Research & Literature

SAPHO syndrome: a review.

Rukavina I

Journal of children's orthopaedics 2015; (9(1)):19-27 doi:10.1007/s11832-014-0627-7.

Increased neutrophil infiltration, IL-1 production and a SAPHO syndrome-like phenotype in PSTPIP2-deficient mice.

Liao HJ, Chyuan IT, Wu CS, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2015; (54(7)):1317-26 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keu481.

New discoveries in CRMO: IL-1β, the neutrophil, and the microbiome implicated in disease pathogenesis in Pstpip2-deficient mice.

Ferguson PJ, Laxer RM

Seminars in immunopathology 2015; (37(4)):407-12 doi:10.1007/s00281-015-0488-2.

A case of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis associated with crohn's disease.

van Ommen C, Dehoorne J, De Baets F, et al.

Acta gastro-enterologica Belgica 2015; (78(2)):240-3.

Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome: a single centre study of a cohort of 164 patients.

Li C, Zuo Y, Wu N, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2016; (55(6)):1023-30 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew015.

SAPHO: Treatment options including bisphosphonates.

Zwaenepoel T, Vlam K

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2016; (46(2)):168-173 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.04.004.

Syndromes with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in the spine.

Kubaszewski Ł, Wojdasiewicz P, Rożek M, et al.

Reumatologia 2015; (53(6)):328-36 doi:10.5114/reum.2015.57639.

Multimodal imaging findings of SAPHO syndrome with no skin lesions: A report of three cases and review of the literature.

Duan N, Chen X, Liu Y, et al.

Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2016; (12(4)):2665-2670 doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3689.

SAPHO syndrome with acne fulminans and severe polyosteitis involving axial skeleton.

Divya BL, Rao PN

Indian dermatology online journal 2016; (7(5)):414-417 doi:10.4103/2229-5178.190495.

Imaging for Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome.

Schaub S, Sirkis HM, Kay J

Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2016; (42(4)):695-710 doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.011.

SAPHO, autophagy, IL-1, FoxO1, and Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes.

Berthelot JM, Corvec S, Hayem G

Joint bone spine 2018; (85(2)):171-176 doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.04.010.

Clinical features and radiological findings of 67 patients with SAPHO syndrome.

Okuno H, Watanuki M, Kuwahara Y, et al.

Modern rheumatology 2018; (28(4)):703-708 doi:10.1080/14397595.2017.1372874.

SAPHO and CRMO: The Value of Imaging.

Jurik AG, Klicman RF, Simoni P, et al.

Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2018; (22(2)):207-224 doi:10.1055/s-0038-1639469.

Serum levels of proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and RANKL/OPG in synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome.

Zhang S, Li C, Zhang S, et al.

Modern rheumatology 2019; (29(3)):523-530 doi:10.1080/14397595.2018.1469580.

F-18 FDG PET/CT in 26 patients with SAPHO syndrome: a new vision of clinical and bone scintigraphy correlation.

Sun X, Li C, Cao Y, et al.

Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2018; (13(1)):120 doi:10.1186/s13018-018-0795-0.

Growth of Cutibacterium acnes is common on osteosynthesis material of the shoulder in patients without signs of infection.

Both A, Klatte TO, Lübke A, et al.

Acta orthopaedica 2018; (89(5)):580-584 doi:10.1080/17453674.2018.1489095.

The role of Cutibacterium acnes in auto-inflammatory bone disorders.

Zimmermann P, Curtis N

European journal of pediatrics 2019; (178(1)):89-95 doi:10.1007/s00431-018-3263-2.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO) and Synovitis Acne Pustulosis Hyperostosis Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome - Two Presentations of the Same Disease?

Jelušić M, Čekada N, Frković M, et al.

Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC 2018; (26(3)):212-219.

Bacteria: back pain, leg pain and Modic sign-a surgical multicentre comparative study.

Fritzell P, Welinder-Olsson C, Jönsson B, et al.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2019; (28(12)):2981-2989 doi:10.1007/s00586-019-06164-1.

A retrospective study of bone scintigraphy in the follow-up of patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: is it useful to repeat bone scintigraphy for disease assessment?

Li C, Wang L, Wu N, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2020; (39(4)):1305-1314 doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04864-z.

Response of Different Treatment Protocols to Treat Chronic Non-Bacterial Osteomyelitis (CNO) of the Mandible in Adult Patients: A Systematic Review.

Timme M, Bohner L, Huss S, et al.

International journal of environmental research and public health 2020; (17(5)) doi:10.3390/ijerph17051737.

Imaging features in patients with SAPHO/CRMO: a pictorial review.

Himuro H, Kurata S, Nagata S, et al.

Japanese journal of radiology 2020; (38(7)):622-629 doi:10.1007/s11604-020-00953-1.

Genetic variants in FBLIM1 gene do not contribute to SAPHO syndrome and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in typical patient groups.

Assmann G, Köhm M, Schuster V, et al.

BMC medical genetics 2020; (21(1)):102 doi:10.1186/s12881-020-01037-7.

How nonbacterial osteomyelitis could be discriminated from tuberculosis in the early stages: the simple algorithm.

Kostik MM, Kopchak OL, Maletin AS, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2020; (39(12)):3825-3832 doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05174-5.

Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: review and update.

Liu S, Tang M, Cao Y, Li C

Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease 2020; (12()):1759720X20912865 doi:10.1177/1759720X20912865.

New Insights into Adult and Paediatric Chronic Non-bacterial Osteomyelitis CNO.

Hedrich CM, Morbach H, Reiser C, Girschick HJ

Current rheumatology reports 2020; (22(9)):52 doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00928-1.

Anterior chest wall in SAPHO syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Yu M, Cao Y, Li J, et al.

Arthritis research & therapy 2020; (22(1)):216 doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02309-6.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: the first Chinese case series from a single center.

Wu N, Shao Y, Huo J, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2021; (40(4)):1487-1495 doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05393-w.

Rapid remission of refractory synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome in response to the Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib: A case report.

Li B, Li GW, Xue L, Chen YY

World journal of clinical cases 2020; (8(19)):4527-4534 doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4527.

Thoracic outlet syndrome in a patient with SAPHO syndrome - A case report.

Ohida H, Curuk C, Prescher H, et al.

International journal of surgery case reports 2021; (80()):105710 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105710.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis of the Sternocostoclavicular Region in Adults: A Single-Center Dutch Cohort Study.

Ramautar AI, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Lakerveld S, et al.

JBMR plus 2021; (5(5)):e10490 doi:10.1002/jbm4.10490.

Long-term Clinical Outcomes in Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome.

Yap FHX, Olsson-White D, Roddy J, et al.

Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes 2021; (5(3)):574-582 doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.02.009.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children.

Koryllou A, Mejbri M, Theodoropoulou K, et al.

Children (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (8(7)) doi:10.3390/children8070551.

SAPHO syndrome and pustulotic arthro-osteitis.

Kishimoto M, Taniguchi Y, Tsuji S, et al.

Modern rheumatology 2022; (32(4)):665-674 doi:10.1093/mr/roab103.

Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome presenting with a cervical vertebral fracture: A case report.

Nedley A, Ramos O, Zuppan C, et al.

North American Spine Society journal 2021; (5()):100050 doi:10.1016/j.xnsj.2021.100050.

A case of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome with isolated lesions of the thoracic spine.

Hattori K, Takahashi N, Suzuki M, et al.

Modern rheumatology case reports 2023; (7(1)):243-246 doi:10.1093/mrcr/rxac030.

New Insights in the Treatment of SAPHO Syndrome and Medication Recommendations.

Cheng W, Li F, Tian J, et al.

Journal of inflammation research 2022; (15()):2365-2380 doi:10.2147/JIR.S353539.

Pro and contra: is synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) a spondyloarthritis variant?

Furer V, Kishimoto M, Tomita T, et al.

Current opinion in rheumatology 2022; (34(4)):209-217 doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000884.

Axial Skeleton Bone Marrow Changes in Inflammatory Rheumatologic Disorders.

Reijnierse M

Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2023; (27(1)):91-102 doi:10.1055/s-0043-1761496.

Diagnostic and therapeutic practices in adult chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO).

Leerling AT, Clunie G, Koutrouba E, et al.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2023; (18(1)):206 doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02831-1.

Assessment of clinical and radiological characteristics of Japanese patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome.

Mori Y, Izumiyama T, Okuno H, et al.

Modern rheumatology 2024; (34(4)):806-812 doi:10.1093/mr/road086.

SAPHO syndrome: current clinical, diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Demirci Yildirim T, Sari İ

Rheumatology international 2024; (44(11)):2301-2313 doi:10.1007/s00296-023-05491-3.

Treatment and monitoring of SAPHO syndrome: a systematic review.

Li SWS, Roberts E, Hedrich C

RMD open 2023; (9(4)) doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003688.

Successful Treatment of Refractory Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome and Paradoxical Psoriasis with Secukinumab: A Case Report.

Fan D, Li F, Liu Z, et al.

Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 2024; (17()):547-552 doi:10.2147/CCID.S454057.

Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome Mimicking Bone Metastases in the Spine: A Presentation of Two Cases and Literature Review.

Rolemberg Dantas FL, Dantas F, Tscherbakowski Nunes de Guimarães Mourão R, et al.

Cureus 2024; (16(7)):e64974 doi:10.7759/cureus.64974.

Spondyloarthritis and Tietze's syndrome: A re-evaluation.

Matsuki Y, Nakamura T

Modern rheumatology 2024; (35(1)):1-6 doi:10.1093/mr/roae086.

Current and future advances in practice: SAPHO syndrome and chronic non-bacterial osteitis (CNO).

Furer V, Kishimoto M, Tomita T, et al.

Rheumatology advances in practice 2024; (8(4)):rkae114 doi:10.1093/rap/rkae114.

Bull's head sign in the scintigraphy of a young female with recurrent chest pain.

Drelich A, Lentas A, Makowska J

Nuclear medicine review. Central & Eastern Europe 2023; (26(0)):36-37 doi:10.5603/NMR.a2022.0041.

Expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic non-bacterial osteitis (CNO) in adults.

Winter EM, Dekkers OM, Andreasen CM, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024; doi:10.1136/ard-2024-226446.

Expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic non-bacterial osteitis (CNO) in adults.

Winter E, Dekkers O, Andreasen C, et al.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2025; (84(2)):169-187 doi:10.1136/ard-2024-226446.

Efficacy and Safety of Bisphosphonates in Chronic Non-bacterial Osteomyelitis of the Mandible: A Systematic Review.

Howlader D, Daga D, Das A, et al.

Calcified tissue international 2025; (116(1)):47 doi:10.1007/s00223-025-01354-0.

A Case of Synovitis Acne Pustulosis Hyperostosis Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome With Myeloperoxidase Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody: Exploring an Association or Coincidence.

Kimura K, Hayashi K, Suzuki A, et al.

Cureus 2025; (17(5)):e83866 doi:10.7759/cureus.83866.

[Adult chronic nonbacterial osteitis : A uniform approach to a rare disease-Reported according to the consensus recommendations of an international expert committee 2025].

Klemm P, van Wijnen P, Assmann G

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2025; (84(6)):419-424 doi:10.1007/s00393-025-01688-y.

[SAPHO-Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperosteosis, osteitis].

Hesse N, Hoppe B, Reidler P, Schmitt R

Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany) 2025; (65(9)):681-687 doi:10.1007/s00117-025-01487-1.

Quality of Life in Adult Patients With SAPHO Syndrome and Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis, and Comparison to Chronic Rheumatic and Inflammatory Diseases.

Lenert A, Thomason J, Smith MH, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2025; (52(10)):1034-1042 doi:10.3899/jrheum.2025-0414.

Childhood Leukemia Presenting as Clinical Arthritis and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: A Case Report.

Al Masroori E, Al Hadhrami S, Al Shamli N

Oman medical journal 2025; (40(2)):e743 doi:10.5001/omj.2025.12.

SAPHO Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Spinal Infection: A Case Series.

Yang X, Gu J, Zeng C, et al.

International medical case reports journal 2025; (18()):1329-1341 doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S526910.

Identifying domains for CNO and SAPHO: A scoping review to create domains from existing outcomes by the OMERACT CNO and SAPHO working group.

Oliver M, Nuruzzaman F, Lenert A, et al.

Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2025; (75()):152862 doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2025.152862.

[Diagnosis and treatment of chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) and SAPHO syndrome : Implications of the current consensus recommendations of an international commission of experts for German rheumatology].

Assmann G, Klemm PCM, Hedrich C, et al.

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2026; (85(2)):93-105 doi:10.1007/s00393-025-01741-w.

[Treatment of adult chronic non-bacterial osteitis in Germany : Comparison of real-world practice and current expert consensus recommendations].

van Wijnen P, Klemm P, Schmidt M, et al.

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2026; (85(2)):114-125 doi:10.1007/s00393-025-01766-1.

Practical Interpretation of Bone Scintigraphy: Metastases, Fractures, and Beyond.

Haug LP, Brown PJ, Bishay SE, et al.

Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2026; (46(2)):e250055 doi:10.1148/rg.250055.

[Genetic basis of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis].

Deen Hayatu M, Hüffmeier U

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 2026; (85(2)):136-140 doi:10.1007/s00393-025-01774-1.

Imaging of Anterior Chest Wall Inflammatory Disease: Expert Recommendations.

Chung SL, Diekhoff T, Teh J, et al.

Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2026; (30(3)):379-388 doi:10.1055/a-2798-6063.

Purely osteolytic bone lesions in the early osteoarticular phase of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome.

Kakehi E, Namura K, Adachi S, Kotani K

BMJ case reports 2026; (19(8)) doi:10.1136/bcr-2026-273281.