatrics 2022; (95(4)):363-373 doi:10.1159/000525075.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: phenotype, predictors, and pathophysiology of perinatal events.

Diwaker C, Thadani P, Memon SS, et al.

Pituitary 2022; (25(4)):645-652 doi:10.1007/s11102-022-01243-x.

Bone Mineral Density in Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Testosterone at Different Skeletal Sites.

Zhu Y, Nie M, Wang X, et al.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2022; (28(11)):1118-1124 doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.07.011.

Normal or elevated prolactin is a good indicator to show pituitary stalk interruption syndrome in patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency.

Eren E, Ongen YD, Ozgur T, et al.

Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2022; (35(11)):1394-1400 doi:10.1515/jpem-2022-0366.

Delayed Diagnosis of Congenital Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency including Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children with Persistent Neonatal Hypoglycemia-Case Reports and Review.

Smyczyńska J, Pawelak N, Hilczer M, Lewiński A

International journal of molecular sciences 2022; (23(19)) doi:10.3390/ijms231911069.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome – clinical Presentation and Management of a Potentially Life-threatening Disease in Newborns

Winkler I, Steichen E, Kapelari K, et al.

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(1)):109-114 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-1-23.

A case of osteogenesis imperfecta caused by a COL1A1 variant, coexisting with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.

Kitamura T, Ishihara Y, Kusakabe T, et al.

Endocrine journal 2023; (70(8)):839-846 doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ22-0564.

Dorsoventral splitting of the infundibulum in a child with pituitary hypoplasia.

Welby JP, Madhavan AA, Campeau NG, et al.

Radiology case reports 2023; (18(8)):2754-2757 doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2023.05.038.

Clinico-radiological correlation of pituitary stalk interruption syndrome in children with growth hormone deficiency.

Sridhar S, Raja BR, Priyanka R, et al.

Pituitary 2023; (26(5)):622-628 doi:10.1007/s11102-023-01351-2.

Exome sequencing in 16 patients with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: A monocentric study.

Brauner R, Bignon-Topalovic J, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K

PloS one 2023; (18(12)):e0292664 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292664.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: Analysis of Response to Growth Hormone Therapy.

Ravichandran R, Saikia UK, Bhuyan AK, Baro A

Indian pediatrics 2024; (61(2)):154-157.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome with Excessive Height Growth Combined with Congenital Absence of the Uterus and Ovaries: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Wu R, Xu J

Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy 2024; (17()):1739-1747 doi:10.2147/DMSO.S456678.

Clinical Features and Analysis in Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Guo Q, Zhao J, Yu S

International journal of endocrinology 2024; (2024()):2493083 doi:10.1155/2024/2493083.

Gonadotropic status in adult women with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.

Terray A, Baussart B, Zins M, et al.

European journal of endocrinology 2024; (190(6)):501-508 doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae064.

Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family Education

Çamtosun E, Sangün Ö

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2025; (17(Suppl 1)):80-92 doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2024-6-12-S.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: A Case and Literature Review.

Choure A, Shahla L

AACE clinical case reports 2025; (11(1)):29-31 doi:10.1016/j.aace.2024.09.007.

Clinical Presentation of Congenital Hypopituitarism: Lessons From a Large Academic Centre.

Ladd JM, Pyle-Eilola AL, Mamilly L, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2025; (102(6)):649-655 doi:10.1111/cen.15213.

Pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Prognostic Factor of Pituitary Insufficiency-The Follow-Up Analysis of a Cohort of Children With Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome.

Chrzanowska J, Jacków-Nowicka J, Bodetko A, et al.

Clinical endocrinology 2026; (105(2)):231-236 doi:10.1111/cen.70129.

Infantile cholestasis caused by pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.

Liao X, Liu S, Zou B, et al.

Translational pediatrics 2026; (15(5)):202 doi:10.21037/tp-2025-1-921.

Beyond Classical Diabetes Insipidus: A Retrospective Case Series Illustrating the Diagnostic Complexity and Diverse Etiologies of Polyuria-Polydipsia Syndrome.

Jena D, Mishra S, Palai S, et al.

Cureus 2026; (18(7)):e112989 doi:10.7759/cureus.112989.

Phenotypic heterogeneity in pediatric pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: greater disease burden in the metabolic-onset phenotype.

Xu F, Su Y, Zhao C, et al.

Translational pediatrics 2026; (15(9)):363 doi:10.21037/tp-2026-0681.

MRI Features in Children with Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: Associations with Hormonal Phenotype and Intracranial Anomalies.

Yasar E, Demircan Coskun B, Akin Kagizmanli G, et al.

Academic radiology 2026; doi:10.1016/j.acra.2026.09.057.