Research & Literature

Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of scleritis and episcleritis.

Shoughy SS, Jaroudi MO, Kozak I, Tabbara KF

American journal of ophthalmology 2015; (159(6)):1045-1049.e1.

[Diagnosis and treatment approach for necrotizing scleritis (NS): A clinical case].

Hernández-Camarena JC, Rodríguez-García A, Valdez-García J

Gaceta medica de Mexico 2015; (151(4)):525-8.

NODULAR POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: Clinico-Sonographic Characteristics and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria.

Agrawal R, Lavric A, Restori M, et al.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2016; (36(2)):392-401 doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000699.

Biological agents and respiratory infections: Causative mechanisms and practice management.

Takayanagi N

Respiratory investigation 2015; (53(5)):185-200.

Scleritis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener).

Cocho L, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, Molina-Prat N, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2016; (100(8)):1062-5 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307460.

Anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of patients with anterior scleritis.

Levison AL, Lowder CY, Baynes KM, et al.

International ophthalmology 2016; (36(4)):499-508 doi:10.1007/s10792-015-0153-8.

Clinical features and visual outcomes of scleritis patients presented to tertiary care eye centers in Saudi Arabia.

Al Barqi M, Behrens A, Alfawaz AM

International journal of ophthalmology 2015; (8(6)):1215-9 doi:10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.25.

Rituximab in the Treatment of Refractory Noninfectious Scleritis.

Cao JH, Oray M, Cocho L, Foster CS

American journal of ophthalmology 2016; (164()):22-8.

Scleritis associated with relapsing polychondritis.

Sainz-de-la-Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2016; (100(9)):1290-4 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306902.

High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy as an adjunctive diagnostic tool for anterior scleral inflammatory disease.

Zur D, Neudorfer M, Shulman S, et al.

Acta ophthalmologica 2016; (94(6)):e384-9 doi:10.1111/aos.12995.

Nodular Scleritis Associated with Herpes Zoster Virus: An Infectious and Immune-Mediated Process.

Loureiro M, Rothwell R, Fonseca S

Case reports in ophthalmological medicine 2016; (2016()):8519394 doi:10.1155/2016/8519394.

Morphological features in anterior scleral inflammation using swept-source optical coherence tomography with multiple B-scan averaging.

Kuroda Y, Uji A, Morooka S, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2017; (101(4)):411-417 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308561.

Clinical Profile of Patients with Necrotizing Scleritis in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Southern India.

Dutta Majumder P, Ghose A, Chidambaram M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2018; (26(3)):412-416 doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1223857.

Occult Fungal Scleritis.

Jeang LJ, Davis A, Madow B, et al.

Ocular oncology and pathology 2017; (3(1)):41-44 doi:10.1159/000449103.

Ocular Pharmacology for Scleritis: Review of Treatment and a Practical Perspective.

Stem MS, Todorich B, Faia LJ

Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2017; (33(4)):240-246 doi:10.1089/jop.2016.0127.

Pseudomonas Scleritis following Pterygium Excision.

Chaidaroon W, Supalaset S

Case reports in ophthalmology 2017; (8(2)):401-405 doi:10.1159/000478721.

Clinical Correlates, Outcomes, and Predictors of Inflammatory Ocular Disease Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Biologic Era.

Caimmi C, Crowson CS, Smith WM, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2018; (45(5)):595-603 doi:10.3899/jrheum.170437.

[Scleritis and systemic diseases: What should know the internist?]

Bielefeld P, Saadoun D, Héron E, et al.

La Revue de medecine interne 2018; (39(9)):711-720 doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2018.02.001.

Scleral Patch Graft With a Suture Reinforcement Technique in Surgical Management of Necrotizing Scleritis With Ectasia.

Wen JC, Lam J, Banitt MR

Cornea 2018; (37(7)):933-935 doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001598.

Anxiety and Depression among Patients with Uveitis and Ocular Inflammatory Disease at a Tertiary Center in Southern Thailand: Vision-Related Quality of Life, Sociodemographics, and Clinical Characteristics Associated.

Sittivarakul W, Wongkot P

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2019; (27(5)):731-742 doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1484495.

Infectious Scleritis: What the ID Clinician Should Know.

Guerrero-Wooley RL, Peacock JE

Open forum infectious diseases 2018; (5(6)):ofy140 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy140.

Clinical profile of patients with posterior scleritis: A report from Eastern India.

Kumar A, Ghose A, Biswas J, Majumder PD

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2018; (66(8)):1109-1112 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_121_18.

Methotrexate for the treatment of noninfectious scleritis.

Sands DS, Chan SCY, Gottlieb CC

Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2018; (53(4)):349-353 doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.11.009.

Long-term efficacy and tolerability of TNFα inhibitors in the treatment of non-infectious ocular inflammation: an 8-year prospective surveillance study.

Sharma SM, Damato E, Hinchcliffe AE, et al.

The British journal of ophthalmology 2021; (105(9)):1256-1262 doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312767.

Remission of Non-Infectious Anterior Scleritis: Incidence and Predictive Factors.

Kempen JH, Pistilli M, Begum H, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2021; (223()):377-395 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.024.

The clinical features of posterior scleritis with serous retinal detachment: a retrospective clinical analysis.

Dong ZZ, Gan YF, Zhang YN, et al.

International journal of ophthalmology 2019; (12(7)):1151-1157 doi:10.18240/ijo.2019.07.16.

Ocular complications and mortality in peripheral ulcerative keratitis and necrotising scleritis: The role of systemic immunosuppression.

Ogra S, Sims JL, McGhee CNJ, Niederer RL

Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2020; (48(4)):434-441 doi:10.1111/ceo.13709.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa scleritis initially presenting as idiopathic diffuse anterior scleritis.

Agarwal S, Majumder PD

Oman journal of ophthalmology 2020; (13(1)):51-52 doi:10.4103/ojo.OJO_256_2018.

New Potential Weapons for Refractory Scleritis in the Era of Targeted Therapy.

Fabiani C, Sota J, Sainz-de-la-Maza M, et al.

Mediators of inflammation 2020; (2020()):8294560 doi:10.1155/2020/8294560.

Current insights in the pathogenesis of scleritis.

Vergouwen DPC, Rothova A, Berge JCT, et al.

Experimental eye research 2020; (197()):108078 doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.108078.

Scleritis: Differentiating infectious from non-infectious entities.

Murthy SI, Sabhapandit S, Balamurugan S, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2020; (68(9)):1818-1828 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2032_20.

Clinical profile of patients with anterior nodular scleritis in India.

Patnaik G, Sudharshan S, George AE, et al.

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2020; (68(9)):1925-1928 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2154_19.

Clinical characteristics and efficacy of methotrexate in Japanese patients with noninfectious scleritis.

Hiyama T, Harada Y, Kiuchi Y

Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2021; (65(1)):97-106 doi:10.1007/s10384-020-00778-5.

Monocular posterior scleritis presenting as acute conjunctivitis: A case report.

Li YZ, Qin XH, Lu JM, Wang YP

World journal of clinical cases 2020; (8(20)):5030-5035 doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i20.5030.

Current Approach for the Diagnosis and Management of Noninfective Scleritis.

Dutta Majumder P, Agrawal R, McCluskey P, Biswas J

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020; (10(2)):212-223 doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000341.

Posterior Scleritis as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Colon Cancer: A Case Report

Kalogeropoulos D, Katsikatsos K, Mitsis M, Kalogeropoulos C

Turkish journal of ophthalmology 2020; (50(6)):377-380 doi:10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.99836.

Health system wide "big data" analysis of rheumatologic conditions and scleritis.

Berkenstock MK, Carey AR

BMC ophthalmology 2021; (21(1)):14 doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01769-3.

Atypical Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Presenting with Meibomitis, Scleritis, Uveitis and Papillary Bladder Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Kojima T, Dogru M, Shimizu E, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 2021; (11(4)) doi:10.3390/diagnostics11040680.

Infectious Scleritis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Yu J, Syed ZA, Rapuano CJ

Eye & contact lens 2021; (47(8)):434-441 doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000813.

Patterns of Non-Infectious Scleritis across a Tertiary Eye Care Network Using the Indigenously Developed Electronic Medical Record System-eyeSmart.

Murthy SI, Das AV, Kammari P, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(7-8)):1733-1739 doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1942497.

Clinical Relevance of Autoantibodies and Inflammatory Parameters in Non-infectious Scleritis.

Vergouwen DPC, Ten Berge JC, Boukhrissi S, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2022; (30(7-8)):1859-1865 doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1966050.

Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for Immunizations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-Part 2: Inactivated Vaccines.

Jones JL, Tse F, Carroll MW, et al.

Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 2021; (4(4)):e72-e91 doi:10.1093/jcag/gwab016.

Biologic Therapies and Small Molecules for the Management of Non-Infectious Scleritis: A Narrative Review.

Sota J, Girolamo MM, Frediani B, et al.

Ophthalmology and therapy 2021; (10(4)):777-813 doi:10.1007/s40123-021-00393-8.

Optical coherence tomography versus ophthalmic examination findings in the management of anterior scleritis: A prospective study.

BenAbderrahim K

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2022; (45(1)):40-46 doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2021.07.009.

The Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Non-Infectious Scleritis: A Prevalence Study and Review of the Literature.

Abdel-Aty A, Kombo N

European journal of ophthalmology 2022; (32(4)):1850-1856 doi:10.1177/11206721211067652.

Immunopathological Analysis of a Mouse Model of Arthritis-Associated Scleritis and Implications for Molecular Targeted Therapy for Severe Scleritis.

Nishio Y, Taniguchi H, Takeda A, Hori J

International journal of molecular sciences 2021; (23(1)) doi:10.3390/ijms23010341.

Management of noninfectious scleritis.

Abdel-Aty A, Gupta A, Del Priore L, Kombo N

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology 2022; (14()):25158414211070879 doi:10.1177/25158414211070879.

Position statement of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Rheumatology on infection screening, prophylaxis, and vaccination of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and immunosuppressive therapies: Part 1 (screening).

Cuadros EN, Calzada-Hernández J, Clemente D, et al.

European journal of pediatrics 2022; (181(6)):2343-2354 doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04418-7.

Clinical patterns and risk factors in scleritis: a multicentric study in Colombia.

de-la-Torre A, Cabrera-Pérez M, Durán C, et al.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2022; (260(12)):3957-3967 doi:10.1007/s00417-022-05754-y.

Clinical profile, treatment, and visual outcome of scleritis: A single ophthalmologist experience.

Magesan K, Patnaik G, Majumder PD, Biswas J

Oman journal of ophthalmology 2022; (15(2)):153-158 doi:10.4103/ojo.ojo_168_21.

Posterior scleritis after biweekly aflibercept intravitreal injections.

Hébert M, You E, Gravel JF, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2022; (28()):101696 doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101696.

Clinical features and long-term treatment outcome of posterior scleritis.

Lee DH, Cho H, Choi EY, Kim M

Annals of translational medicine 2022; (10(21)):1162 doi:10.21037/atm-22-721.

Scleritis as the harbinger of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Kharel Sitaula R, Maskey HMS, Chaudhary S, Jha S

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) 2022; (84()):104908 doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104908.

Clinical profile and management of granulomatosis with polyangiitis-associated scleritis from a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Mohanan-Earatt A, Biswas J

Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023; (71(1)):146-152 doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1411_22.

Visual Morbidity and Outcomes of Scleritis Associated with Intraocular Inflammation Compared to Isolated Scleritis.

Liao A, Fajoles-Vasseneix C, Rali A, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(6)):947-954 doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2164726.

Posterior Scleritis in a Patient with Psoriasis Masquerading as Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma.

Doumazos S, Kandarakis SA, Petrou P, et al.

Case reports in ophthalmology 2022; (13(3)):717-723 doi:10.1159/000526714.

Systemic Disease Associations in a Cohort of Hispanic Patients with Scleritis.

Arruza C, Requejo Figueroa GA, Colón J, et al.

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (12(5)) doi:10.3390/jcm12051969.

Evaluation and correlation analysis of ocular surface disorders and quality of life in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a cross-sectional study.

Ren Y, Tian J, Shi W, et al.

BMC ophthalmology 2023; (23(1)):229 doi:10.1186/s12886-023-02959-5.

ANCA-associated scleritis: impact of ANCA on presentation, response to therapy and outcome.

Perray L, Nguyen Y, Clavel Refregiers G, et al.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2024; (63(2)):329-337 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead252.

Necrotizing Scleritis: A Review.

Dutta Majumder P, Agarwal S, Shah M, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(7)):1405-1419 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2206898.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Focus on the Pathology of Macula in Scleritis Patients.

Smeller L, Toth-Molnar E, Sohar N

Journal of clinical medicine 2023; (12(14)) doi:10.3390/jcm12144825.

Clinical Features, Treatment, and Visual Outcomes of Posterior Scleritis from Tertiary Eye Care Center.

Tellioğlu A, Yargı Özkoçak B, Kemer Atik B, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2024; (32(7)):1323-1329 doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2241556.

Etanercept-associated episcleritis: a pediatric case report of a paradoxical adverse reaction and review of the literature.

Küçükali B, Gezgin Yıldırım D, Esmeray Şenol P, et al.

Clinical rheumatology 2024; (43(2)):799-808 doi:10.1007/s10067-023-06793-4.

Scleritis and Development of Immune-Mediated Disease: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Morrison T, Gottman M, Do T, et al.

The Journal of rheumatology 2024; (51(8)):825-830 doi:10.3899/jrheum.2023-0788.

Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for patients with severe ocular inflammatory diseases who failed other immunomodulatory therapies.

Karaca I, Tran EM, Park S, et al.

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2024; (14(1)):12 doi:10.1186/s12348-023-00372-z.

A Rare Presentation: Bilateral Necrotizing Scleritis in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

Narain S, Pyare R, Rath PD

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025; (33(1)):146-148 doi:10.1080/09273948.2024.2347573.

Treatment of psoriasis with biologic and non-biologic targeted therapies in patients with latent tuberculosis infection or at risk for tuberculosis disease progression: Recommendations from a SPIN-FRT expert consensus.

Torres T, Brembilla NC, Langley RG, et al.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2025; (39(1)):52-69 doi:10.1111/jdv.20287.

The Global Epidemiology of Scleritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Cifuentes-González C, Mejía-Salgado G, Rojas-Carabali W, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (273()):13-32 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.01.019.

Sclerokeratitis and Secondary Glaucoma in Relapsing Polychondritis in a 30-Year-Old Asian Male Patient: A Case Report.

Flores LKC, Siazon RR

Cureus 2025; (17(2)):e79128 doi:10.7759/cureus.79128.

Refractory Nodular Scleritis as a Presenting Sign of Colorectal Cancer.

Duran R, Kıran Y, Özdemir Yalçınsoy K, et al.

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2025; (33(7)):1479-1482 doi:10.1080/09273948.2025.2495069.

Incidence and Prevalence of Scleritis Subtypes and Associated Ocular Complications in the TriNetX Database.

Spangler MD, Marshall RF, Kirupaharan N, et al.

American journal of ophthalmology 2025; (277()):365-374 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.05.028.

A Rare Case of Posterior Scleritis Masquerading as Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma: Highlighting the Diagnostic Value of Multimodal Imaging.

Asteris P, Bagli E, Kalogeropoulos C

Cureus 2025; (17(6)):e85282 doi:10.7759/cureus.85282.

Clinical spectrum and management of anterior scleritis: case reports.

Ördögh D, Smeller L, Szabó DJ, Sohár N

Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology 2025; (17()):25158414251356374 doi:10.1177/25158414251356374.

Reduced anxiety and depression predict improved health-related quality of life in school-based CBT.

Lystrup PPT, Haugland BSM, Wergeland GJ, et al.

Behaviour research and therapy 2025; (193()):104855 doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104855.

Scleritis and associated systemic diseases: contribution of systemic examination, follow-up, and additional investigations.

Soubrier M, Vasseneix C, Jacquot R, et al.

Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection 2025; (16(1)):7 doi:10.1186/s12348-025-00566-7.

Incidence and Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation in Patients with Uveitis and Scleritis in the TriNetX Database.

Agarwal R, Lee D, Mendez Bermudez I, Berkenstock MK

Ocular immunology and inflammation 2026; 1-9 doi:10.1080/09273948.2026.2633447.

Determinants of Non-infectious Scleritis Complications and Their Impact on Visual Outcome: Results from the International AIDA Network Scleritis Registry.

Sota J, Hinojosa-Azaola A, de-la-Torre A, et al.

Ophthalmology and therapy 2026; (15(6)):2081-2093 doi:10.1007/s40123-026-01390-5.

Successful Ocular Structural Restoration of Aggressive Necrotizing Sclerouveitis Following Pterygium Excision: Infectious, Autoimmune, or Both?

Santos CL, Chanthan D, El-Feky D, et al.

Research square 2026; doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9954548/v1.